See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

DENMARK (Danmark)  , a small See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, occupying See also:

• PART

part of a See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula and a See also:

• GROUP

group of islands dividing the Baltic and See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Seas, in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle latitudes of the eastern See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . The kingdom lies between 54° 33' and 570 45' N. and between 8° 4' 54" and 120 47' 25" E., exclusive of the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

• BORNHOLM

Bornholm, which, as will be seen, is not to be included in the Danish See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

archipelago . The peninsula is divided between See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany (See also:

• SCHLESWIG (Dan. Slesvig)

Schleswig-See also:

• HOLSTEIN
• HOLSTEIN, FRIEDRICH VON (1837–1909)

Holstein) . The Danish portion is the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern and the greater, and is called See also:

• JUTLAND (Danish Jylland)

Jutland (See also:

• DAN

Dan . Jylland) . Its northern part is actually insular, divided from the mainland by the Limfjord or Liimfjord, which communicates with the North See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west and the See also:

• CATTEGAT, or KATTEGAT (Scand. " cat's-throat ")

Cattegat to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, but this strait, though broad and possessing lacustrine characteristics to the west, has only very narrow entrances . The connexion with the North Sea See also:

• DATES

dates from 1825 . The See also:

• SKAGERRACK

Skagerrack See also:

• BOUNDS, BEATING THE

bounds Jutland to the north and north-west . The Cattegat is divided from the Baltic by the Danish islands, between the east coast of the Cimbric peninsula in the neighbourhood of the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German frontier and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-western See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden . There is little variety in the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of Denmark . It is uniformly See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low, the highest See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation in the whole See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, the Himmelbjerg near See also:

• AARHUS

Aarhus in eastern Jutland, being little more than 500 ft. above the sea . Denmark, however, is nowhere low in the sense in which See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland is; the country is pleasantly diversified, and rises a little at the coast even though it remains See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat inland .

The landscape of the islands and the south-eastern part of Jutland is See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in See also:

• BEECH

beech-See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods, See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields and meadows, and even the See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute islets are See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green and fertile . In the western and northern districts of Jutland this See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition gives See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to a wide expanse of moorland, covered with heather, and ending towards the sea in low whitish-See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey cliffs . There is a certain See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm even about these monotonous tracts, and it cannot be DENMARK 23 said that Denmark is wanting in natural beauty of a quiet See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order . Lakes, though small, are numerous; the largest are the Arreso and the Esromso in See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand, and the See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of lakes in the Himmelbjerg region, which are drained by the largest See also:

• RIVER

river in Denmark, the Gudenaa, which, however, has a course not exceeding 8o m . Many of the See also:

• MERES, FRANCIS (1565-1647)

meres, overhung with thick beech-woods, are extremely beautiful . The coasts are generally low and sandy; the whole western See also:

• SHORE

shore of Jutland is a See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand ridges and shallow lagoons, very dangerous to See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping . In many places the sea has encroached; even in the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century entire villages were destroyed, but during the last twenty years of the century systematic efforts were made to secure the coast by groynes and embankments . A See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of sand See also:

• DUNES

dunes, from 500 yds. to 7 M. wide, stretches along the whole of this coast for about 200 M . Skagen, or the Skaw, a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, low, sandy point, stretches far into the northern sea, di' iding the Skagerrack from the Cattegat . On the western See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side the coast is bolder and less inhospitable; there are several excellent havens, especially on the islands . The coast is nowhere, however, very high, except at one or two points in Jutland, and at the eastern extremity, of Moen, where See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone cliffs occur . See also:

• CONTINENTAL

Continental Denmark is confined wholly to Jutland, the See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical description of which is given under that heading .

