See also:

• DEVIL (Gr. &a,3oXos, " slanderer," from &ctflisXX sty, to slander)

DEVIL (Gr. &a,3oXos, " slanderer," from &ctflisXX See also:

• STY

sty, to See also:

• SLANDER

slander)  , the generic name for a spirit of evil, especially the supreme spirit of evil, the foe of See also:

• GOD

God and See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man . The word is used for See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor evil See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits in much the same sense as " demon." From the various characteristics associated with this See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea, the See also:

• TERM

term has come to be applied by See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy in many different senses . From See also:

• DEVIL (Gr. &a,3oXos, " slanderer," from &ctflisXX sty, to slander)

DEVIL I2 I the idea of evil as degraded, contemptible and doomed to failure, the term is applied to persons in evil See also:

• PLIGHT

plight, or of slight See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration . In See also:

• ENGLISH

English legal phraseology " devil " and " devilling " are used of barristers who See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as substitutes for others . Any remuneration which the legal " devil " may receive is purely a See also:

• MATTER

matter of private arrangement between them . In the See also:

• CHANCERY

chancery See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division such remuneration is generally in the proportion of one See also:

• HALF

half of the See also:

• FEE

fee which the client pays; " in the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's See also:

• BENCH (an O.E. and Eng. form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Bank, Dan. baenk and the Eng. doublet " bank ")

bench division remuneration for ` devilling' of briefs or assisting in drafting and opinions is not See also:

• COMMON

common " (see See also:

• ANNUAL

Annual Practice, 1907, p . 717) . In a similar sense an author may have his materials collected and arranged by a See also:

• LITERARY

literary hack or " devil." The term " printer's devil " for the errand boy in a See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office probably combines this idea with that of his being See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black with See also:

• INK (from Late Lat. encaustum, Gr. gysavorov, the purple ink used by Greek and Roman emperors, from iyKaiew, to burn in)

ink . The common notions of the devil as black, See also:

• ILL

ill-favoured, malicious, destructive and the like, have occasioned the application of the term to certain animals (the Tasmanian devil, the devil-See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish, the See also:

• COOT

coot), to See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical contrivances (for tearing up See also:

• CLOTH

cloth or separating See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool), to pungent, highly seasoned dishes, broiled or fried . In this See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article we are concerned with the See also:

• PRIMARY

primary sense of the word, as used in See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology and See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion . The See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy of See also:

• ANIMISM (from animus, or anima, mind or soul)

animism involves the ascription of all phenomena to See also:

• PERSONAL

personal agencies . As phenomena are See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good or evil, produce See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure or See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain, cause weal or woe, a distinction in the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of these agencies is gradually recognized; the agents of good become gods, those of evil, demons .

A tendency towards the simplification and organization of the evil as of the good forces, leads towards belief in outstanding leaders among the forces of evil . When the divine is most completely conceived as unity, the demonic is also so conceived; and over against God stands Satan, or the devil . Although it is in connexion with See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew and See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian mono-See also:

• THEISM
• THEISM (Gr. Beor, god)

theism that this belief in the devil has been most fully See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed, yet there are approaches to the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine in other religions . In Babylonian mythology " the old See also:

• SERPENT (Lat. serpens, creeping, from serpere; cf. "reptile " from repere, Gr.4 ml-eta)

serpent goddess ` the See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady Nina' was transformed into the embodiment of all that was hostile to the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven " (See also:

• SAYCE, ARCHIBALD HENRY (1846- )

Sayce's Hibbert Lectures, p . 283), and was confounded with the See also:

• DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

dragon Tiamat, " a terrible See also:

• MONSTER (Lat. monstrum, from root of monere, to warn; i.e. something terrible or portentous)
• MONSTER, GEORG, COUNT ZU (1776-1844)

monster, reappearing in the Old Testament writings as Rahab and See also:

• LEVIATHAN

Leviathan, the principle of See also:

• CHAOS

chaos, the enemy of God and man " (See also:

• TENNANT, CHARLES (1768-1838)
• TENNANT, SMITHSON (1761-1815)
• TENNANT, WILLIAM (1784-1848)

Tennant's The Fall and See also:

• ORIGINAL

Original See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

Sin, p . 43), and according to Gunkel (Schopfung and Chaos, p . 383) " the original of the ` old serpent' of Rev. xii . 9." In See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian mythology the serpent Apap with an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of monsters strives daily to See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest the course of the See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat of the luminous gods . While the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek mythology described the See also:

• TITANS (Gr. Ttraaves)

Titans as " enchained once for all in their dark dungeons " yet See also:

• PROMETHEUS

Prometheus' See also:

• THREAT

threat remained to disturb the tranquillity of the Olympian See also:

• ZEUS

Zeus . In the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German mythology the army of darkness is led by See also:

• HEL, or HELA

Hel, the personification of See also:

• TWILIGHT

twilight, sunk to the goddess who enchains the dead and terrifies the living, and Loki, originally the god of See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, but afterwards "looked upon as the See also:

• FATHER

father of the evil powers, who strips the goddess of See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth of her adornments, who robs See also:

• THOR

Thor of his fertilizing See also:

• HAMMER, FRIEDRICH JULIUS (1810-1862)

hammer, and causes the See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• BALDER

Balder the beneficent See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun." In See also:

• HINDU

Hindu mythology the Maruts, See also:

• INDRA

Indra, See also:

• AGNI

Agni and See also:

• VISHNU (Sanskrit, " the worker," from root vish, "to work ")

Vishnu wage See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with the serpent Ahi to deliver the See also:

• CELESTIAL, OR STELLAR

celestial cows or spouses, the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters held See also:

• CAPTIVE (from Lat. capere, to take)

captive in the caverns of the clouds . In the Trimurti, Brahma (the impersonal) is manifested as Brahma (the personal creator), Vishnu (the preserver), and See also:

• SIVA

Siva (the destroyer) . In Siva is perpetuated the belief in the god of Vedic times See also:

• RUDRA (probably from the root rud, " to howl," hence " the howler ")

Rudra, who is represented as " the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• HUNTER, JOHN (1728-1793)
• HUNTER, ROBERT MERCER TALIAFERRO (r8o9-1887)
• HUNTER, SIR WILLIAM WILSON (1840-19oo)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM (1718–1783)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM ALEXANDER (1844-1898)

hunter who storms over the earth with his bands, and See also:

• LAYS

lays See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low with arrows the men who displease him " (Chantepie de la Saussaye's Religionsgeschichte, and ed., vol. ii. p .

25) . The evil character of Siva is reflected in his wife, who as See also:

• KALI (black)

Kali (the black) is the wild and cruel goddess of destruction and death . The opposition of good and evil is most fully carried out in Zoroastrianism . Opposed to Ormuzd, the author of all good, is See also:

• AHRIMAN (Gr. 'Apecµavios in Aristotle, or 'Apeiµav+7s in Agathias; in the Avesta, Angr3 Mainyush)—" the Destructive Spirit ")

Ahriman, the source of all evil; and the opposition runs through the whole universe (D'Alviella's Hibbert Lectures, pp . 158-164) . The conception of Satan (Heb. itV, the adversary, Gr . Earavas, or Xarav, 2 See also:

• COR

Cor. xii . 7) belongs to the See also:

• POST

post-exilic See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of Hebrew development, and probably shows traces of the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian on Jewish thought, ,but it has also its roots in much older beliefs . An " evil spirit " possesses See also:

• SAUL (Heb. shd'ul, " asked ")

Saul (r Sam. xvi . 14), but it is " from the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord." The same agency produces discord between See also:

• ABIMELECH (Hebrew for "father of [or is] the king ")

Abimelech and the Shechemites (See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges ix . 23) . "A lying spirit in the mouth of all his prophets" as Yahweh's messenger entices See also:

• AHAB (in Heb. 'ah'(ib, " father's brother ")

Ahab to his See also:

• DOOM (Old Eng. dOm, a word common to Tent. languages for that which is set up or ordered, from " do," in its original meaning of " place "; cf, Gr. &Ass, from stem of ri'rust)

doom (1 See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings xxii .

22) . Growing human corruption is traced to the fleshy See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of angels and See also:

• WOMEN

women (Gen. vi . 1-4) . But generally evil, whether as misfortune or as sin, is assigned to divine causality (I Sam. xviii. re); 2 Sam. See also:

• XXIV

xxiv . 1; r Kings xxii . 20; Isa. vi . Io, lxiii . 17) . After the See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

Exile there is a tendency to protect the divine transcendence by the introduction of mediating angelic agency, and to See also:

• SEPARATE

separate all evil from God by ascribing its origin to Satan, the enemy of God and man . In the prophecy of See also:

• ZECHARIAH

Zechariah (iii . 1-2) he stands as the adversary of See also:

• JOSHUA, BOOK OF

Joshua, the high See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest, and is rebuked by Yahweh for desiring that See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem should be further punished . In the See also:

• BOOK

book of See also:

• JOB

Job he presents himself before the Lord among the sons of God (ii .

