DESTRUCTORS  . The name destructors is applied by See also:

• ENGLISH

English municipal See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

engineers to furnaces, or combinations of furnaces, commonly called " garbage furnaces " in the See also:

• UNITED

United States, constructed for the purpose of disposing by burning of See also:

• TOWN

town refuse, which is a heterogeneous See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of material, including, besides See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household and ash-See also:

• BIN

bin refuse, small quantities of See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden refuse, See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade refuse, See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market refuse and often See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street sweepings . The See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere disposal of this material is not, however, by any means the only See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration in dealing with it upon the destructor See also:

• SYSTEM

system . For many years past scientific experts, municipal engineers and public authorities have been directing careful See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the utilization of refuse as See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel for See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production, and such progress in this direction has been made that in many towns its calorific value is now being utilized daily for See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive-See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power purposes . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, that proper degree of caution which is obtained only by actual experience must be exercised in the application of refuse fuel to steam-raising . When its value as a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low-class fuel was first recognized, the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea was disseminated that the refuse of a given See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population was of itself sufficient to develop the necessary steam-power for supplying that population with the electric See also:

• LIGHT

light . The economical importance of a combined destructor and electric undertaking of this See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character naturally presented a somewhat fascinating stimulus to public authorities, and possibly had much to do with the development both of the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of the principle of dealing with refuse by See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, and of See also:

• LIGHTING

lighting towns by See also:

• ELECTRICITY

electricity . However true this phase of the question maybe as the statement of a theoretical scientific fact, experience so far does not show it to be a basis upon which engineers may venture to calculate, although, as will be seen later, under certain circumstances of equalized load, which must be considered upon their merits in each See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, a well-designed destructor plant can be made to perform valuable commercial service to an electric or other power-using undertaking . Further, when a system, thermal or otherwise, for the storage of See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy can be introduced and applied in a trustworthy and economical manner, the degree of See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage to be derived from the utilization of the See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat from destructors will be materially enhanced . The See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house refuse, which must obviously affect its calorific value, varies considerably in different localities, Compost- according to the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, habits and pursuits of the tion and See also:

• PEOPLE

people . Towns situated in See also:

• COAL

coal-producing districts quantity invariably yield a refuse richer in unconsumed See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon of refuse. than those remote therefrom . It is also often found that the refuse from different parts of the same town varies considerably—that from the poorest quarters frequently proving of greater calorific value than that from those parts occupied by the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich and See also:

• MIDDLE

middle classes .

This has been attributed to the more extravagant habits of the working classes in neglecting to sift the ashes from their fires before disposing of them in the ash-bin . In See also:

• BERMONDSEY

Bermondsey, for example, the refuse has been found to possess an unusually high calorific value, and this experience is confirmed in other parts of the See also:

• METROPOLIS (Gr. piir17Pi mother, srGXis, city)

metropolis . See also:

• AVERAGE

Average refuse consists of See also:

• BREEZE

breeze (cinder and ashes), coal and See also:

• COKE (a northern English word, possibly connected with " colk," core)
• COKE, SIR EDWARD (1552-1634)
• COKE, SIR JOHN (1563-1644)
• COKE, THOMAS (1747-1814)

coke, See also:

• FINE

fine dust, See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable and See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal matters, See also:

• STRAW

straw, shavings, cardboard, bottles, tins, See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, bones, broken crockery and other matters in very variable See also:

• PRO

pro-portions according to the character of the See also:

• DISTRICT

district from which it is collected . In See also:

• LONDON

London the quantity of house refuse amounts approximately to 11 million tons per annum, which is See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to from 4 cwt. to 5 cwt. per See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head per annum, or to from 200 to 250 tons per r000 of the population per annum . See also:

• STATISTICS

Statistics, however, vary widely in different districts . In the vicinity of the metropolis the amount varies from 2.5 cwt. per head per annum at See also:

• LEYTON

Leyton to 3.5 cwt. at See also:

• HORNSEY

Hornsey, and to as much as 7 cwt. at See also:

• EALING

Ealing . In the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England the See also:

• TOTAL

total house refuse collected, exclusive of street sweepings, amounts on the average to 8 cwt. per head per annum . Speaking generally, throughout the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country an amount of from 5 cwt. to ro cwt. per head per annum should be allowed for . A cubic yard of See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary house refuse weighs from 121-, to 15 cwt . See also:

• SHOP

Shop refuse is lighter, frequently containing a large pro-portion of See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, straw and other light wastes . It sometimes weighs as little as 74 cwt. per cubic yard . A load, by which refuse is often estimated, varies in See also:

• WEIGHT

weight from r 5 cwt. to 11 tons .