Out of the See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area of the kingdom, 14,829 sq. in., Jutland, including the small islands adjacent to it, covers 9753 sq. m., and the insular part of the kingdom (including Bornholm), 5076 sq. m . The islands may be divided into two See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups, consisting of the two See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal islands Funen and Zealand, and the lesser islands attendant on each . Funen (Dan . Fyen), in See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form roughly an See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval with an See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis from S.E. to N.W. of 53 in., is separated from Jutland by a channel not See also:

• HALF

half a mile wide in the north, but averaging ro m. between the island and the Schleswig coast, and known as the Little Belt . Funen, geologically a part of See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Jutland, has similar characteristics, a smiling landscape of fertile meadows, the typical beech-forests clothing the low hills and the presence of numerous erratic blocks, are the superficial signs of likeness . Several islands, none of See also:

• GREAT

great extent, See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie off the west coast of Funen in the Little Belt; off the south, how-ever, an archipelago is enclosed by the long narrow islands of Aero (16 m. in length) and Langeland (32 m.), including in a triangular area of shallow sea the islands of Taasinge, Avernako, Dreio, Turo and others . These are generally fertile and well cultivated . Aeroskjobing and Rudkjobing, on Aero and Langeland respectively, are considerable ports . On Langeland is the great See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Tranekjaer, whose See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record dates from the 13th century . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief towns of Funen itself are all coastal . See also:

• ODENSE

Odense is the principal See also:

• TOWN

town, lying See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to a great inlet behind the peninsula of Hindsholm on the north-east, known as Odense See also:

• FJORD, or FIORD

Fjord . See also:

• NYBORG

Nyborg on the east is the See also:

• PORT

port for the See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam-See also:

• FERRY (from the same root as that of the verb " to fare," to journey or travel, common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. fahren; it is connected with the root of Gr. 7ropos, way, and Lat. portage, to carry)
• FERRY, JULES FRANCOIS CAMILLE (1832—1893)

ferry to See also:

• KORSOR

Korsor in Zealand; See also:

• SVENDBORG

Svendborg picturesquely overlooks the southern archipelago; Faaborg on the south-west lies on a fjord of the same name; Assens, on the west, a port for the See also:

• CROSSING

crossing of the Little Belt into Schleswig, still shows traces of the fortifications which were stormed by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John of Ranzau in 1535; Middelfart is a seaside resort near the narrowest reach of the Little Belt; Bogense is a small port on the north coast .

All these towns are served by See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways radiating from Odense . The strait crossed by the Nyhorg-Korsor ferry is the Great Belt which divides the Funen from the Zealand group, and is continued south by the Langelands Belt, which washes the straight eastern shore of that island, and north by the Samso Belt, named from an island 15 m. in length, with several large villages, which lies somewhat apart from the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main archipelago . Zealand, or Sealand (Dan . Sjaelland), measuring 82 m . N. to S. by 68 E. to W . (extremes), with its fantastic coast-See also:

• LINE

line indented by fjords and projecting into long spits or promontories may be considered as the See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of the kingdom, inasmuch as it contains the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen, and such important towns as See also:

• ROSKILDE, or ROESKILDE

Roskilde, Slagelse, Korsor, See also:

• NAESTVED

Naestved and See also:

• ELSINORE (Dan. Helsingor)

Elsinore (Helsingor) . Its See also:

• TOPOGRAPHY
• TOPOGRAPHY (Gr. Toros, place, -partied', to write)

topography is described in detail under ZEALAND . Its attendant islands lie mainly to the south and are parts of itself, only separated by geologically See also:

• RECENT

recent troughs . The eastern coast of Moen is rocky and bold . It is recorded that this island formed three See also:

• SEPARATE

separate isles in r coo, and the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Borre, now 2 M. inland, was the See also:

• OBJECT

object of an attack by a See also:

• FLEET

fleet from See also:

• LUBECK

Lubeck in 1510 . On Falster is the port of See also:

• NYKJOBING

Nykjobing, and from Gjedser, the extreme southern point of Denmark, communication is maintained with Warnemunde in Germany (29 m.) . From Nykjobing a See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge nearly one-third of a mile long crosses to Laa See also:

• LAND

land, at the west of which is the port of See also:

• NAKSKOV

Nakskov; the other towns are the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county town of Maribo with its See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of the 14th century, Saxkjobing and Rodby .

