DERBYSHIRE  , a See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north midland See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, bounded N. and N.E. by See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire, E. by See also:

• NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, or NOTTS

Nottinghamshire, S.E. and S. by See also:

• LEICESTERSHIRE

Leicestershire, S. and S.W. by See also:

• STAFFORDSHIRE

Staffordshire, and W. and N.W. by See also:

• CHESHIRE

Cheshire . The See also:

• AREA

area is 1029.5 sq. m . The See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical aspect is much diversified . The extreme See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of the county is lacking in picturesqueness, being for the most See also:

• PART

part level, with occasional slight undulations . The See also:

• PEAK, THE

Peak See also:

• DISTRICT

District of the north, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, though inferior in grandeur to the mountainous See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake District, presents some of the finest See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill scenery in England, deriving a See also:

• SPECIAL

special beauty from the richly wooded glens and valleys, such as those of See also:

• CASTLETON

Castleton, See also:

• GLOSSOP

Glossop, Dovedale and Millersdale . The See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the landscape ranges from the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild moorland of the Cheshire See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders or the See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey rocks of the Peak, to the See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park lands and See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods of the See also:

• CHATSWORTH

Chatsworth district . Some of the woods are noted for their See also:

• FINE

fine oaks, those at Kedleston, 3 M. from See also:

• DERBY
• DERBY, EARLS OF

Derby, ranking among the largest and See also:

• OLDEST

oldest in the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom . From the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern hills the streams of the county radiate . Those of the north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west belong to the See also:

• MERSEY

Mersey, and those of the north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east to the See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don, but all the others to the 'See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent, which, like the Don, falls into the See also:

• HUMBER

Humber . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• RIVER

river is the Trent, which, rising in the Staffordshire moorlands, intersects the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern part of Derbyshire, and forms part of its boundary with Leicestershire . After the Trent the most important river is the See also:

• DERWENT (Celtic Dwr-gent, clear water)

Derwent, one of its tributaries, which, taking its rise in the lofty ridges of the High Peak, flows southward through a beautiful valley, receiving a number of See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor streams in its course, including the Wye, which, rising near See also:

• BUXTON
• BUXTON, JEDEDIAH (1707–1772)
• BUXTON, SIR THOMAS POWELL (1786-1845)

Buxton, traverses the fine Millersdale and Monsal See also:

• DALE, ROBERT WILLIAM (1829-1895)
• DALE, SIR THOMAS (d. 1619)

Dale . The other principal See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers are the following: The Dane rises at the junction of the three counties, Staffordshire, Cheshire and Derbyshire .

The Goyt has its source a little farther north, at the See also:

• BASE

base of the same hill, and, taking a N.N.E. direction, divides Derbyshire from Cheshire, and falls into the Mersey . The See also:

• DOVE
• DOVE (Dutch duyve, Dan. due, Ice. dufa, Ger. Taube)

Dove rises on the southern slope, and flows asthe boundary stream between Derbyshire and Staffordshire for nearly its entire course . It receives several feeders, and falls into the Trent near See also:

• REPTON

Repton . The Erewash is the boundary stream between Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire . The Rother rises about Baslow, and flows into Yorkshire, with a northerly course, joining the Don . Besides the attractions of its scenery Derby-See also:

• SHIRE

shire possesses, in Buxton, See also:

• MATLOCK

Matlock and See also:

• BAKEWELL
• BAKEWELL, ROBERT (1725-1795)
• BAKEWELL, ROBERT (1768–1843)

Bakewell, three See also:

• HEALTH

health resorts in much favour on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of their medicinal springs . The whole northward See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the county is occupied by' the See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau of the Peak and other plateau-like summits, the highest of which are of almost exactly similar See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation . Thus in the extreme north Bleaklow Hill reaches 2060 ft., while southward from this point along the See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis of See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main elevation are found Shelf See also:

• MOSS

Moss (2046 ft.), and Kinder See also:

• SCOUT (from O. Fr. escouter, mod. ecouter, Lat. auscultare, to listen)