The question how. a town's refuse shall be disposed of must be considered both from a commercial and a sanitary point of view . Various methods have been practised . Sometimes the Refuse household ashes, &c., are mixed with See also:

• PAIL

pail excreta, or disposal . with sludge from a sewage See also:

• FARM

farm, or with See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime, and disposed of for agricultural purposes, and sometimes they are conveyed in carts or by See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal to outlying and country districts, where they are shot on waste ground or used to fill up hollows and raise the level of marshland . Such plans are economical when suitable outlets are available . To take the refuse out to See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea in hopper See also:

• BARGES

barges and sink it in deep See also:

• WATER

water is usually expensive and frequently unsatisfactory . At Bermondsey, for instance, the cost of barging is about 2S . 9d. a ton, while the material may be destroyed by fire at a cost of from See also:

• ROD (O.E. rodd, probably related to Norw. rudda, stick, rodda, stake)
• ROD, EDOUARD (1857-1910)

rod. to is. a ton, exclusive of See also:

• INTEREST

interest and sinking fund on the cost of the See also:

• WORKS

works . In othercases, as at See also:

• CHELSEA

Chelsea and various dust contractors' yards, the refuse is sorted and its ingredients are sold; the fine dust may be utilized in connexion with manure manufactories, the pots and pans employed in forming the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of roads, and the cinders and vegetable refuse burnt to generate steam . In the See also:

• ARNOLD
• ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801)
• ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714)
• ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888)
• ARNOLD, SAMUEL (1740--18o2)
• ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
• ARNOLD, THOMAS (1745-1842)

Arnold system, carried out in See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia and other See also:

• AMERICAN

American towns, the refuse is sterilized by steam under pressure, the grease and fertilizing substances being extracted at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time; while in other systems, such as those of Weil and Porno, and of Defosse, See also:

• DISTILLATION (from the Lat. distillare, more correctly destillare, to drop or trickle down)

distillation in closed vessels is practised . But the destructor system, in which the refuse is burned to an innocuous See also:

• CLINKER

clinker in specially constructed furnaces, is that which must finally be resorted to, especially in districts which have become well built up and thickly populated . Various types of furnaces and apparatus have from time to time been designed, and the subject has been one of much experiment and many failures .

The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal towns in England which took the See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead in the adoption of the refuse destructor system were See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester, See also:

• BIRMINGHAM

Birmingham, See also:

• LEEDS
• LEEDS, THOMAS OSBORNE

Leeds, See also:

• HECKMONDWIKE

Heckmondwike, See also:

• WARRINGTON

Warrington, See also:

• BLACKBURN
• BLACKBURN, COLIN BLACKBURN, BARON (1813-1896)
• BLACKBURN, JONATHAN (c. 1700-c. 1765)

Blackburn, See also:

• BRADFORD
• BRADFORD, JOHN (1510?—1555)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1590—1657)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1663—1752)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1827—1892)

Bradford, See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

Bury, See also:

• BOLTON (BOLTON-LE-MOORS)
• BOLTON (or BOULTON), EDMUND (1S75?-1633?)
• BOLTON, DUKES OF

Bolton, See also:

• HULL
• HULL (in O.Eng. hulu, from helan, to cover, cf. Ger. Hiille, covering)
• HULL (officially KINGSTON-UPON-HULL)
• HULL, ISAAC (1775-1843)

Hull, See also:

• NOTTINGHAM
• NOTTINGHAM, CHARLES HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF1 (1536-1624)
• NOTTINGHAM, EARLS OF

Nottingham, See also:

• SALFORD

Salford, Ealing and London . Ordinary furnaces, built mostly by dust contractors, began to come into use in London and in the north of England in the second See also:

• HALF

half of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, but they were not scientific-ally adapted to the purpose, and necessitated the admixture of coal or other fuel with the refuse to ensure its See also:

• CREMATION (Lat. cremare, to burn)

cremation . The Manchester See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation erected a See also:

• FURNACE

furnace of this description about the See also:

• YEAR

year 1873, and Messrs See also:

• MEAD
• MEAD, LARKIN GOLDSMITH (1835— )
• MEAD, RICHARD (1673—1754)

Mead & Co. made an unsatisfactory See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt in 187o to See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn house refuse in closed furnaces at See also:

• PADDINGTON

Paddington . In 1876 See also:

• ALFRED

Alfred Fryer erected his destructor at Manchester, and several other towns adopted this furnace shortly afterwards . Other furnaces were from time to time brought before the public, among which may be mentioned those of See also:

• PEARCE, CHARLES SPRAGUE (1851– )