The island of Bornholm lies 86 m . E. of the nearest point of the archipelago, and as it belongs geologically to Sweden (from which it is distant only 22 m.) must be considered to be physically an appendage rather than an See also:

• INTERNAL

internal part of the kingdom of Denmark . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The surface in Denmark is almost everywhere formed by the so-called See also:

• BOULDER
• BOULDER (short for " boulder-stone," of uncertain origin; cf. Swed. bullersten, a large stone which causes a noise of rippling water in a stream, from bullra, to make a loud noise)

Boulder See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

Clay and what the Danish geologists See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call the Boulder Sand . The former, as is well known, owes its origin to the See also:

• ACTION

action of See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice on the mountains of See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway in the Glacial See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . It is unstratified; but by the action of See also:

• WATER

water on it, stratified deposits have been formed, some of clay, containing remains of See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

arctic animals, some, and very extensive ones, of sand and See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel . This boulder sand forms almost every-where the highest hills, and besides, in the central part of Jutland, a wide expanse of See also:

• HEATH
• HEATH, BENJAMIN (1704-1766)
• HEATH, WILLIAM (1737—1814)

heath and moorland apparently level, but really sloping gently towards the west . The deposits of the boulder formation See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest generally on limestone of the Cretaceous period, which in many places comes near the surface and forms cliffs on the sea-coast . Much of the Danish See also:

• CHALK

chalk, including the well-known limestone of Faxe, belongs to the highest or "Danian" subdivision of the Cretaceous period . In the south-western parts a succession of strata, described as the See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

Brown See also:

• COAL

Coal or See also:

• LIGNITE (Lat. lignum, wood)

Lignite formations, intervenes between the chalk and the boulder clay; its name is derived from the deposits of lignite which occur in it . It is only on the island of Bornholm that older formations come to See also:

• LIGHT

light . This island agrees in See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological structure with the southern part of Sweden, and forms, in fact, the southernmost portion of the Scandinavian See also:

• SYSTEM

system . There the boulder clay lies immediately on the See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, except in the south-western corner of the island, where a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of strata appear belonging to the See also:

• CAMBRIAN

Cambrian, See also:

• SILURIAN

Silurian, See also:

• JURASSIC

Jurassic and Cretaceous formations, the true Coal formation, &c., being absent .

Some parts of Denmark are supposed to have been finally raised out of the sea towards the close of the Cretaceous period; but as a whole the country did not appear above the water till about the close of the Glacial period . The upheaval of the country, a See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement See also:

• COMMON

common to a large part of the Scandinavian peninsula, still continues, though slowly, north-east of a line See also:

• DRAWN

drawn in a south-easterly direction from Nissumfjord on the west coast of Jutland, across the island of Fyen, a little south of the town of Nyborg . See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient sea-beaches, marked by accumulations of seaweed, rolled stones, &c., have been noticed as much as 20 ft. above the See also:

• PRESENT

present level . But the upheaval does not seem to affect all parts equally . Even in historic times it has vastly changed the aspect and configuration of the country . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate, See also:

• FLORA

Flora, See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—The climate of Denmark does not differ materially from that of Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain in the same See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude; but whilst the summer is a little warmer, the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter is colder, so that most of the evergreens which adorn an See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden in the winter cannot be grown in the open in Denmark . During See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual mean temperature varied from 43.88° F. to 46.22° in different years and different localities, the mean See also:

• AVERAGE

average for the whole country being 45'14 . The islands have, upon the whole, a somewhat warmer climate than Jutland . The mean temperatures of the four coldest months, See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December to See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March, are 33.26°, 31.64°, 31.82°, and 33.98° respectively,, or for the whole winter 32.70; that of the summer, See also:

• JUNE

June to See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, 59.2°, but considerable irregularities occur . See also:

• FROST (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch, vorst, Ger. Frost, from the common Teutonic verb meaning " to freeze," Dutch, vriezcn, Ger. frieren; the Indo-European root is seen in Lat. pruina, hoar-frost, cf. prurire, to itch, burn, pruna, burning coal, Sans
• FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD (1810–1877)

Frost occurs on an average on twenty days in each of the four winter months, but only on two days in either See also:

• OCTOBER

October or May . A fringe of ice generally lines the greater part of the Danish coasts on the eastern side for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time during the winter, and both the See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

Sound and the Great Belt are at times impassable on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of ice .. In somewinters the latter is sufficiently See also:

• FIRM

firm and level to admit of sledges passing between Copenhagen and See also:

• MALMO

Malmo .