Scout and other summits of the Peak itself, ranging up to 2088 ft . This plateau-See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass is demarcated on the north and west by the vales of the Etherow and Goyt, by the valley of the Derwent on the east, and in part by that of its tributary the Noe on the south . The flanks of the plateau are deeply scored by abrupt ravines, often known as cloughs " (an Anglo-Saxon word, doh) watered by streams which sometimes descend over precipitous ledges in picturesque falls, such as the Kinder Downfall, formed by the See also:

• BROOK

brook of that name which rises on Kinder Scout . The most picturesque cloughs are found on the south, descending to Edale, and on the west . Edale is the upper part of the Noe valley, and the narrow See also:

• GORGE

gorge at its See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head is exceedingly beautiful, as is the more See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle scenery of the Vale of See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

Hope, the See also:

• LOWER

lower part of the valley .

In a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch vale is situated Castleton (q.v.), with the ruined Peak See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle or Castle of the Peak, and the Peak Cavern, See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

Blue See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Mine and other caves . The upper Derwent valley, or Derwent Dale, is narrow and well wooded . In it, near the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Derwent See also:

• CHAPEL

Chapel, is Derwent See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall, a fine old See also:

• MANSION (through O. Fr. mansion, mod. maison, from Lat. mansio, dwelling-place, stage on a journey; manere, to remain)

mansion formerly a seat of the See also:

• NEWDIGATE, SIR ROGER (1719-1806)

Newdigate See also:

• FAMILY

family . On Derwent Edge, above the village, are various See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock formations, known by such names as the See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

Salt-cellar . Ashopton, another village lower down the dale, is a favourite centre, and here the main valley is joined by Ashop Dale, a bold See also:

• DEFILE

defile in its upper part, penetrating the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of the Peak . The well-known high road See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the plateau from east to west, between the lower Derwent valley, Bakewell, Buxton and See also:

• MACCLESFIELD
• MACCLESFIELD, CHARLES GERARD, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1618-1694)

Macclesfield, shows the various types of scenery characteristic of the See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone hill-See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country of Derbyshire south of the Peak itself . The lower Derwent valley, about Chatsworth, Rowsley, See also:

• DARLEY, GEORGE (1795-1846)

Darley and Matlock, is open, fertile and well wooded . The road leads up the tributary valley of the Wye, which after Bakewell quickly narrows, and in successive portions is known as Monsal Dale, Millersdale (which the main road does not See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch), Chee Dale and Wye Dale . On the flanks of these beautiful dales bold cliffs and bastions of limestone stand out among See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich woods . Near the mouth of the valley, about See also:

• STANTON, EDWIN
• STANTON, ELIZABETH CADY (1815-1902)

Stanton, the fantastic effects of weathering on the limestone are especially well seen, as in Rowtor Rocks and See also:

• ROBIN

Robin See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

Hood's Stride, and in the same locality are a remarkable number of tumuli and other See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early remains, and the Hermitage, a See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave containing sacred carvings . From Buxton the road ascends over the high See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

moors, here open and grassy in contrast to the heather of the Peak, and shortly after crossing the county boundary, reaches the head of the pass well known by the name of an See also:

• INN

inn, the See also:

• CAT
• CAT, CIVET
• CAT, HOUSE

Cat and See also:

• FIDDLE (O. Eng. fithele, fidel, &c., Fr. vide, viole, violon; M. H. Ger. videle, mod. Ger. Fiedel)

Fiddle, at its highest point, 1690 ft . South of Buxton the elevations along the main axis decrease, thus See also:

• AXE (0. Eng. aex; a word common, in different forms, in the Teutonic languages, and akin to the Greek 41v17; the New English Dictionary prefers the spelling " ax ")

Axe Edge reaches 160o ft., and this height is nowhere exceeded as the hills sink to the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain valley of the Trent .