Pearce and Lupton, Pickard, Healey, Thwaite, See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

Young, See also:

• WILKINSON, JAMES (1757–1825)
• WILKINSON, JAMES JOHN GARTH (1812-1899)
• WILKINSON, JOHN (1728-1808)
• WILKINSON, SIR JOHN GARDNER (1797—1875)
• WILKINSON, TATE (1739—1803)

Wilkinson, See also:

• BURTON, JOHN HILL (1809–1881)
• BURTON, ROBERT (1577-1640)
• BURTON, SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816–f goo)
• BURTON, SIR RICHARD FRANCIS (1821-1890)
• BURTON, WILLIAM EVANS (1804-1860)

Burton, Hardie, See also:

• JACOBS, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1764-1847)

Jacobs and Odgen . In addition to these the " Beehive " and the " See also:

• NELSON
• NELSON, HORATIO NELSON, VISCOUNT (1758-1805)
• NELSON, ROBERT (s656-1715)

Nelson " destructors became well known . The former was introduced by See also:

• STAFFORD
• STAFFORD, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Stafford and See also:

• PEARSON, CHARLES HENRY (1830-1894)
• PEARSON, JOHN (1612-1686)
• PEARSON, JOHN LOUGHBOROUGH (1817-1897)

Pearson { d1.4rFOR,y ~fe'YI~ {{ {!{+{{ A I0$ of See also:

• BURNLEY

Burnley, and one was erected in 1884 in the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish yard at See also:

• RICHMOND
• RICHMOND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• RICHMOND, LEGH (1772-1827)
• RICHMOND, SIR WILLIAM BLAKE (1842– )

Richmond, See also:

• SURREY
• SURREY, EARLDOM OF
• SURREY, HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF (1518?-1547)

Surrey, but the results being unsatisfactory, it was closed during the following year . The " Nelson " furnace, patented in 1885 by Messrs Richmond and Birtwistle, was erected at Nelson-in-See also:

• MARSDEN, WILLIAM (1754-1836)

Marsden, See also:

• LANCASHIRE

Lancashire, but being very costly in working was abandoned . The principal types of destructors now in use are those of Fryer, Whiley, Horsfall, See also:

• WARNER, OLIN LEVI (1844-1896)
• WARNER, SETH (1743-1784)
• WARNER, WILLIAM (1558?-16o9)

Warner, Meldrum, Beaman and Deas, Heenan and See also:

• FROUDE, JAMES ANTHONY (1818-1894)

Froude, and the " See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

Sterling " destructor erected by Messrs See also:

• HUGHES, DAVID EDWARD (1831-1900)
• HUGHES, HUGH PRICE (1847-19o2)
• HUGHES, JOHN (1677-1720)
• HUGHES, JOHN (1797-1864)
• HUGHES, SIR EDWARD (c. 1720-1794)
• HUGHES, THOMAS
• HUGHES, THOMAS (1822-1896)

Hughes and See also:

• STIRLING
• STIRLING, JAMES (1692-1770)
• STIRLING, JAMES HUTCHISON (182o-1909)
• STIRLING, MARY ANNE [FANNY] (1815-1895)
• STIRLING, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, (titular) EARL OF (1726—1783)
• STIRLING, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, EARL OF (c. 1567-1640)

Stirling . The general arrangement of the destructor patented' by Alfred Fryer in 1876 is illustrated in fig . I . An See also:

• INSTALLATION

installation upon this principle consists of a number of furnaces or cells, usu- Fryer's. ally arranged in pairs back to hack, and enclosed in a rectangular See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block of See also:

• BRICKWORK

brickwork having a See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top, upon which the house refuse is tipped from the carts .

1 Patent No . 3125 (1876) . Types of destructors . points in the See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design are the arrangement of the flues and flue outlets for the products of See also:

• COMBUSTION (from the Lat. comburere, to burn up)

combustion, and the introduction of a blast duct through which See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air is forced into a closed ash-See also:

• PIT (O. E. pytt, cognate with Du. put, Ger. Pfutze, &c., all ultimately adaptations of Lat. puteus, well, formed from root pu-, to cleanse, whence gurus, clean, pure)

pit . The feeding-hole is situated at the back of and above the furnace, while the flue opening for the emission of the gaseous products is placed at the front of the furnace over the dead See also:

• PLATE

plate; thus the gases distilled from the raw refuse are caused to pass on their way to the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main flue over the hottest See also:

• PART

part of the furnace and through the flue opening in the red-hot reverberatory See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch . The steam See also:

• JET (Fr. jais, Ger. Gagat)

jet, which plays an important part in the Horsfall furnace, forces air into the closed ash-pit at a pressure of about 4 to i in. of water, and in this way a temperature varying from 1500° to 2000° F., as tested by a thermo-electric See also:

• PYROMETER (Gr. iri p, fire, µErpov, a measure)

pyrometer, is maintained in the main flue . In a See also:

• BATTERY (Fr. batterie, from battles, to beat)

battery of cells the gases from each are delivered into one main fine, so that a See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform temperature is maintained therein sufficiently high to prevent noxious vapours from reaching the See also:

• CHIMNEY (through the Fr. cheminee, from caminata, sc. camera, a Lat. derivative of caminus, an oven or furnace)

chimney . The cells being charged and clinkered in rotation, when the fire in one is See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green, in the others it is at its hottest, and the products of combustion do not reach the See also:

• BOILER

boiler surfaces until after they have been mixed in the main flue . The See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast iron boxes which are provided at the sides of the furnaces, and through which the blast air is conveyed on its way to the See also:

• GRATE (from Lat. crates, a hurdle)

grate, prevent the See also:

• ADHESION (from Lat. adhaerere, to adhere)

adhesion of clinker to the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side walls of the cells, and very materially preserve the brickwork, which otherwise becomes damaged by the tools used to remove the clinker . The wide clinkering doors are suspended by counterbalance weights and open vertically . The See also:

• RATE

rate of working of these cells varies from 8 tons per See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell per 24 See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours at See also:

• OLDHAM
• OLDHAM, JOHN (1653–1683)
• OLDHAM, THOMAS (1816–1878)

Oldham to to tons per cell at Bradford, where the furnaces are of a later type . The cost of labour in stoking and clinkering is about 6d. per ton of the refuse treated at Bradford, and 9d. per ton at Oldham, where the rate of See also:

• WAGES (the plural of " wage," from Late Lat. wadium, a pledge, O. Fr. wagier, gagier)

wages is higher .

Well-constructed and properly-worked See also:

• PLANTS

plants of this type should give rise to no See also:

• NUISANCE (through Fr. noisance, nuisance, from Lat. nocere, to hurt)

nuisance, and may be located in populous neighbourhoods without danger to the public See also:

• HEALTH

health or comfort . Installations were put down at See also:

• FULHAM

Fulham (1901), Hammerton Street, Bradford (1900), See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• HARTLEPOOL

Hartlepool (1904), and other places, and the surplus power generated is employed in the production of electric energy . Warner's destructor,' known as the " Perfectus," is, in general arrangement, similar to Fryer's, but differs in being provided with See also:

• SPECIAL

special charging hoppers, dampers in flues, dust-catching Warner's . arrangements, rocking grate bars and other improvements . The refuse is tipped into feeding-hoppers, consisting of rectangular cast iron boxes over which plates are placed to prevent the See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape of See also:

• SMOKE (from O. Eng. smeocan, to smoke, reek, cf. Dutch meek, Ger. Schmauch, probably allied to Gr. vol9caiv)

smoke and fumes . At the See also:

• LOWER

lower portion of the feeding-hopper is a flap-See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door working on an See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis and controlled by an iron See also:

• LEVER (through O. Fr. leveour, levere, mod. levier, from Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVER, CHARLES JAMES (1806-1872)

lever from the tipping See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform . When refuse is to be fed into the furnace the lever is thrown over, the contents of the hopper drop on to the sloping See also:

• FIREBRICK

firebrick See also:

• HEARTH (a word which appears in various forms in several Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch haard, German Herd, in the sense of " floor ")

hearth beneath, and the door is at once closed again . The door should be kept open as See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short a time as possible in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to prevent the See also:

• ADMISSION

admission of See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold air into the furnace at the back end, since this leads to the lowering of the temperature of the cells and main flue, and also to paper and other light, refuse being carried into the flues and chimney . The flues of each furnace are provided with dampers, which are closed during the See also:

• PROCESS

process of clinkering in order to keep up the heat . The cells are each 5 ft. wide and 11 ft. deep, the rearmost portion consisting of a firebrick drying hearth, and the front of rocking grate bars upon which the combustion takes See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . The See also:

• CROWN

crown of each cell is formed of a reverberatory firebrick arch having openings for the emission of the products of combustion . The flap dampers which are fitted to these openings are operated by See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal FIG .