The annual rainfall varies between 21.58 in. and 27.87 in. in different years and different localities . It is highest on the west coast of Jutland; while the small island of Anholt in the Cattegat has an annual rainfall of only 15.78 in . More than half the rainfall occurs from See also:

• JULY

July to See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November, the wettest See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month being See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, with an average of 2'95 in.; the driest month is See also:

• APRIL

April, with an average of 1.14 in . Thunderstorms are frequent in the summer . South-See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly winds prevail from See also:

• JANUARY

January to March, and from September to the end of the See also:

• YEAR

year . In April the east See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind, which is particularly searching, is predominant, while westerly winds prevail from May to August . In the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• AALBORG

Aalborg, in the north of Jutland, a See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold and dry N.W. wind called skai prevails in May and June, and is exceedingly destructive to vegetation; while along the west coast of the peninsula similar effects are produced by a See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt mist, which carries its See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence from 15 to 30 M. inland . The flora of Denmark presents greater variety than might be anticipated in a country of such See also:

• SIMPLE

simple See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical structure . The See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary forms of the north of Europe grow freely in the mild See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air and protected See also:

• SOIL

soil of the islands and the eastern coast; while on the heaths and along the sandhills on the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic side there flourish a number of distinctive See also:

• SPECIES

species . The Danish See also:

• FOREST

forest is almost exclusively made up of beech, a See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree which thrives better in Denmark than in any other country of Europe . The See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak and ash are now rare, though in ancient times both were abundant in the Danish islands . The See also:

• ELM

elm is also scarce .

The almost universal predominance of the beech is by no means of ancient origin, for in the first half of the 17th century the oak was still the characteristic Danish tree . No conifer grows in Denmark except under careful cultivation, which, however, is largely practised in Jutland (q.v.) . But again, abundant traces of ancient extensive forests of See also:

• FIR

fir and See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine are found in the numerous See also:

• PEAT (possibly connected with Med. Lat. petia, pecia, piece, ultimately of Celtic origin; cf. O. Celt. pet, O. Ir. pit, Welsh peth, portion)

peat bogs which See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply a large proportion of the See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel locally used . In Bornholm, it should be mentioned, the flora is more like that of Sweden; not the beech, but the pine, See also:

• BIRCH
• BIRCH (Betula)
• BIRCH, SAMUEL (1813–1885)
• BIRCH, THOMAS (1705-1766)

birch and ash are the most abundant trees . The See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild animals and birds of Denmark are those of the rest of central Europe . The larger quadrupeds are all See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct; even the red See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer, formerly so abundant that in a single See also:

• HUNT, ALFRED WILLIAM (183o-1896)
• HUNT, HENRY (1i73-1835)
• HUNT, HENRY JACKSON (1819-1889)
• HUNT, JAMES HENRY LEIGH (1784-1859)
• HUNT, ROBERT (1807-1887)
• HUNT, THOMAS STERRY (1826-1892)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HENRY (1790—1864)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HOLMAN (1827-1910)
• HUNT, WILLIAM MORRIS (1824-1879)

hunt in Jutland in 1593 no less than 1600 See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of deer were killed, is now only to be met with in preserves . In the prehistoric " kitchenmiddens " (kj okkenmodding) and elsewhere, however, vestiges are found which prove that the urochs, the wild See also:

• BOAR (0. Eng. bar; the word is found only in W. Ger. languages, cf. Dutch beer, Ger. Eber)

boar, the See also:

• BEAVER
• BEAVER (from Fr. baviere, a child's bib, from bane, saliva)

beaver, the See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear and the See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

wolf all existed subsequently to the arrival of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man . The usual domestic animals are abundantly found in Denmark, with the exception of the See also:

• GOAT (a common Teut. word; O. Eng. gat, Goth. gaits, Mod. Ger. Geiss, cognate with Lat. haedus, a kid)

goat, which is uncommon . The sea See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries are of importance . Oysters are found in some places, but have disappeared from many localities, where their abundance in ancient times is proved by their See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell moulds on the coast . The Gudenaa is the only See also:

• SALMON
• SALMON, GEORGE (1819-1904)

salmon river in Denmark . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population.—The population of Denmark in 1901 was 2,449,540 .

It was 929,001 in 18or, showing an increase during the century in the proportion of 1 to 2.63 . In 1901 the average See also:

• DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density of the population of Denmark was 165.2 to the square mile, but varied much in the different parts . Jutland showed an average of only 109 inhabitants per square mile, whilst on the islands, which had a total population of 1,385,537, the average stood at 272.95, owing, on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, to the fact that large tracts in the interior of Jutland are almost uninhabited, and on the other to the fact that the capital of the country, with its proportionately large population, is situated on the island of Zealand . The percentages of See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban and rural population are respectively about 38 and 62 . A notable movement of the population to the towns began about the middle of the 19th century, and increased until very near its end . It was stronger on the islands, where the rural population increased by 5.3 % only in eleven years, whereas in Jutland the increase of the rural population between 1890 and Igor amounted to 12.0% . Here, however, See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar circumstances contributed to the increase, as successful efforts have been made to render the land fruitful by artificial means . The Danes are a yellow-haired and See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue-eyed See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• RACE

race of middle stature, bearing traces of their kinship with the northern Scandinavian peoples . Their habits of See also:

• LIFE

life resemble those of the North Germans even more than those of the Swedes . The in-dependent See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure of the land by a vast number of small farmers, who are their own masters, gives an air of carelessness, almost of truculence, to the well-to-do Danish peasants . They are generally slow of speech and manner, and somewhat irresolute, but take an eager See also:

• INTEREST

interest in current politics, and are generally fairly educated men of extreme democratic principles . The result of a fairly equal See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of See also:

• WEALTH

wealth is a marked tendency towards equality in social intercourse .

The townspeople show a See also:

• BIAS
• BIAS (from the Fr. biais, of unknown origin; the derivation from Lat. bifax, two-faced, is wrong)

bias in favour of See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French habits and fashions . The separation from the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, which were more than half German, intensified the See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character; the Danes are intensely patriotic; and there is no portion of the Danish dominions except perhaps in the West See also:

• INDIAN

Indian islands, where a Scandinavian See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language is not spoken . The preponderance of the See also:

• FEMALE

female population over the male is approximately as 1052 to toe* . The male See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex remains in excess until about the twentieth year, from which See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age the female sex preponderates in increasing ratio with advancing age . The percentage of See also:

• ILLEGITIMACY (from " illegitimate," Lat. illegitimus, not in accordance with law, hence born out of lawful wedlock)

illegitimacy is high as a whole, although in some of the rural districts it is very low . But in Copenhagen 20 % of the births are illegitimate . Between the middle and the end of the 19th century the See also:

• RATE

rate of mortality decreased most markedly for all ages . During the last See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade of the century it ranged between 19.5 per thousand in 1891 and 15.1 in 1898 (17.4 in 1900) . See also:

• EMIGRATION (from Lat. emigrare; e, ex, out of, and migrare, to depart)

Emigration for some time in the 19th century at different periods, both in its See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early part and towards its close, seriously affected the population of Denmark . But in the last decade it greatly diminished . Thus in 1892 the number of emigrants to Transatlantic places See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to 10,422 but in 1900 it was only 3570 . The great bulk of them go to the See also:

• UNITED

United States; next in favour is See also:

• CANADA

Canada .