The dales and ravines which ramify among the limestone heights are characteristic and beautiful, and the valley of the Dove (q.v.) or Dovedale, on the border with Staffordshire, is as famous as any of the northern dales . See also:

• SWALLOW (A. S. swalewe, Icel. svala, Du. zwaluw, Ger. Schwalbe)

Swallow-holes or waterworn caverns are See also:

• COMMON

common in many parts of the limestone region . The hills east of the Derwent are nowhere so high as those to the west—Margley Hill reaches 1793 ft., Howden Edge 1787 ft. and Der-went Moors 1505 ft . The plateau type is maintained . The valley of the Derwent provides the most attractive scenery in the southern part of the county, from Matlock southward by Heage, See also:

• BELPER

Belper and Duffield to Derby . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—Five well-contrasted types of scenery in Derbyshire are clearly traceable to as many varieties of rock; the See also:

• BLEAK, or BLICK (Alburnus lucidus)

bleak dry uplands of the north and east, with deep-cut ravines and See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

swift clear streams, are due to the See also:

• GREAT

great mass of See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

Mountain Limestone; See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime-See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone boundary are the valleys with soft outlines in the Pendleside Shales; these are succeeded by the rugged moorlands, covered with heather and See also:

• PEAT (possibly connected with Med. Lat. petia, pecia, piece, ultimately of Celtic origin; cf. O. Celt. pet, O. Ir. pit, Welsh peth, portion)

peat, which are due to the Millstone Grit See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series; east-See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward lies the Derbyshire Coalfield with its gently moulded grass-covered hills; southward is the more level See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of red Triassic rocks . The principal structural feature is the broad anticline, its axis See also:

• RUNNING

running north and south, which has brought up the Carboniferous Limestone ; this uplifted region is the southern extremity of the Pennine Range . The Carboniferous or " Mountain " Limestone is the oldest formation in the county; its thickness is not known, but it is certainly over 2000 ft.; it is well exposed in the numerous narrow See also:

• GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (c. 1566-1647)

gorges cut by the Derwent and its tributaries and by the Dove on the Staffordshire border . Ashwood Dale, Chee Dale, Millersdale, Monsal Dale and the valley at Matlock are all flanked by abrupt sides of this rock . It is usually a See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale, thick-bedded rock, sometimes blue and occasionally, as at See also:

• ASHFORD

Ashford, See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black . In some places, e.g . See also:

• THORPE [or TnoRP], JOHN (/l. 1570-1618)
• THORPE, BENJAMIN (1782-1870)

Thorpe See also:

• CLOUD (from the same root, if not the same word, as " clod," a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages for a mass or lump; it is first applied in the usual sense in the late 13th century; the Anglo-Saxon chid is only used in the sense of " a ma

Cloud, it is highly fossiliferous, but it is usually somewhat barren except for abundant crinoids and smaller organisms .

It is polished in large slabs at Ashford, where crinoidal, black and " See also:

• ROSEWOOD

rosewood " See also:

• MARBLES

marbles are produced . Volcanic rocks, locally called " Toadstone," are represented in the limestones by intrusive sills and flows of See also:

• DOLERITE (from Gr. SoXepos, deceptive)

dolerite and by necks of See also:

• AGGLOMERATE (from the Lat. agglomerare, to form into a ball, glomus, glomeris)

agglomerate, notably near Tideswell, Millersdale and Matlock . Beds and nodules of chert are abundant in the upper parts of the limestone; at Bakewell it is quarried for use in the See also:

• POTTERIES, THE

Potteries . At some points the limestone has been dolomitized; near Bonsall it has been converted into a granular silicified rock . A series of black shales with nodular limestones, the Pendleside series, rests upon the Mountain Limestone on the east, south and north-west; much of the upper course of the Derwent has been cut through these soft beds . Mam Tor, or the Shivering Mountain, is made of these shales . Next in upward sequence is a thick mass of sandstones, grits and shales—the Millstone Grit series . On the west See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side these extend from Blacklow Hill to Axe Edge; on the east, from Derwent Edge to near Derby; outlying masses See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the rough moorland on Kinder Scout and the picturesque tors near Stanton-by-Youlgreave . A small patch of Millstone Grit and Limestone occurs in the south of the county about See also:

• MELBOURNE
• MELBOURNE, WILLIAM LAMB, 2ND VISCOUNT (1779-1848)

Melbourne and Ticknall . The See also:

• COAL

Coal See also:

• MEASURES

Measures repose upon the Millstone Grit ; the largest area of these rocksliesonthe east, where they are conterminous with the coalfields of Yorkshire and See also:

• NOTTINGHAM
• NOTTINGHAM, CHARLES HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF1 (1536-1624)
• NOTTINGHAM, EARLS OF

Nottingham . A small tract, part of the Leicestershire coalfield, lies in the south-east corner, and in the north-west corner a portion of the See also:

• LANCASHIRE

Lancashire coalfield appears about New See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

Mills and Whaley See also:

• BRIDGE

Bridge . They yield valuable coals, See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays, marls and ganister .

