See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, i.e. the See also:

• COMMONS

commons, and Kparos, See also:

• RULE

rule)  , in See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, that See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government in which the See also:

• PEOPLE

people rules itself, either directly, as in the small See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city-states of See also:

• GREECE

Greece, or through representatives . According to See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle, See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

democracy is the perverted form of the 1 For the " four years' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war " and the See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological questions involved, see C . W . See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller, Frag . Hist . Graec. ii . 445 . ii third form of government, which he called rroXireia, " polity " or " constitutional government," the See also:

• RULE

rule of the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the See also:

• FREE

free and equal citizens, as opposed to See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy and See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy, the rule respectively of an individual and of a minority consisting of the best citizens (see GOVERNMENT and ARISTOCRACY) . Aristotle's restriction of " democracy " to See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad popular government, i.e. See also:

• MOB

mob-rule, or, as it has sometimes been called, " ochlocracy (bxXos, mob), was due to, the fact that the Athenian democracy had in his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day degenerated far, below the ideals of the 5th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, when it reached its See also:

• ZENITH (from the Arabic)

zenith under See also:

• PERICLES (49o-429 B.C.)

Pericles . Since Aristotle's day the word has resumed its natural meaning, but democracy in See also:

• MODERN

modern times is a very different thing from what it was in its best days in Greece and See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . The See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek states were what are known as " city-states," the characteristic of which was that all the citizens could assemble together in the city at See also:

• REGULAR

regular intervals for legislative and other purposes . This See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly of the people was known at See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens as the See also:

• ECCLESIA (Gr. EKKX ria, from Lc, out, and Ka)teiv, to call)

Ecclesia (q.v.), at See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta as the See also:

• APELLA

Apella (q.v.), at Rome variously as the See also:

• COMITIA

Comitia Centuriata or the Concilium Plebis (see CoMITIA) .

Of representative government in the modern sense there is practically no trace in Athenian See also:

• HISTORY

history, though certain of the magistrates (see See also:

• STRATEGUS (oTparfyos)

STRATEGUS) had a quasi-representative See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . See also:

• DIRECT

Direct democracy is impossible except in small states . In the second See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place the qualification for citizenship was rigorous; thus Pericles restricted citizenship to those who were the sons of an Athenian See also:

• FATHER

father, himself a See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen, and an Athenian See also:

• MOTHER

mother (it 406E11 berrooiv) . This See also:

• SYSTEM

system excluded not only all the slaves; who were more numerous than the free See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, but also See also:

• RESIDENT

resident aliens, subject See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies, and those Athenians whose descent did not satisfy this criterion (r4ji'yivet jo ,caOapoi) . The Athenian democracy, which was typical in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Greece, was a highly exclusive form of government . With the growth of See also:

• EMPIRE

empire and nation states this narrow parochial type of democracy became impossible . The population became too large and the distance too See also:

• GREAT

great for regular assemblies of qualified citizens . The rigid distinction of citizens and non-citizens was progressively more difficult to maintain, and new criteria of citizenship came into force . The first difficulty has been met by various forms of representative government . The second problem has been solved in various ways in different countries; moderate democracies have adopted a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• PROPERTY

property qualification, while extreme democracy is based on the See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of citizenship to all adult persons with or without distinction of See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex . The essence of modern representative government is that the people does not govern itself, but periodically elects those who shall govern on its behalf (see GOVERNMENT; See also:

• REPRESENTATION

REPRESENTATION) .