Communications.—The roads of Denmark form an extensive and well-maintained system . The railway system is also fairly See also:

• COMPLETE

complete, the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state owning about three-fifths of the total mileage, which amounts to some 2000 . Two lines enter Denmark from Schleswig across the frontier . The main Danish lines are as follows . From the frontier a line runs east by See also:

• FREDERICIA (FRIEDERIc1A)

Fredericia, across the island of Fiinen by Odense and Nyborg, to Korsor on Zealand, and thence by Roskilde to Copenhagen . The straits between Fredericia and Middelfart and between Nyborg and Korsor are crossed by powerful steam-ferries which are generally capable of conveying a limited number of railway wagons . This system is also in use on the line which runs south fromRoskilde to the island of Falster, from the southernmost point of which, Gjedser, ferry-steamers taking railway cars serve Warnemiinde in Germany . The main lines in Jutland run (a) along the eastern side north from Fredericia by See also:

• HORSENS

Horsens, Aarhus, See also:

• RANDERS

Randers, Aalborg and See also:

• HJORRING

Hjorring, to Frederikshavn, and (b) along the western side from See also:

• ESBJERG

Esbjerg by Skjerne and Vemb, and thence across the peninsula by See also:

• VIBORG
• VIBORG (Finnish Viipuri)

Viborg to Langaa on the eastern line . The lines are generally of See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard See also:

• GAUGE, or GAGE (Med. Lat. gauja, jaugia, Fr. jauge, perhaps connected with Fr. jale, a bowl, galon, gallon)

gauge (4 ft . 82 in.), but there is also a considerable mileage of light narrow-gauge railways . Besides the numerous steam-ferries which connect island and island, and Jutland with the islands, and the Gjedser-Warnemiinde route, a favourite passenger line from Germany is that between See also:

• KIEL

Kiel and Korsor, while most of the German Baltic ports have See also:

• DIRECT

direct connexion with Copenhagen . With Sweden communications are established by ferries across the Sound between Copenhagen and Malmo and See also:

• LANDSKRONA

Landskrona, and between Elsinore (Helsingor) and See also:

• HELSINGBORG

Helsingborg .

The postal See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department maintains a See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

telegraph and See also:

• TELEPHONE (Gr. rjXs, far, and dxwvr7, voice)

telephone service . See also:

• INDUSTRIES

Industries.—The main source of wealth in Denmark is See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, which employs about two-fifths of the entire population . Most of the land is See also:

• FREEHOLD

freehold and cultivated by the owner himself, and comparatively little land is let on See also:

• LEASE (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. laxare, to loosen)

lease except very large holdings and See also:

• GLEBE (Lat. glaeba, gleba, clod or lump of earth, hence soil, land)

glebe farms . The See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent small See also:

• FARMER, RICHARD (1735–1787)

farmer (bonder) maintains a hereditary See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment to his ancestral holding . There is also a class of cottar freeholders (junster) . Fully 74 % of the total area of the country is agricultural land . Of this only about one-twelfth is meadow land . The land under See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain crops is not far See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short of one-half the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder, the principal crops being oats, followed by See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley and See also:

• RYE

rye in about equal quantities, with See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat about one-See also:

• SIXTH

sixth that of barley and hardly one-tenth that of oats . See also:

• BEET

Beet is extensively grown . During the last See also:

• FORTY

forty years of the 19th century See also:

• DAIRY

dairy-farming was greatly See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in Denmark, and brought to a high degree of perfection by the application of scientific methods and the best machinery, as well as by the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint dairies . The Danish See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government has assisted this development by granting See also:

• MONEY

money for experiments and by a rigorous system of inspection for the prevention of See also:

• ADULTERATION
• ADULTERATION (from Lat. adulterare, to defile or falsify)

adulteration . The co-operative system plays an important part in the industries of See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter-making, poultry-farming and the rearing of See also:

• SWINE

swine .