East of See also:

• BOLSOVER

Bolsover, the Coal Measures are covered unconformably by the See also:

• PERMIAN

Permian breccias and magnesian limestone . Flanking the hills between See also:

• ASHBOURNE

Ashbourne and Quarndon are red beds of See also:

• BUNTER

Bunter See also:

• MARL (from O. Fr. marle, Late Lat. margila, dim. of marga; cf. Du. and Ger. Mergel)

marl, See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone and See also:

• CONGLOMERATE (from the Lat. conglomerare, to form into a ball, glomus, glomeris; so also the general term " conglomeration " for a miscellaneous collection of things, gathered together in a mass)

conglomerate; they also appear at See also:

• MORLEY
• MORLEY [oP BLACKBURN], JOHN MORLEY
• MORLEY, BARONS AND EARLS OF
• MORLEY, GEORGE (1597-1684)
• MORLEY, HENRY (1822-1894)
• MORLEY, SAMUEL (18o9–1886)

Morley, east of the Derwent, and again round the small southern coalfield . Most of the southern part of the county is occupied by See also:

• KEUPER

Keuper marls and See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand-stones, the latter yield See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• BUILDING

building stone; and at Chellaston the See also:

• GYPSUM

gypsum beds in the former are excavated on a large See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale . Much of the Triassic area is covered superficially by glacial See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift and See also:

• ALLUVIUM

alluvium of the Trent . See also:

• LOCAL

Local boulders as well as northern erratics are found in the valley of the Derwent . The bones of See also:

• PLEISTOCENE

Pleistocene mammals, the See also:

• RHINOCEROS

rhinoceros, See also:

• MAMMOTH
• MAMMOTH (0. Russ. mammot, mod. mamant; the Tatar word mama, earth, from which it is supposed to be derived, is not known to exist)

mammoth, bison, hyaena, &c., have been found at numerous places, often in caves and fissures in the limestones, e.g. at Castleton, See also:

• WIRKSWORTH

Wirksworth and Creswell . At Doveholes the Pleiocene See also:

• MASTODON (Gr. µavTos, breast, &bobs, tooth)

Mastodon has been reported . See also:

• GALENA

Galena and other See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead ores are abundant in See also:

• VEINS

veins in the limestone, but they are now only worked on a large scale at See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

Mill See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

Close, near Winster; See also:

• CALAMINE

calamine, See also:

• ZINC

zinc, See also:

• BLENDE, or SPHALERITE

blende, See also:

• BARYTES

barytes, See also:

• CALCITE

calcite and fluor-spar are common . Apeculiar variety of the last named, called " Blue John," is found only near Castleton; at the same See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place occurs the remarkable elastic See also:

• BITUMEN

bitumen, " See also:

• ELATERITE

elaterite." Limestone is quarried at Buxton, Millersdale and Matlock for lime, fluxing and chemical purposes . Good sandstone is obtained from the Millstone Grit at Stancliffe, Tansley and Whatstandwell . Calcareous tufa or travertine occurs in the valley of Matlock and else-where, and in some places is still being deposited by springs . Large pits containing deposits of See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white sand, See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay and pebbles are found in the limestone at Longcliff, See also:

• NEWHAVEN

Newhaven and Carsington .