1), yet he is represented both as accuser and tempter . He disbelieves in Job's integrity, and desires him to be so tried that he may fall into sin . While, according to 2 Sam. xxiv . 1, God himself tests See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David in regard to the numbering of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, according to r Chron. xxi, r it is Satan who tempts him . The development of the conception continued in later Judaism, which was probably more strongly influenced by Persian See also:

• DUALISM (from rare Lat. dualis, containing two, from duo)

dualism . It is doubtful, however, whether the See also:

• ASMODEUS

Asmodeus (q.v.) of the book of See also:

• TOBIT, THE BOOK OF

Tobit is the same as the Aeshma Daewa of the Bundahesh . He is the evil spirit who slew the seven husbands of Sara (iii . 8), and the name probably means " Destroyer." In the book of See also:

• ENOCH, BOOK OF

Enoch Satan is represented as the ruler of a See also:

• RIVAL

rival See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of evil, but here are also mentioned Satans, who are distinguished from the fallen angels and who have a threefold See also:

• FUNCTION

function, to tempt, to accuse and to punish . Satan possesses the ungodly (See also:

• ECCLESIASTICUS (abbreviated to Ecclus.)

Ecclesiasticus xxi . 27), is identified with the serpent of Gen. iii . (See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

Wisdom ii . 24), and is probably also represented by Asmodeus, to whom lustful qualities are assigned (Tobit vi .

14); Gen. iii. is probably referred to in See also:

• PSALMS, BOOK
• PSALMS, BOOK OF, or PSALTER

Psalms of See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon xvii . 49, " a serpent speaking with the words of transgressors, words of deceit to pervert wisdom." The Book of the Secrets of Enoch not only identifies Satan with the Serpent, but also describes his revolt against God, and See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion from heaven . In the Jewish Targums Sammael, " the highest See also:

• ANGEL

angel that stands before God's See also:

• THRONE

throne, caused the serpent to seduce the woman "; he coalesces with Satan, and has inferior Satans as his servants . The See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of See also:

• CAIN

Cain is ascribed to a union of Satan with See also:

• EVE

Eve . As accuser affecting man's See also:

• STANDING

standing before God he is greatly feared . This doctrine, stripped of much of its grossness, is reproduced in the New Testament . Satan is the ScW3oAos (Matt. xiii . 39; See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John xiii . 2; Eph. iv . 27; Heb. ii . 14; Rev. ii. lo), slanderer or accuser, the sreap4wv (Matt. iv . 3; I Thess. iii .

5), the tempter, the 7rovripos (Matt. v . 37; John xvii . 15; Eph. vi . 16), the evil one, and the ix0pos (Matt. xiii . 39), the enemy . He is apparently identified with See also:

• BEELZEBUB, BEELZEBUL, BAALZEBUB

Beelzebub (or Beelzebul) in Matt. xii . 26, 27 . Jesus appears to recognize the existence of demons belonging to a kingdom of evil under the leadership of Satan " the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of demons " (Matt. xii . 24, 26, 27), whose See also:

• WORKS

works in demonic possessions it is his function to destroy (See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark i . 34, iii . II, vi . 7; See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke x .

17-20) . But he himself conquers Satan in resisting_his temptations (Matt. iv . I-11) . See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon is warned against him, and Judas yields to him as tempter (Luke xxii . 31; John xiii . 27) . Jesus's See also:

• CURES

cures are represented as a See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph over Satan (Luke x . 18) . This Jewish doctrine is found in See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul's letters also . Satan rules over a See also:

• WORLD

world of evil, supernatural agencies, whose dwelling is in the See also:

• LOWER

lower heavens (Eph. vi . 12) : hence he is the " prince of the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air " (ii . 2) .

He is the tempter (r Thess. iii . 5; r Cor. vii . 5), the destroyer (x . Io), to whom the offender is to be handed over for bodily destruction (v . 5), identified with the serpent (Rom. xvi . 20; 2 Ccr . Xi . 3), and probably with Beliar or Belial (vi . 15); and the surrender of man to him brought death into the world (Rom. v . 17) . Paul's own " stake in the flesh " is Satan's messenger (2 Cor. xii . 7) .

According to See also:

• HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO THE

Hebrews Satan's power over death Jesus destroys by dying (ii . 14) . Revela-tion describes the war in heaven between God with his angels and Satan or the dragon, the " old serpent," the deceiver of the whole world (xii . 9), with his hosts of darkness . After the over-throw of the Beast and the kings of the earth, Satan is imprisoned in the bottomless See also:

• PIT (O. E. pytt, cognate with Du. put, Ger. Pfutze, &c., all ultimately adaptations of Lat. puteus, well, formed from root pu-, to cleanse, whence gurus, clean, pure)

pit a thousand years (xx . 2) . Again loosed to deceive the nations, he is finally See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast into the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake of fire and See also:

• BRIMSTONE

brimstone (xx. ro; cf . Enoch liv . 5, 6; 2 See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter ii . 4) . In John's See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel and Epistles Satan is opposed to See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ . Sinner and murderer from the beginning (1 John iii .

8) and liar by nature (John viii . 44), he enslaves men to sin (viii . 34), causes death (See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse 44), rules the See also:

• PRESENT

present world (xiv . 30), but has no power over Christ or those who are his (xiv . 30, xvi . II; I John v . 18) . He will be destroyed by Christ with all his works (John xvi . 33; I John iii . 8) . In the common faith of the See also:

• GENTILE
• GENTILE, C

Gentile churches after the Apostolic See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

Age " the present dominion of evil demons, or of one evil demon, was just as generally presupposed as man's need of redemption, which was regarded as a result of that dominion . The tenacity of this belief may be explained among other things by the living impression of the polytheism that surrounded the communities on every See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side .

By means of this See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

assumption too, humanity seemed to be unburdened, and the presupposed capacity for redemption could, therefore, be justified in its widest range " (See also:

• HARNACK, ADOLF (1851– )

Harnack's See also:

• HISTORY

History of See also:

• DOGMA (Gr. Sbypa, from b6aeiv, to seem; literally " that which seems, sc. good or true or useful " to any one)

Dogma, i. p . 181) . While Christ's First See also:

• ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

Advent delivered believers from Satan's bondage, his overthrow would be completed only by the Second Advent . The Gnostics held that " the present world sprang from a fall of man, or from an undertaking hostile to God, and is, therefore, the product of an evil or intermediate being " (p . 257) . Some taught that while the future had been assigned by God to Christ, the devil had received the present age (p . 309) . The fathers traced all doctrines not held by the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church to the devil, and the virtues of heretics were regarded as an instance of the devil transforming himself into an angel of See also:

• LIGHT

light (ii . 91) . See also:

• IRENAEUS

Irenaeus ascribes Satan's fall to " See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride and arrogance and envy of God's creation "; and traces man's deliverance from Satan to Christ's victory in resisting his temptations; but also, guided by certain Pauline passages, represents the death of Christ " as a See also:

• RANSOM (from Lat. redemptio, through Fr. rancon)

ransom paid to the `See also:

• APOSTASY (aaoafiavis, in classical Greek a defection or revolt from a military commander)

apostasy' for men who had fallen into captivity " (ii . 290) . He does not admit that Satan has any lawful claim on man, or that God practised a deceit on him, as later fathers taught .

This theory of the See also:

• ATONEMENT

atonement was formulated by See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen . " By his successful temptation the devil acquired a right over men . God offered Christ's soul for that of men . But the devil was duped, as Christ overcame both him and death " (p . 367) . It'was held by See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory of Nyssa, See also:

• AMBROSE (AMBROISE), AUTPERT (d.' 778)
• AMBROSE (ANDREY SERTIS-KAMENSKIY) (1708-1771)
• AMBROSE (fl. 119o)
• AMBROSE, ISAAC (1604-1663/4)
• AMBROSE, SAINT (c. 340-307)

Ambrose, who uses the phrase pia fraus, See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine, See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo I., and Gregory I., who expresses it in its worst See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form . " The humanity of Christ was the bait; the fish, the devil, snapped at it, and was See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• HANGING

hanging on the invisible See also:

• HOOK, JAMES CLARKE (1819-1907)
• HOOK, THEODORE EDWARD (1788-1841)
• HOOK, WALTER FARQUHAR (1798-1875)

hook, Christ's divinity " (iii . 307) . In See also:

• ATHANASIUS (293-373)

Athanasius the relation of the See also:

• WORK

work of Christ to Satan retires into the background, Gregory of Nazianzus and John of See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt scruples about this view . It is expressly repudiated by See also:

• ANSELM
• ANSELM (c. 1033-1109)

Anselm and See also:

• ABELARD, PETER (1079-1142)

Abelard . Peter the Lombard asserted it, disregarding these objections . See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard represents man's bondage to Satan " as righteously permitted as a just retribution for sin," he being " the executioner of the divine See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice." :Another theory of Origen's found less See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance .

The devil, as a being resulting from God's will, cannot always remain a devil . The possibility of his redemption, however, was in the 5th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century branded as a See also:

• HERESY

heresy . Persian dualism was brought into contact with Christian thought in the doctrine of Mani; and it is permissible to believe that the gloomy views of Augustine regarding man's See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition are due in some measure to this influence . Mani taught that Satan with his demons, sprung from the kingdom of darkness, attacked the See also:

• REALM

realm of light, the earth, defeated man sent against him by the God of light, but was overthrown by the God of light, who then delivered the primeval man (iii . 324) . " During the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages," says See also:

• TULLOCH, JOHN (1823–1886)

Tulloch, " the belief in the devil was absorbing—See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints conceived themselves and others to be in See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant conflict with him." This superstition, perhaps at its strongest in the 13th to the 15th century, passed into Protestantism . See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther was always conscious of the presence and opposition of Satan . " As I found he was about to begin again," says Luther,: I gathered together my books, and got into See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed . Another See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in the See also:

• NIGHT

night I heard him above my See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell walking on the See also:

• CLOISTER (Lat. claustrum; Fr. cloitre; Ital. chiostro; Span. claustro; Ger. Kloster)

cloister, but as I knew it was the devil I paid no See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to him and went to See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep." He held that this world will pass away with its pleasures, as there can be no real improvement in it, for the devil continues in it to ply his daring and seductive devices (vii . 191) . I . A .

See also:

• DORNER, ISAAC AUGUST (1809-1884)

Dorner (Christian Doctrine, iii. p . 93) sums up See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant doctrine as follows:—" He is brought into relation with natural sinfulness, and the impulse to evil thoughts and deeds is ascribed to him . The dominion of evil over men is also represented as a See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery to Satan, and this as See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment . He has his full power in the extra-Christian world . But his power is broken by Christ, and by his word victory over him is to be won . The power of creating anything is also denied the devil, and only the power of corrupting substances is conceded to him . But it is only at the Last See also:

• JUDGMENT

Judgment that his power is wholly annihilated; he is himself delivered up to eternal punishment." This belief in the devil was specially strong in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland among both See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy and laity in the See also:

• LATH (0. Eng. laett, Mid. Eng. lappe, a form possibly due to the Welsh llath; the word appears in many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch lat, Ger. Latte, and has passed into Romanic, cf. Ital. latta, Fr. latte)

lath century . " The devil was always and literally at See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand," says See also:

• BUCKLE, HENRY THOMAS (1821–1862)

Buckle, " he was haunting them, speaking to them, and tempting them . Go where they would he was there." In more See also:

• RECENT

recent times a See also:

• GREAT

great variety of opinions has been expressed on this subject . J . S . See also:

• SEMLER, JOHANN SALOMO (1725-179I)

Semler denied the reality of demonic See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession, and held that Christ in his See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language accommodated himself to the views of the sick whom he was seeking to cure .

See also:

• KANT, IMMANUEL (1724-1804)

Kant regarded the devil as a personification of the See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical evil in man . See also:

• DAUB, KARL (1765-1836)

Daub in his Judas Ishcarioth argued that a finite evil presupposes an See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute evil, and the absolute evil as real must be in a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person . See also:

• SCHELLING, FRIEDRICH WILHELM JOSEPH VON (1775-1854)
• SCHELLING, KAROLINE (1763-1809)

Schelling regarded the devil as, not a person, but a real principle, a spirit let loose by the freedom of man . See also:

• SCHLEIERMACHER, FRIEDRICH DANIEL ERNST (1768-1834)

Schleiermacher was an uncompromising opponent of the common belief . " The problem remains to seek evil rather in self than in Satan, Satan only showing the limits of our self-knowledge." Dorner has formulated a theory which explains the development of the conception of Satan in the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Scriptures as in See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence with an See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution in the character of Satan . " Satan appears in Scripture under four leading characters:—first as the tempter of freedom, who desires to bring to decision, secondly as the accuser, who by virtue of the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law retorts criminality on man; thirdly as the See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument of the Divine, which brings evil and death upon men; fourthly and lastly he is described, especially in the New Testament, as the enemy of God and man." He supposes " a See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in Satan in the course of the history of the divine See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation, in conflict with which he came step by step to be a sworn enemy of God and man, especially in the New Testament times, in which, on the other hand, his power is broken at the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root by Christ." He argues that the world-See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, being in See also:

• PROCESS

process as a moral order, permits breaches everywhere into which Satan can obtain entrance " (pp . 99, 102) . H . L . See also:

• MARTENSEN, HANS LASSEN (1808-1884)

Martensen gives even freer See also:

• REIN

rein to See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation . " The evil principle," he says, " has in itself no See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality, but attains a progressively universal personality in its kingdom; it has no individual personality, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save only in individual creatures, who in an especial manner make themselves its See also:

• ORGANS

organs; but among these is one creature in whom the principle is so hypostasized that he has become the centre and See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the kingdom of evil " (Dogmatics, p . 199) .

A . See also:

• RITSCHL, ALBRECHT (1822-1889)
• RITSCHL, FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1806-1876)

Ritschl gives no See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in his constructive doctrine to the belief in the devil; but recognizes that the mutual See also:

• ACTION

action of individual sinners on one another constitutes a kingdom of sin, opposed to the Kingdom of God (A . E . Garvie, The Ritschlian See also:

• THEOLOGY

Theology, p . 3o4) . Kaftan affirms that a"doctrine about Satan can as little be established as about angels, as faith can say nothing about it, and nothing is gained by it for the dogmatic explanation of evil . This whole See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province must be left to the immediate world-view of the pious . The idea of Satan will on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the Scriptures not disappear from it, and it would be arrogant to wish to set it aside . Only let everyone keep the thought that Satan also stands under the See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission of the Almighty God, and that no one must suppose that by leading back his sins to a Satanic temptation he can get rid of his ownguilt . To transgress these limits is to assail faith" (Dogmatik, p . 348) . In the book entitled Evil and Evolution there is " an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to turn the light of See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science on to the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• MYSTERY (Gr. µw(Trilpcov, from tcuvrm, an initiate, µfew, to shut the mouth)

mystery of evil." The author contends that the existence of evil is best explained by assuming that God is confronted with Satan, who in the process of evolution interferes with the divine designs, an interference which the instability of such an evolving process makes not incredible .

Satan is, however, held to be a creature who has by abuse of his freedom been estranged from, and opposed to his Creator, and who at last will be conquered by moral means . W . M . See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander in his book on demonic possession maintains that " the See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession of Jesus as the See also:

• MESSIAH (Dan. x. 25, 26)

Messiah or Son of God is the classical criterion of genuine demonic possession " (p . 150), and argues that as " the Incarnation indicated the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the kingdom of heaven upon earth," there took place " a:See also:

• COUNTER

counter See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement among the powers of darkness," of which "genuine demonic possession was one of the manifestations " (p . 249) . Interesting as these speculations are, it may be confidently affirmed that belief in Satan is not now generally regarded as an essential article of the Christian faith, nor is it found to be an indispensable See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element of Christian experience . On the one hand science has so explained many of the processes of See also:

• OUTER

outer nature and of the inner See also:

• LIFE

life of man as to leave no See also:

• ROOM

room for Satanic agency . On the other hand the modern view of the See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration of the Scriptures does not necessitate the acceptance of the doctrine of the Scriptures on this subject as finally and absolutely authoritative . The teaching of Jesus even in this matter may be ac-counted for as either an See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation to the views of those with whom he was dealing, or more probably as a See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of the See also:

• LIMITATION, STATUTES OF

limitation of knowledge which was a necessary condition of the Incarnation, for it cannot be contended that as revealer of God and redeemer of men it was imperative that he should either correct or confirm men's beliefs in this respect . The possibility of the existence of evil spirits, organized under one See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader Satan to tempt man and oppose God, cannot be denied; the sufficiency of the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence for such evil agency may, however, be doubted; the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of any such belief for Christian thought and life cannot, therefore, be affirmed . (See also See also:

• DEMONOLOGY (L1alµwv, demon, genius, spirit)

DEMONOLOGY; POSSESSION.) (A .

E .