3.-Meldrum's Destructor at See also:

• DARWEN

Darwen. through the brickwork ptossthe hopper, and exception may also be taken to the continual flapping of front of the cell, where they are provided with levers or handles; the door when the clinker passes out, as cold air is thereby admitted thus each cell can be worked independently of the others . With the into the furnace . As in the Fryer cell, the outlet for the products of view of increasing the steam-raising capabilities of the furnace, forced combustion into the main flue is See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the point where the crude See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught is sometimes applied and a tubular boiler is placed close to refuse is fed into the furnace, and the escape of unburnt vapours is the cells . The amount of refuse consumed varies from 5 tons to 8 tons thus facilitated . Forced draught is applied by means of a Roots per cell per 24 hours . At Hornsey, where 12 cells of this type are blower . The Manchester corporation has 28 cells of this type in use, in use, the cost of labour for burning the refuse is 92d. per ton . and the approximate amount of refuse burnt per cell per 24 hours is The Meldurm " Simplex " destructor (fig . 3), a type of furnace from 6 to 8 tons at a cost per ton for labour of 3.47 pence. which yields See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good steam-raising results, is in successful operation Horsfall's destructor' (fig . 2) is a high-temperature furnace of at See also:

• ROCHDALE

Rochdale, See also:

• HEREFORD

Hereford, Darwen, Nelson, Plumstead and Al Idrum's. See also:

• MODERN

modern type which has been adopted largely in See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and on See also:

• WOOLWICH

Woolwich, at each of which towns the production of steam Horsfall's. the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . In it some of the general features is an important consideration . Cells have also been laid down at Ho of the Fryer cell are retained, but the details differ See also:

• CON

con- Burton, See also:

• HUNSTANTON [commonly pronounced Hunston]

Hunstanton, Blackburn and See also:

• SHIPLEY
• SHIPLEY, JONATHAN (1714-1788)

Shipley, and more recently at siderably from those of the furnaces already described .

Important Burnley, See also:

• CLECKHEATON

Cleckheaton, See also:

• LANCASTER
• LANCASTER, HOUSE OF
• LANCASTER, JOHN OF GAUNT
• LANCASTER, JOSEPH (1778-1838)
• LANCASTER, SIR JAMES (f1. 1591—1618)
• LANCASTER, THOMAS, EARL OF (c. 1277-1322)

Lancaster, Nelson, See also:

• SHEERNESS

Sheerness and See also:

• WEYMOUTH

Weymouth . In general arrangement the destructor differs considerably from 3 Patent No . 18.719 (r888) . aarrrwwate rrruv inoffensive . The serious nuisances thus produced in some instances led to the introduction of a second furnace, or " cremator," patented by C . See also:

• JONES
• JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
• JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
• JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
• JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
• JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
• JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
• JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
• JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
• JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
• JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
• JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
• JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
• JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
• JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
• JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)

Jones of Ealing in 1885, which was placed in the main flue leading to the chimney-See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft, for the purpose of resolving the organic matters See also:

• PRESENT

present in the vapour, but the greatly increased cost of burning due to this See also:

• DEVICE

device led to its See also:

• ABANDONMENT (Fr. abandonnement, from abandonner, to abandon, relinquish; abandonner was originally equivalent to mettred banddn, to leave to the jurisdiction, i.e. of another, bandon being from Low Latin bandum, bannum, order, decree, " ban ")

abandonment in many cases . This type of cell was largely used during the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the See also:

• HISTORY

history of destructors, but has to a considerable extent given place to furnaces of more modern design . A furnace 1 patented in 1891 by Mr See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry Whiley, See also:

• SUPERINTENDENT

superintendent of the scavenging See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the Manchester corporation, is W61/ey's automatic in its See also:

• ACTION

action and was designed primarily with a view to saving labour—the cells being fed, stoked and clinkered automatically . There is no drying hearth, and the refuse carts tip See also:

• DIRECT

direct into a shoot or hopper at the back which conducts the material directly on to movable See also:

• ECCENTRIC (from Gr. F,c, out of, and Kivrpov, centre)

eccentric grate bars . These auto- matically See also:

• TRAVERSE

traverse the material forward into the furnace, and finally push it against a flap-door which opens and allows it to fall out . This apparatus is adapted for dealing with screened rather than unscreened refuse, since it suffers from the objection that the See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion of the bars tends to allow fine particles to drop through unburnt . Some difficulty has been experienced from the refuse sticking in the A large main flue, which also forms the dust chamber, is placed underneath the furnace hearths .

The Fryer furnace ordinarily See also:

• BURNS, JOHN (1858– )
• BURNS, ROBERT (1759-1796)
• BURNS, SIR GEORGE

burns from 4 to 6 tons of refuse per cell per 24 hours . It will be observed that the outlets for the products of combustion are placed at the back near the refuse feed opening, an arrangement which is imperfect in design, inasmuch as while a See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of refuse is burning upon the furnace bars the charge which is to follow lies on the dead hearth near the outlet flue . Here it undergoes drying and partial decomposition, giving off offensive empyreumatic vapours which pass into the flue without being exposed to sufficient heat to render them entirely feed', . Hole feed,, See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

Floor .cs r ..~rur orr .. /f, . - 4 i=NW `~• t~r 9/See also:

• AST, GEORG ANTON FRIEDRICH (1778-1841)

ast ddXL \ pia f/See also:

• ITO, HIROBUMI, PRINCE (1841-1909)

Ito \ ~.~~..a''' \~• 1N. rieairedim.A.WASPiO.'id.TATeAval~ ,02'' s''rA M { Counterba/anc• I\\~**%%\See also:

• MSS

mss%~ /\ to furnace s y, ,._ lj door . _ 1 Ftfar+ace_ Ref use is shove/led from this opentny into furnace .. - 1 Patent No . 8271 (1891) . See also:

• PATENTS

Patents No . 8999 (1887); No . 14,709 (1888) ; No .

22,531 (1891) . those previously described . The grates are placed side by side without separation except by dead plates, but, in order to localize the forced draught, the ash-pit is divided into parts corresponding with the different grate areas . Each ash .pit is closed air-tight by a cast iron plate, and is provided with an air-tight door for removing the fine ash . Two patent Meldrum steam-jet blowers are provided for each furnace, supplying any required pressure of blast up to 6 in. water See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column, though that usually employed does not exceed i in . The furnaces are designed for hand-feeding from the front, but hopper-feeding can be applied if desirable . The products of combustion either pass away from the back of each fire-grate into a See also:

• COMMON

common flue leading to boilers and the chimney-shaft, or are conveyed sideways over the various grates and a common fire-See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge to the boilers or chimney . The heat in the gases, after passing the boilers, is still further utilized to heat the air supplied to the furnaces, the gases being passed through an air heater or continuous regenerator consisting of a number of cast ironpipes from which the air is delivered through the Meldrum " blowers at a temperature of about 300° F . That a high percentage (i5 to i8 %) of See also:

• CO2

CO2 isobtained in the furnaces proves a small excess of See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

oxygen, and no doubt explains the high fuel efficiency obtained by this type of destructor . High-pressure boilers of ample capacity are provided for the accumu-Iation during periods of light load of a reserve of steam, the storage being obtained by utilizing the difference between the highest and lowest water-levels and the difference between the maximum and working steam-pressure . Patent locking fire-bars, to prevent lifting when clinkering, are used in the furnace and have a good See also:

• LIFE

life . At Rochdale the Meldrum furnaces consume from 531b to 66 lb of refuse per square See also:

• FOOT

foot of grate See also:

• AREA

area per See also:

• HOUR

hour, as compared with 22.4 lb per square foot in a low-temperature destructor burning 6 tons per cell per 24 hours with a grate area of 25 sq. ft .

The evaporative efficiency of the Rochdale furnaces varies from 1.39 lb to 1.87 lb of water (actual) per 1 lb of refuse burned, and an average steam-pressure of about 114 lb per square See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch is maintained . The cost of labour and Fig . 4.—Beaman and Deas Destructor at Leyton . supervision amounts to Iod. per ton of refuse dealt with . A Lancashire boiler (22 ft. by 6 ft . 6 in.) at the Sewage Outfall Works, Hereford, evaporates with refuse fuel 2980 lb of water per hour, equal to 149 indicated See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-power . About 54 lb of refuse are burnt per square foot of grate area per hour with an evaporation of 1.82 lb of water per See also:

• POUND
• POUND (2)—(a)

pound of refuse . The Beaman and Deas destructor' (fig . 4) has attracted much attention from public authorities, and successful installations are in operation at Warrington, See also:

• DEWSBURY

Dewsbury, Leyton, Beaman See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury, See also:

• LLANDUDNO

Llandudno, See also:

• COLNE

Colne, See also:

• STREATHAM

Streatham, Rotherhithe, . and Deas . See also:

• WIMBLEDON

Wimbledon, Bolton and elsewhere . Its essential features include a level-fire grate with ordinary type bars, a high-temperature combustion chamber at the back of the cells, a closed ash-pit with forced draught, See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision for the admission of a secondary air-See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply at the fire-bridge, and a firebrick hearth sloping at an See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle of about 52° .