See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—From the elevation which it attains in its northern See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division the county is colder and is rainier than other midland counties . Even in summer See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold and thick fogs are often seen See also:

• HANGING

hanging over the rivers, and clinging to the lower parts of the hills, and See also:

• HOAR, SAMUEL (1778-1856)

hoar-frosts are by no means unknown even in See also:

• JUNE

June and See also:

• JULY

July . The winters in the uplands are generally severe, and the rainfall heavy . At Buxton, at an elevation of about r000 ft., the mean temperature in See also:

• JANUARY

January is 34.90 F., and in July 57.50, the mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual being 45.4° . These conditions contrast with those at Derby, in the southern lowl,a.nd, where the figures arerespectively 37.50, 61.2° and 48.8°, while intermediate conditions are found at Belper, 9 M. higher up the Derwent valley, where the figures are 36.3°, 59.90 and 47.30 . The contrasts shown by the mean annual rainfall are similarly marked . Thus at See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

Wood-head, lying high in the extreme north, it is 52.03 in., at Buxton 49.33 in., at Matlock, in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle part of the Derwent valley, 35.2 in., and at Derby 24.35 in . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.—A little over seven-tenths of the See also:

• TOTAL

total area of the county is under cultivation . Among the higher altitudes of north Derbyshire, where the See also:

• SOIL

soil is poor and the climate harsh, See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain is unable to flourish, while even in the more sheltered parts of this region the See also:

• HARVEST (A.S. hcerfest " autumn," O.H. Ger. herbist, possibly through an old Teutonic root representing Lat. car pere, " to pluck ")

harvest is usually belated . In such districts See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep farming is chiefly practised, and there is a considerable area of See also:

• HEATH
• HEATH, BENJAMIN (1704-1766)
• HEATH, WILLIAM (1737—1814)

heath pasture . Farther south, heavy crops of See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, turnips and other cereals and See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green crops are not uncommon, while See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley is cultivated about Repton and Gresley, and also in the east of the county, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply the See also:

• BURTON, JOHN HILL (1809–1881)
• BURTON, ROBERT (1577-1640)
• BURTON, SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816–f goo)
• BURTON, SIR RICHARD FRANCIS (1821-1890)
• BURTON, WILLIAM EVANS (1804-1860)

Burton breweries . A large part of the Trent valley is under permanent pasture, being devoted to See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle-feeding and See also:

• DAIRY

dairy-farming .

This See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry has prospered greatly, and the area of permanent pasture encroaches continually upon that of arable See also:

• LAND

land . Derbyshire cheeses are exported or sent to See also:

• LONDON

London in considerable quantities; and See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese fairs are held in various parts of the county, as at Ashbourne and Derby . A feature of the upland districts is the total See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of hedges, and the substitution of limestone walls, put together without any See also:

• MORTAR

mortar or See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement . Other See also:

• INDUSTRIES

Industries.—The manufactures of Derbyshire are both numerous and important, embracing silks, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton See also:

• HOSIERY

hosiery, See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, woollen manufactures, See also:

• LACE (corresponding to Ital. merletto, trina; Genoese Pizzo; Ger. spitzen; Fr. dentelle; Dutch kanten; Span. encaje; the English word owes something to the Fr. lassis or laces, but both are connected with the earlier Lat. laqueus; early French laces were

lace, elastic See also:

• WEB (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Du. webbe, Dan. vaev, Ger. Gewebe, all from the Teutonic wabh—to weave)

web and See also:

• BREWING

brewing . For many of these this county has See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been famous, especially for that of See also:

• SILK

silk, which is carried on to a large extent in Derby, as well as in Belper and Duffield . Derby is also celebrated for its See also:

• CHINA

china, and silk-throwing is the principal industry of the See also:

• TOWN

town . Elastic web See also:

• WEAVING

weaving by See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power looms is carried on to a great extent, and the manufacture of lace and See also:

• NET

net curtains, See also:

• GIMP

gimp trimmings, braids and cords . In the county town and neighbourhood are several important chemical and See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour See also:

• WORKS

works; and in various parts of the county, as at Belper, Cromford, Matlock, See also:

• TUTBURY

Tutbury, are cotton-See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning mills, as well as hosiery and tape manufactories . The principal works of the Midland Railway See also:

• COMPANY

Company are at Derby . The principal See also:

• MINERAL

mineral is coal . Ironstone is not extensively wrought, but, on account of the abundant supply of coal, large quantities are imported for smelting purposes . There are smelting furnaces in several districts, as at See also:

• ALFRETON

Alfreton, See also:

• CHESTERFIELD
• CHESTERFIELD, PHILIP DORMER STANHOPE, 4TH EARL, OF (1694–1773)

Chesterfield, Derby, See also:

• ILKESTON

Ilkeston .