Rabbits, which are not found wild in Denmark, are bred for export . Woods See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover fully 7% of the area, and their preservation is considered of so much importance that private owners are under strict See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control as regards cutting of See also:

• TIMBER

timber . The woods consist mostly of beech, which is principally used for fuel, but pines were extensively planted during the 19th century . Allusion has been made already to the efforts to plant the extensive heaths in Jutland (q.v.) with pine-trees . Agriculture.—Rates and taxes on land are mostly levied ac-cording to a See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform system of See also:

• ASSESSMENT, (from Lat. assessare, to sit beside, to judge)

assessment, the unit of which is called a Tonde Hartkorn . The Td . Htk., as it is usually abbreviated, has further subdivision, and is intended to correspond to the same value of land throughout the country . The Danish measure for land is a Tonde Land (Td . L.), which is equal to 1.363 See also:

• STATUTE

statute acres . Of the best ploughing land a little over 6 Td . L., or about 8 acres, go to a Td . Htk., but of unprofitable land a Td .

Htk. may represent 30o acres or more . On the islands and in the more fertile part of Jutland the average is about 10 Td . L., or 131 acres . Woodland, See also:

• TITHES

tithes, &c., are also assessed to Td . Htk. for fiscal purposes . In the island of Bornholm, the assessment is somewhat different, though the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general state of agricultural holdings is the same as in other parts . The selling value of land has shown a decrease in See also:

• MODERN

modern times on account of the agricultural depression . A See also:

• HOMESTEAD

homestead with land assessed less than 1 Td . Htk. is legally called a Huus or Sted, i.e. cottage, whilst a See also:

• FARM

farm assessed at 1 Td . Htk. or more is called Gaard, i.e. farm . Farms of between i and 12 Td . Htk. are called Bondergaarde, or See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant farms, and are subject to the restriction that such a holding cannot lawfully be joined to or entirely merged into another .

They may be subdivided, and portions may be added to another holding, but the homestead, with a certain amount of land, must be preserved as a separate holding for ever . The seats of the See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility and landed gentry are called Herregaarde . The peasants hold about 73 % of all the land according to its value . As regards their See also:

• SIZE

size about 30 % are assessed from 1 to 4 Td . Htk.; about 33% from 4 to 8 Td . Htk.; the remainder at about 8 Td . Htk . An annual sum is voted by See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament out of which loans are granted to cottagers who See also:

• DESIRE

desire to See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase small freehold plots . The See also:

• FISHERY (LAW OF)

fishery along the coasts of Denmark is of some importance both on account of the supply of See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food obtained thereby for the population of the country, and on account of the export; but the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good fishing grounds, not far from the Danish coast, particularly in the North Sea, are mostly worked by the fishing vessels of other nations, which are so numerous that the Danish government is obliged to keep See also:

• GUN

gun-boats stationed there in order to prevent encroachments on territorial See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters . Other Industries.—The See also:

• MINERAL

mineral products of Denmark are unimportant . It is one of the poorest countries of Europe in this particular . It is rich, however, in See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays, while in the island of Bornholm there are quarries of freestone and See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble .

The factories of Denmark supply mainly See also:

• LOCAL

local needs . The largest are those engaged in the construction of engines and See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• SHIPS

ships . The manufacture of woollens and See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, the domestic manufacture of See also:

• LINEN

linen in Zealand, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar refineries, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills, breweries, and distilleries may also be mentioned . The most notable manufacture is that of See also:

• PORCELAIN

porcelain . The nucleus of this See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry was a factory started in 1772, by F . H . Milller, for the making of See also:

• CHINA

china out of Bornholm clay . In 1779 it passed into the hands of the state, and has remained there ever since, though there are also private factories . Originally the Copenhagen potters imitated the See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden china made at See also:

• MEISSEN

Meissen, but they later produced graceful See also:

• ORIGINAL

original designs . The creations of Thorvaldsen have been largely repeated and imitated in this See also:

• WARE

ware . See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

Trade-unionism flourishes in Denmark, and strikes are of frequent occurrence . See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce.—Formerly the commercial legislation of Denmark was to such a degree restrictive that imported manufactures had to be delivered to the customs, where they were sold by public See also:

• AUCTION

auction, the proceeds of which the importer received from the See also:

• CUS