From the refuse storage platform the material is fed into a hopper mouth about 18 in. square, and slides down the firebrick hearth, supported by T-irons, to the grate bars, over which it is raked and spread with the assistance of See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long rods manipulated through clinkering doors placed at the sides of the cells . A secondary door in the See also:

• REAR

rear of the cell facilitates the operation . The fire-bars, spaced only s in. apart, are of the ordinary stationary type . Vertically, under the fire-bridge, is an air-conduit, from the top of which lead air blast pipes 12 in. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter discharging into a hermetically closed ash-pit under the grate area . The air is supplied from fans (Schiele's patent) at a pressure of from 12 to 2 in. of water, and is con- trolled by means of baffle valves worked by handles on either side of the furnace, conveniently placed for the attendant . The forced draught tends to keep the bars cool and lessen See also:

• WEAR

wear and See also:

• TEAR

tear . The fumes from the charge drying on the hearth pass through the fire and over the red-hot fire-bridge, which is perforated longitudinally with air-passages connected with a small flue leading from a grated opening on the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of the brickwork outside; in this way an See also:

• AUXILIARY (from Lat. auxilium, help)

auxiliary supply of heated oxygen is fed into the combustion chamber . This ' Patents No . 15,598 (1893) and 23,712 (1893); also Beaman and Deas Sludge Furnace, Patent No . 13,029 (1894).chamber, in which a temperature approaching 2000° F. is attained, is fitted with large iron doors, sliding with See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance weights, which allow the introduction of infected articles, See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad See also:

• MEAT

meat, &c., and also give See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access for the periodical removal of fine ash f om the flues . The high temperatures attained are utilized by install ng one boiler, preferably of the Babcock & Wilcox water-See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube type, for each pair of cells, so that the gases, on their way from the combustion chamber to the main flue, pass three times between the boiler tubes . A secondary furnace is provided under the boiler for raising steam by coal, if required, when the cells are out of use .

The grate area of each cell is 25 sq. ft., and the See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption varies from 16 up to 20 tons of refuse per cell per 24 hours . In a 24-hours' test made by the superintendent of the cleansing department, Leeds, at the Warrington installation, the quantity of water evaporated per pound of refuse was 1.14 lb, the average temperature in the combustion chamber 2000° F. by See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper-See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire test, and the average air pressure with forced draught 22 in . (water-See also:

• GAUGE, or GAGE (Med. Lat. gauja, jaugia, Fr. jauge, perhaps connected with Fr. jale, a bowl, galon, gallon)

gauge) . At Leyton, which has a population of over 100,000, an 8-cell plant of this type is successfully dealing with house refuse and See also:

• FILTER (a word common in various forms to most European languages, adapted from the medieval Lat. fi-ltrum, felt, a material used as a filtering agent)

filter See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press cakes of sewage sludge from the sewage disposal works adjoining, and even with material,of this low calorific value the total steam-power produced is considerable . Each cell burns about 16 tons of the mixture in 24 hours and develops about 35 indicated horse-power continuously, at an average steam-pressure in the boilers of 105 lb . The cost of labour at .Leyton for burning the mixed refuse is about is . 7d. per ton; at Llandudno, where four cells were laid down in connexion with the electric-light station in 1898, it is Is . 3;d., and at Warrington 92d. per ton of refuse consumed . Combustion is See also:

• COMPLETE

complete, and the destructor may be installed in populous districts without nuisance to the inhabitants . Further patents (See also:

• WILKIE, SIR DAVID (1785–1841)

Wilkie's improvements) have been obtained by Meldrum See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

Brothers (Manchester) in connexion with this destructor . The Heenan furnaces are in operation at See also:

• FARNWORTH

Farnworth, See also:

• GLOUCESTER
• GLOUCESTER (abbreviated as pronounced Glo'ster)
• GLOUCESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• GLOUCESTER, GILBERT DE CLARE, EARL OF (1243-1295)
• GLOUCESTER, RICHARD DE CLARE, EARL OF (1222-1262)
• GLOUCESTER, ROBERT, EARL OF (d. 1147)
• GLOUCESTER, THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK, DUKE

Gloucester, See also:

• BARROW
• BARROW (from A.S. beorh, a mount or hillock)
• BARROW, ISAAC (1630-1677)
• BARROW, SIR JOHN (1764-1848)

Barrow-in-See also:

• FURNESS
• FURNESS, HORACE HOWARD (1833– )

Furness, See also:

• NORTHAMPTON
• NORTHAMPTON, ASSIZE OF
• NORTHAMPTON, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Northampton, See also:

• MANSFIELD
• MANSFIELD, RICHARD (1857-1907)
• MANSFIELD, WILLIAM MURRAY, 1ST EARL

Mansfield, See also:

• WAKEFIELD
• WAKEFIELD, GILBERT (1756-1801)

Wakefield, Blackburn, Levenshulme, See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings See also:

• NORTON, CAROLINE ELIZABETH SARAH (18o8–1877)
• NORTON, CHARLES BOWYER ADDERLEY, 1ST BARON (1814–1905)
• NORTON, CHARLES ELIOT (1827-1908)
• NORTON, THOMAS (1532–1584)

Norton, See also:

• WORTHING

Worthing, Birmingham and Heenan other places, and are now dealing with over 1200 tons of refuse per See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . The general arrangement of this destructor some-what resembles that of the Meldrum type .

The cells intercommunicate, and the See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical mixture of the gases arising from the furnace grates of the various cells is sought by the introduction of a special design of reverberatory arch overlying the grates . The See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard arrangement of this destructor embodies all modern arrangements for high-temperature refuse destruction and steam-power See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation . Destructors of the " Sterling " type, combined with electric-power generating stations, are installed at See also:

• HACKNEY
• HACKNEY (from Fr. haquenee, Lat. equus, an ambling horse or mare, especially for ladies to ride; the English " hack " is simply an abbreviation)

Hackney (1901), Bermondsey (1902) and Frederiksberg (19o3)—the first-named plant being. probably the most powerful com- Sterling. bined destructor and electricity station yet erected . In these modern stations the recognized requirements of an up-to-date refuses destruction plant have been well considered and good calorific results are also obtained . In addition to the above-described destructors, other forms have been introduced from time to time, but adopted to a less degree; amongst these may be mentioned See also:

• BAKER, HENRY (1698-1774)
• BAKER, SIR BENJAMIN (1840-1907)
• BAKER, SIR RICHARD (1568-1644/5)
• BAKER, SIR SAMUEL WHITE (1821-1893)
• BAKER, THOMAS (1656-1740)
• BAKER, VALENTINE [BAKER PASHA] (1827-1887)

Baker's destructor, Willshear's, See also:

• HANSON, SIR RICHARD DAVIES (1805–1876)

Hanson's Utilizer, See also:

• MASON, FRANCIS (1799—1874)
• MASON, GEORGE (1725—1792)
• MASON, GEORGE HEMMING (1818–1872)
• MASON, JAMES MURRAY (1798-1871)
• MASON, JOHN (1586-1635)
• MASON, JOHN YOUNG (1799-1859)
• MASON, LOWELL (1792—1872)
• MASON, SIR JOHN (1503–1566)
• MASON, SIR JOSIAH (1795-1881)
• MASON, WILLIAM (1725—1797)

Mason's Gasifier, the See also:

• BENNETT, CHARLES EDWIN (1858- )
• BENNETT, JAMES GORDON (1794-1872)
• BENNETT, JOHN
• BENNETT, JOHN HUGHES (1812–1875)
• BENNETT, SIR WILLIAM STERNDALE (1816-1875)

Bennett-Phythian, Cracknell's (See also:

• MELBOURNE
• MELBOURNE, WILLIAM LAMB, 2ND VISCOUNT (1779-1848)

Melbourne, See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria), Coltman's (See also:

• LOUGHBOROUGH

Loughborough), See also:

• WILLOUGHBY

Willoughby's, and Healey's improved destructors . On the continent of Europe systems for the treatment of refuse have also been devised . Among these may be mentioned those of M . Defosse and M . Helouis . The former has endeavoured to burn the refuse in large quantities by using a forced draught and only washing the smoke.' Helouis has extended the operation by using the heat from the combustion of the refuse for drying and distilling the material which is brought gradually on to the grate . Boulnois and See also:

• BRODIE, PETER BELLINGER (1815–1897)
• BRODIE, SIR BENJAMIN COLLINS

Brodie's improved charging tank is a labour-saving apparatus consisting of a wrought iron See also:

• TRUCK

truck, 5 ft. wide by 3 ft. deep, and of sufficient length to hold not less than 12 hours' Destructor supply for the two cells which it serves . The truck, acres which moves along a pair of rails across the top of the soles. destructor, may be worked by one See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man .

It is divided into compartments holding a charge of refuse in each, and is provided with a pair of doors in the bottom, opening downwards, which are supported by a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of small wheels See also:

• RUNNING

running on a central See also:

• RAIL

rail . A special feeding opening in the reverberatory arch of the cell of the width of the truck, situated over the drying hearth, is formed by a firebrick arch fitted into a See also:

• FRAME

frame capable of being moved backwards and forwards by means of a lever . The charging truck, when empty, is brought under the tipping platform, and the carts tip directly into it . When one of the cells has to be fed, the truck is