Besides lead, gypsum and zinc are raised, to a small extent; and for the See also:

• QUARRYING

quarrying of limestone Derbyshire is one of the principal See also:

• ENGLISH

English counties . The east and the extreme south-west parts are the principal See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial districts . Communications.—The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief railway serving the county is the Midland, the south, east and north being served by its main See also:

• LINE

line and branches . In the north-east and north the Great Central See also:

• SYSTEM

system touches the county; in the west the North Staffordshire and a branch of the London & North-Western; while a branch of the Great Northern serves Derby and other places in the south . The Trent & Mersey See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal crosses the southern part of the county, and there is a branch canal (the Derby) connecting Derby with this and with the Erewash canal, which runs north from the Trent up the Erewash valley . From it there is a little-used branch (the Cromford canal) to Matlock . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population and See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration.—The area of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient county is 658,885 acres, with a population in 1891 of 528,033, and 1901 of 620,322 . The area of the administrative county is 652,272 acres . The county contains six hundreds . The municipal boroughs are Chesterfield (pop . 27,185), Derby, a county See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough and the county town (114,848), Glossop (21,526), Ilkeston (25,384) . The other See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban districts .are Alfreton (17,505), Alvaston and See also:

• BOULTON, MATTHEW (1728-1809)

Boulton(x279), Ashbourne (4039), Bakewell(285o), Baslow and Bubnell (797), Belper (10,934), Bolsover (6844) Bonsall (1360), See also:

• BRAMPTON
• BRAMPTON, HENRY HAWKINS, BARON (1817-1907)

Brampton and See also:

• WALTON, BRIAN (1600-1661)
• WALTON, IZAAK (1593-1683)

Walton (2698), Buxton (10,181), Clay See also:

• CROSS

Cross(8358), See also:

• DRONFIELD

Dronfield(38o9), See also:

• FAIRFIELD

Fairfield(2969), Heage(2889), See also:

• HEANOR

Heanor (16,249), Long See also:

• EATON, DORMAN BRIDGMAN (1823-1899)
• EATON, MARGARET
• EATON, THEOPHILUS (c. 15go-1658)
• EATON, WILLIAM (1764-1811)
• EATON, WYATT (1849-1896)

Eaton (13,045), Matlock (5979), Matlock See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

Bath and Scarthin Nick (1819), Newbold and Dunston (5986) .

New Mills (7773), North Darley (2756), See also:

• RIPLEY
• RIPLEY, GEORGE (1802-1880)

Ripley (Io,IIs), South Darley (788), See also:

• SWADLINCOTE

Swadlincote (18,014), See also:

• WHITTINGTON
• WHITTINGTON, RICHARD (d. 1423)

Whittington (9416), Wirksworth -(3807) . Among other towns may be mentioned Ashover (2426), Barlborough (2056), Chapel-en-le-See also:

• FRITH (or FRYTH), JOHN (c. 1503-1533)
• FRITH, WILLIAM POWELL (1818-19og)

Frith (4626), Clowne (3896), Crich (3063), Killamarsh (3644), See also:

• STAVELEY

Staveley (11,420), Whitwell (3380) . The county is in the Midland See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit, and assizes are held at Derby . It has one See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter sessions and is divided into fifteen See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty sessional divisions . The boroughs of Derby, Chesterfield and Glossop have See also:

• SEPARATE

separate commissions of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, and that of Derby has also a separate court of quarter sessions . The total number of See also:

• CIVIL

civil parishes is 314 . The county is mainly in the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of See also:

• SOUTHWELL
• SOUTHWELL, ROBERT (c. 1561-1595)

Southwell, with small portions in the dioceses of See also:

• PETERBOROUGH

Peterborough and See also:

• LICHFIELD

Lichfield, and contains 255 ecclesiastical parishes or districts . The See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary divisions of the county are High Peak, North-Eastern, Chesterfield, See also:

• MID

Mid, Ilkeston, Southern and Western, each returning one member, while the parliamentary borough of Derby returns two members . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—The earliest English settlements in the district which is now Derbyshire were those of the West Angles, who in the course of their northern conquests in the 6th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century pushed their way up the valleys of the Derwent and the Dove, where they became known as the Pecsaetan . Later the district formed the northern division of See also:

• MERCIA

Mercia, and in 848 the Mercian witenagemot assembled at Repton . In the 9th century the district suffered frequently from the ravages of the Danes, who in 874 wintered at Repton and destroyed its famous monastery, the See also:

• BURIAL

burial-place of the See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of Mercia . Derby under See also:

• GUTHRUM (GoDRUM) (d. 89o)

Guthrum was one of the five Danish burghs, but in 917 was recovered by iEthelflaed .

In 924 See also:

• EDWARD

Edward the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

Elder fortified Bakewell, and in 942 See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund regained Derby, which had fallen under the Danish yoke . Barrows of the Saxon See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period are numerous in Wirksworth See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred and the Bakewell district, among the most remarkable being White-See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low near Winster and See also:

• BOWER, WALTER (1385-1449)

Bower's-low near Tissington . There are Saxon cemeteries at Stapenhill and Foremark Hall . Derbyshire probably originated as a shire in the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of iEthelstan, but for long it maintained a very close connexion with Nottinghamshire, and the Domesday Survey gives a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of local customs affecting the two counties alike . The two shire-courts sat together for the Domesday See also:

• INQUEST (O. Fr. enqueste, modern enqueete, from Lat.inquisitum, inquirere, to inquire)

Inquest, and the counties were See also:

• UNITED

united under one See also:

• SHERIFF

sheriff until the time of See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth . The villages of See also:

• APPLEBY

Appleby, Oakthorpe, Donisthorpe, Stretton-en-le-See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

Field, Willesley, Chilcote and Measham were reckoned as part of Derbyshire in ro86, although separated from it by the See also:

• LEICESTER
• LEICESTER, EARLS OF
• LEICESTER, ROBERT DUDLEY, EARL
• LEICESTER, ROBERT SIDNEY, EARL OF (1563-1626)
• LEICESTER, THOMAS WILLIAM COKE, EARL OF (1754-1842)

Leicester-shire parishes of Over and Nether Seat . The early divisions of the county were known as wapentakes, five being mentioned in Domesday, while 13th-century documents mention seven wapentakes, corresponding with the six See also:

• PRESENT

present hundreds, except that Repton and Gresley were then reckoned as separate divisions . In the 14th century the divisions were more frequently described as hundreds, and Wirksworth alone retained the designation See also:

• WAPENTAKE

wapentake until See also:

• MODERN

modern times . Ecclesiastically the county constituted an srchdeaconry in the diocese of Lichfield, comprising the six deaneries of Derby, Ashbourne, High Peak, Castillar, Chesterfield and See also:

• REPINGTON (or REPYNGDON), PHILIP (d. 1424)

Repington . In 1884 it was transferred to the newly formed diocese of Southwell . The assizes for Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire were held at Nottingham until the reign of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry III., when they were held alternately at Nottingham and Derby until 1569, after which the Derbyshire assizes were held at Derby . The court of the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

Honour of Peverel, held at Basford in Nottinghamshire, which formerly exercised See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction in the hundreds of Scarsdale, the Peak and Wirksworth, was abolished in 1849 .

The miners of Derbyshire formed an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent community under the jurisdiction of a steward and barmasters, who held two Barmote courts (q.v.) every See also:

• YEAR

year . The forests of Peak and Duffield had their separate courts and See also:

• OFFICERS

officers, the See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice seat of the former being in an extra-parochial part at equal distances from Castleton, Tideswell and Bowden, while the pleas of Duffield See also:

• FOREST

Forest were held at Tutbury . Both were disafforested in the 17th century . The greatest landholder in Derbyshire at the time of the Domesday Survey was Henry de See also:

• FERRERS
• FERRERS, LAURENCE SHIRLEY, 4TH EARL (1720-1760)

Ferrers, who owned almost thewhole of the modern hundred of Appletree . The Ferrers estates were forfeited by See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert, See also:

• EARL

earl of Derby, in the reign of Henry III . Another great Domesday landholder was See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning