DEVONIAN See also:

• SYSTEM

SYSTEM  , in See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology, the name applied to See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of stratified fossiliferous and igneous rocks that were formed' during the Devonian See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, that is, in the See also:

• INTERVAL

interval of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time between the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the See also:

• SILURIAN

Silurian period and the beginning of the Carboniferous; it includes the marine Devonian and an estuarine Old Red See also:

• SANDSTONE

Sandstone series of strata . The name " Devonian " was introduced in 1829 by See also:

• SIR

Sir R . See also:

• MURCHISON, SIR RODERICK IMPEY (1792-1871)

Murchison and A . See also:

• SEDGWICK, ADAM (1785-1873)
• SEDGWICK, JOHN (1813–1864)

Sedgwick to describe the older rocks of See also:

• CORNWALL

Cornwall and See also:

• DEVON, EARLS OF

Devon which W . Lonsdalt had shown, from an examination of the fossils, to be intermediate between the Silurian and Carboniferous . The same two workers also carried on further researches upon the same rocks of the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent, where already several others, F . See also:

• ROEMER, FRIEDRICH ADOLPH (1809-1869)
• ROEMER, OLE (Latinized OLAUS) (1644—1710)

Roemer, H . E . See also:

• BEYRICH, HEINRICH ERNST VON (1815—1896)

Beyrich, &c., were endeavouring to elucidate the See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of strata in this portion of the " Transition Series." The labours of these earlier workers, including in addition to those already mentioned, the See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers F. and G. von See also:

• SANDBERGER, KARL LUDWIG FRIDOLIN VON (1826-1898)

Sandberger, A . See also:

• DUMONT
• DUMONT, ANDRE HUBERT (1809-1857)
• DUMONT, FRANCOIS (1751-1831)
• DUMONT, JEAN (d. 1726)
• DUMONT, PIERRE ETIENNE LOUIS (1759-1829)

Dumont, J . Gosselet, E . J .

A. d'See also:

• ARCHIAC, ETIENNE JULES ADOLPHE DESMIER DE SAINT SIMON, VICOMTE

Archiac, E . P. de See also:

• VERNEUIL
• VERNEUIL, PHILLIPPE EDOUARD POULLETIER DE (180 1873)

Verneuil and H. von See also:

• DECHEN, ERNST HEINRICH KARL

Dechen, although somewhat modified by later' students, formed the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation upon which the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification of the Devonian rocks is based . Stratigraphy of the Devonian Facies . Notwithstanding the fact that it was in See also:

• DEVONSHIRE (DEvoN)
• DEVONSHIRE, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Devonshire and Cornwall that the Devonian rocks were first distinguished, it is in central See also:

• EUROPE

Europe that the succession of strata is most clearly made out, and here, too, their See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological position was first indicated by the founders of the See also:

• SYSTEM

system, Sedgwick and Murchison . See also:

• CONTINENTAL

Continental Europe.—Devonian rocks occupy a large See also:

• AREA

area in the centre of Europe, extending from the See also:

• ARDENNES

Ardennes through the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium across Rhenish See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia to See also:

• DARMSTADT

Darmstadt . They are best known from the picturesque See also:

• GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (c. 1566-1647)

gorges which have been cut through them by the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine below See also:

• BINGEN (anc. Vincum or Bingium)

Bingen and by the Moselle below Treves . They reappear from under younger formations in See also:

• BRITTANY

Brittany, in the Harz and Thuringia, and are exposed in See also:

• FRANCONIA (Ger. Franken)

Franconia, See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony, See also:

• SILESIA

Silesia, See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• MORAVIA (Ger., Ma/wen; Czech, Morava)

Moravia and eastern See also:

• GALICIA (Ger. Galizien; Pol. Halicz)
• GALICIA (the ancient Gallaecia or Callaecia, KaMauci,a or KaXau da)

Galicia . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal subdivisions of the system in the more typical areas are indicated in Table I . This threefold subdivision, with a central See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of calcareous strata, is traceable westwards through Belgium (where the Calcaire de See also:

• GIVET

Givet represents the Stringocephalus See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone of the See also:

• EIFEL

Eifel) and eastwards into the Harz . The rocks reappear with See also:

• LOCAL

local petrographical modifications, but with a remarkable persistence of See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general palaeontological characters, in Eastern Thuringia, Franconia, Saxony, Silesia, the north of Moravia and See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Galicia . Devonian rocks have been detected among the crumpled rocks of the Styrian See also:

• ALPS

Alps by means of the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of abundant See also:

• CORALS (KoRAis), ADAMANTIOS [in French, DIAMANT CORAY] (1748–1833)

corals, cephalopods, gasteropods, lamellihranchs and other organic remains . Perhaps in other tracts of the Alps, as well as in the Carpathian range, similar shales, limestones and See also:

• DOLOMITES, THE

dolomites, though as yet unfossiliferous, but containing ores of See also:

• SILVER

silver, See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead, See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

mercury, See also:

• ZINC

zinc, See also:

• COBALT (symbol Co, atomic weight 59)

cobalt and other metals, may be referable to the Devonian system .

In the centre of Europe, therefore, the Devonian rocks consist of a vast thickness of dark-See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey sandy and shaly rocks, with occasional seams of limestone, and in particular with one thick central calcareous See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone . These rocks are characterized in the See also:

• LOWER

lower zones by numerous broad-winged spirifers and by See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• TRILOBITES

trilobites (Phacops, Homelonotus, &c.) which, though generically like these of the Silurian system, are specifically distinct . The central calcareous zone abounds in corals and crinoids as well as in numerous brachiopods . In the highest bands a profusion of coiled cephalopods (Clymenia) occurs in some of the limestones, while the shales are crowded with a small but characteristic ostracod crustacean (Cypridina) . Here and there traces of fishes have been found, more especially in the Eifel, but seldom in such a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of preservation as to See also:

• WARRANT (Med. Lat. warantum; O. Fr. garant, warant, derived from O.H.G. root represented in modern German bygewdhren)

warrant their being assigned tq any definite See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the zoological See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale . Subsequently, however, E, Beyrich has described from See also:

• GEROLSTEIN

Gerolstein in the Eifel an undoubted See also:

• SPECIES

species of Pterichthys, which, as it cannot be certainly identified with any known See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, he names P . See also:

• RHENANUS, BEATUS (1485-1547)

Rhenanus . A Coccosteus has been described by F . A . Roemer from the Harz, and still later one has been cited from Bicken near Herborn by V . Koenen; but, as Beyrich points out, there may be some doubt as to whether the latter is not a Pterichthys . A Ctenacanthus, seemingly undistinguishable from the C .

Bohemicus of See also:

• BARRANDE, JOACHIM (1799-1883)

Barrande's Etage G, has also been Areas in which the Earlier Deuonian,Rocha are found \ fll_V[ I Additional areas in which See also:

• MID

Mid . Devonian Rocks arefound „ „ Later See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

Distribution of , }y MI pevonian Rlimitockssof L absentand d: S or unknoea/wn ; — Suggested In Earlier Deuohfan time Devonian Rocks / --= Modifications introduced about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of Devonian time --Cater Modifications s.w .... obtained from the Lower Devonian " Nereitenschichten of Thuringia . The characteristic Holoptychius nobilissimus has been .. detected in the Psammite de Condroz, which in Belgium forms a characteristic sandy portion of the Upper Devonian rocks . These are interesting facts, as helping to See also:

• LINK

link the Devonian and Old Red Sandstone types together . But they are as yet too few;and unsupported to warrant any large See also:

• DEDUCTION (from Lat. deducere, to take or lead from or out of, derive)

deduction as to the correlations between these types . It is in the north-east of Europe that the Devonian and Old Red Sandstone appear to be See also:

• UNITED

united into one system, where the limestones and marine organisms of the one are interstratified with the See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish-bearing sandstones and shales of the other . In See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, as wasof the Silurian rocks on which they See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, for they are found gradually to overlap Upper and Lower Silurian formations . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• INTEREST

interest of the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian rocks of this See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age lies in the fact, first signalized by Murchison and his associates, that they unite within themselves the characters of the Devonian and the Old Red Sandstone types . In some districts they consist largely of See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime-stones, in others of red sandstones and marls . In the former they See also:

• PRESENT

present molluscs and other marine organisms of known Devonian species; in the latter they afford remains of fishes, some of which are specifically identical with those of the Old Red Sandstone of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland . The distribution of these two palaeontological types in Russia is traced by Murchison to the lithological characters of the Stages .

Ardennes . Rhineland . Brittany and Bohemia . Harz . See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy . Famennien Limestone of Etreeungt . Cypridina slates . Slates of Rostellec . Cypridina slates . (Clymenia Psammites of Condroz Pon sandstone (See also:

• SAUERLAND

Sauerland) . Clymenia limestone beds) . (sandy series) .

Crumbly limestone (Kramen- and limestone of Slates of Famenne zelkalk) with Clymenia . Altenau . (shaly series) . Neheim slates in $auerland, and diabases, tuffs, &c., in Dillmulde, &c . Frasnien Slates of Matagne . See also:

• ADORF

Adorf limestone of Waldeck Limestone of Cop- Iberg limestone and (Intumes- Limestones, marls and and shales with Goniatites Choux and See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green Winterberg lime- cens beds). shale of Frasne, and (Eifel and See also:

• AIX

Aix) = Budes- slates of Travuliors . See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone; also Adorf red See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble of Flan- heimer shales . limestone and shales ders . Marls, limestone and See also:

• DOLOMITE

dolomite (Budesheim) . with Rhynchonella cuboides (Flinz in See also:

• PART

part) . Iberg limestone of Dillmulde . Givetien Limestone of Givet .

Stringocephalus limestone, Limestones of Cha- H2 (ofBarrande) Stringocephalus shales (Stringo- ironstone of Brilon and lonnes, Montjean dark plant- with Flaser and cephalus Lahnmulde. and 1'Ecochbre. bearing shales . Knollenkalk . beds) . Upper Lenne shales, crinoidal Hl . Wissenbach slates . limestone of Eifel, red See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand- stones of Aix . Tuffs and diabases of Brilon and Lahnmulde . Red See also:

• CONGLOMERATE (from the Lat. conglomerare, to form into a ball, glomus, glomeris; so also the general term " conglomeration " for a miscellaneous collection of things, gathered together in a mass)

conglomerate of Aix . Eifclien Calceola slates and Calceola beds, Wissenbach Slates of Porsguen, G3 Cephalopod Calceola beds . (Calceola limestones of Couvin. slates, Lower Lenne beds, See also:

• GREYWACKE, or GRAUWACKE (a German word signifying a grey earthy rock)

greywacke of See also:

• FRET

Fret. limestone . Nereite slates, slates beds) . Greywacke with Spir- Guntroder limestone and G2 Tentaculite of Wieda and lime- ifer cultrijugatus. See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay See also:

• SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

slate of Lahnmulde, limestone. stones of Hasselfeld .

Dillmulde, Wildungen, Grie- Gl Knollenkalk fenstein limestone, Bailers- and mottled See also:

• BACH, JOHANN SEBASTIAN (1685–1750)
• BACH, KARL PHILIPP EMANUEL (1714-1788)

bach limestone . Mnenian lime- stone . Coblentzien . Greywacke of Hierges . Upper Coblentz slates . Limestones of Er- See also:

• F2(X2+Y2)

F2 of Barrande . See also:

• HAUPT, MORITZ (1808—1874)

Haupt See also:

• QUARTZITE

quartzite (of Shales and conglomer- Red sandstone of Eifel, See also:

• COB

Cob- See also:

• BRAY
• BRAY, SIR REGINALD (d. 1503)
• BRAY, THOMAS (1656-1730)

bray, Brulon, See also:

• VIRE

Vire See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White Konje- Lossen) = Rammels- See also:

• ATE

ate of Burnot with lentz quartzite, lower Cob- and Nehou, grey- prus limestone See also:

• BERG (Ducatus Montensis)

berg slates, Schalker quartzite, of Bierle lentz slates. wacke of Faou, with Hercyn- slates = Kahleberg and red slates of Hunsruck and Siegener grey- sandstone of Ga- ian See also:

• FAUNA

fauna. sandstone . Vireux, greywacke wacke and slates. hard . Hercynian slates and of Vireux, greywacke See also:

• TAUNUS

Taunus quartzite and grey- limestones . of Montigny, sand- wacke . stone of Anor . Gedinnien .

Slates of St See also:

• HUBERT (HUCBERTUS, HUGBERTUS), ST (d. 727)

Hubert and Slates of Gedinne . Slates and quartzites Fooz, slates of Mon- of Plougastel . drepuits, arkose of Weismes, conglomer- ate of F6pin . shown in the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• WORK

work Russia and the Ural Mountains by Murchison, De Verneuil and Keyserling, rocks intermediate between the Upper Silurian and Carboniferous Limestone formations See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover an extent of See also:

• SURFACE

surface larger than the See also:

• BRITISH

British Islands . This wide development arises not from the thickness but from the undisturbed See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the strata . Like the Silurian formations described else-where, they remain to this See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day nearly as See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat and unaltered as they were originally laid down . Judged by See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical See also:

• DEPTH

depth, they present but a meagre representative of the massive Devonian greywacke and limestone of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, or of the Old Red Sandstone of See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain . Yet vast though the area is over which they form the surface See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, it is probably only a small portion of their See also:

• TOTAL

total extent ; for they are found turned up from under the newer formations along the flank of the Ural See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain . It would thus seem that they spread continuously across the whole breadth of-Russia in Europe . Though almost everywhere undisturbed, they afford evidence of some terrestrial oscillation between the time of their formation and that rocks, and consequent See also:

• ORIGINAL

original diversities of See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical conditions, rather than to See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences of age . Indeed cases occur where in the same See also:

• BAND

band of rock Devonian shells and Old Red Sandstone fishes See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie commingled . In the ,See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of the formation which extends south-wards from See also:

• ARCHANGEL (ARCHANGELSK)
• ARCHANGEL (ARCHANGELSx)

Archangel and the White See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, the strata consist of sands and marls, and contain only fish remains .

Traced through the Baltic provinces, they are found to pass into red and green marls, See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays, thin limestones and sandstones, with beds of See also:

• GYPSUM

gypsum . In some of the calcareous bands such fossils occur-as Orthis striatula, Spiriferina prisca, Leptaena productoides, Spirifer calcaratus, Spirorbis omphaloides and Orthoceras subfusiforme . In the higher beds Holoptychius and other well-known fishes of the Old Red Sandstone occur . Followed still farther to the south, as far as the See also:

• WATERSHED

watershed between See also:

• OREL
• OREL, OR ORLOV

Orel and See also:

• VORONEZH

Voronezh, the Devonian rocks lose their red See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour and sandy character, and become thin-bedded yellow lime-stones, and dolomites with soft green and See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue marls . Traces of See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt deposits are indicated by occasional saline springs . It is evident that the See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical conditions of the Russian area during the Devonian period must have closely resembled those, of the Rhine See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin and central See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England during the Triassic period . The Russian Devonian rocks have been classified in Table II . There is an unquestionable passage of the uppermost Devonian rocks of Russia into the See also:

• BASE

base of the Carboniferous system . The Lower Devonian of the Harz contains a fauna which is very different from that of the Rhenish region; to this facies the name The fossil evidence clearly shows the close agreement of the Rhenish and south Devonshire areas . In north Devonshire the Devonian rocks pass upward without break into the See also:

• CULM

Culm . North See also:

• AMERICA

America.—In North America the Devonian rocks are extensively See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed; they have been studied most closely in the New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York region, where they are classified according to Table IV . The classification below is not capable of application over the states generally and further details are required from many of the North-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Russia .

Central Russia . Petchoraland . Ural Region . Red sandstone (Old Limestones with Spir- Limestones with Arca Domanik slates and Cypridina slates, Cly- Red) . fifer Verneuili and oreliana limestones with Sp. menia limestones (Fa- Sp . Archiaci . Limestones with Sp . Verneuili . Verneuili and Sp . Archiaci . mennien) . Limestones with Gephy- oceras intumescens and Rhynchonella cuboides (Frasnien) .

Dolomites Spirifer See also:

• MARL (from O. Fr. marle, Late Lat. margila, dim. of marga; cf. Du. and Ger. Mergel)

Marl with Limestones and slates and limestones Spirifer Anossofi with and corals . Anossofi . with Sp . Anossofi (Giv- etien) . Limestones and slates Lower sandstone (Old Red) . with Pentamerus basch- kiricus (Eifelien) . Absent . Limestones and slates of the Yuresan and See also:

• UFA

Ufa See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, slate and See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz- quartz- ite, marble of Byelaya and of Bogoslovsk, phyllitic See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists and quartzite . " Hercynian " has been applied, and the correlation of the strata has been a source of prolonged discussion among continental geologists . A similar fauna appears in Lower Devonian of Bohemia, in Brittany (limestone of Erbray) and in the Urals . The Upper Devonian of the Harz passes up into the Culm . In the eastern Thuringian See also:

• FICHTELGEBIRGE

Fichtelgebirge the upper See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division is represented by Clymenia limestone and Cypridina slates with Adorf limestone, See also:

• DIABASE

diabase and Planschwitzer See also:

• TUFF (Ital. tufo)

tuff in the lower part .

The middle division has diabases and tuffs at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top with Tentaculite and Nereite shales and limestones below . The upper part of the Lower Devonian, the sandy shale of Steinach, rests unconformably upon Silurian rocks . In the Carnic Alps'are See also:

• CORAL

coral See also:

• REEF (1)

reef limestohes, the equivalents of the Iberg limestone, which attain an enormous thickness; these are underlain by coral limestones with fossils similar to those of the Konjeprus limestone of Bohemia; below these are shales and nodular limestones with goniatites . The Devonian rocks of See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland are sandy in the lower, and more calcareous in the upper parts . They are of interest because while the upper portions agree closely with the Rhenish facies, from the top of the Coblentzien upwards, in the sandy beds near the base Old Red Sandstone fishes (Coccosteus, &c.) are found . In See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France Devonian rocks are found well developed in Brittany, as indicated in the table, also in Normandy and See also:

• MAINE
• MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BENEDICTE DE BOURBON
• MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822–1888)

Maine; in the Boulonnais See also:

• DISTRICT

district only the middle and upper divisions are known . In south France in the neighbourhood of Cabrii res, about See also:

• MONTPELLIER

Montpellier and in the Montagne Noire, all three divisions are found in a highly calcareous See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition . Devonian rocks are recognized, though frequently much metamorphosed, on both the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern and See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern flanks of the See also:

• PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees; while on the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula they are extensively developed . In See also:

• ASTURIAS

Asturias they are no less than 3280 ft. thick, all three divisions and most of the central European subdivisions are present . In general, the Lower Devonian fossils of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear a marked resemblance to those of Brittany . See also:

• ASIA

Asia.—From the Ural Mountains eastward, Devonian rocks have been traced from point to point right across Asia . In the See also:

• ALTAI (in Mongolian Altain-ula, the " Mountains of Gold ")

Altai Mountains they are represented by limestones of Coblentzien age with a fauna possessing Hercynian features .

The same features are observed in the Devonian of the Kougnetsk basin, and in See also:

• TURKESTAN
• TURKESTAN, or HAZRET

Turkestan . Well-developed quartzites with slates and diabases are found south of Yarkand and See also:

• KHOTAN (locally ILcm)

Khotan . Middle and Upper Devonian strata are widespread in See also:

• CHINA

China . Upper Devonian rocks are recorded from See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, and from the See also:

• HINDU

Hindu Kush on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• CHITRAL

Chitral See also:

• RIVER

river . England.—In England the original Devonian rocks are developed in Devon and Cornwall and west See also:

• SOMERSET, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SOMERSET, EDMUND BEAUFORT, DUKE OF (c. 1404–1455)
• SOMERSET, EDWARD SEYMOUR, DUKE OF (c. 1506–1552)
• SOMERSET, LORD ROBERT EDWARD HENRY (1776-1842)
• SOMERSET, ROBERT CARR (or KER), EARL OF (e. 1590-1645)

Somerset . In north Devonshire these rocks consist of sandstones, grits and slates, while in south Devon there are, in addition, thick beds of massive limestone, and intercalations of lavas and tuffs . The See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation of the stratigraphy in this region is a difficult See also:

• MATTER

matter, partly on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good exposures with fossils, and partly through the disturbed condition of the rocks . The system has been subdivided as shown in Table III.regions where Devonian rocks have been recognized, but every-where the broad threefold division seems to obtain . In See also:

• MARYLAND

Maryland the following arrangement has been adopted—(I) Helderberg= Coeymans; (2) See also:

• ORISKANY

Oriskany; (3) See also:

• ROMNEY (NEw ROMNEY)
• ROMNEY, GEORGE (1734-1802)
• ROMNEY, HENRY SIDNEY, EARL OF (1641-1704)

Romney=Erian; (4) Jennings= Genesee and See also:

• PORTAGE

Portage; (5) See also:

• HAMPSHIRE (or COUNTY OF SOUTHAMPTON, abbreviated HANTS)

Hampshire =See also:

• CATSKILL
• CATSKILL (formerly KAATSKIL.) MOUNTAINS

Catskill in part . In the North Devon and West South Devon . Somerset . Pilton See also:

• GROUP

group .

Grits, slates See also:

• ASHBURTON
• ASHBURTON, ALEXANDER BARING
• ASHBURTON, JOHN DUNNING, 1ST

Ashburton slates . and thin limestones . Livaton slates . Baggy group . Sandstones Red and green Entomis slates and slates . (Famennien) . Pickwell Down group . Dark Red and grey slates with slates and grits. tuffs . Morte slates (?) . Chudleigh goniatite limestone Petherwyn beds (Frasnien) . See also:

• ILFRACOMBE

Ilfracombe slates with len- See also:

• TORQUAY

Torquay and See also:

• PLYMOUTH
• PLYMOUTH, EARLS OF

Plymouth lime- ticles of limestone. stones and Ashprington See also:

• COMBE, ANDREW (1797-1847)
• COMBE, GEORGE (1788-1858)
• COMBE, or COOMB
• COMBE, WILLIAM (1741–1823)

Combe See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin grits and volcanic series . (Giv~tien slates. and Eifelien.) Slates and limestones of See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

Hope's See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

Nose .

Hangman grits and slates . See also:

• LOOE

Looe beds (Cornwall) . See also:

• LYNTON

Lynton group, grits and cal- Meadfoot, Cockington and careous slates . Warberry series of slates See also:

• FORELAND, NORTH

Foreland grits and slates. and greywackes . (Coblent- zien and Gedinnien.) interior the Helderbergian is missing and the system commences with (I) Oriskany, (2) See also:

• ONONDAGA

Onondaga, (3) See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton, (4) Portage (and Genesee), (5) Chemung . The Helderbergian series is mainly confined to the eastern part of the continent; there is a northern development in Maine, and in See also:

• CANADA

Canada (Gaspe, New See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick, Nova See also:

• SCOTIA (Gr. o'Karca, shadow or darkness)

Scotia and See also:

• MONTREAL

Montreal); an Appalachian belt, and a lower Mississippian region . The series as a whole is mainly calcareous (2000 ft. in Gaspe), and thins out towards the west . The fauna has Hercynian See also:

• AFFINITIES

affinities . The Oriskany formation consists largely of coarse sandstones; it is thin in New York, but in Maryland and See also:

• VIRGINIA
• VIRGINIA, or VERGINIA
• VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Virginia it is several See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred feet thick . It is more widespread than the underlying Helderbergian . The Lower Devonian appears to be thick in northern Maine and in Gaspe, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, but neither the palaeontology nor the stratigraphy has been completely worked out . w a A wd 3 0 B a a a 0 In the Middle Devonian the thin clastic deposits at the base, Esopus and Schoharie grits, have not been differentiated west of the Appalachian region; but the Onondaga limestones are much more extensive .

The Erian series is often described as the Hamilton series outside the New York district, where the See also:

• MARCELLUS

Marcellus shales are grouped together with the Hamilton shales, and numerous local subdivisions are included, as in See also:

• OHIO

Ohio, See also:

• KENTUCKY

Kentucky and See also:

• TENNESSEE

Tennessee . The rocks are mostly shales or slates, but limestones predominate in the western development . In See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania the Hamilton series is from 15oo ft. to 5000 ft. thick, but in the more calcareous western See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension it is much thinner . The Marcellus shales are bituminous in places . The Senecan series is composed of shallow-See also:

• WATER

water deposits; the Tully limestone, a local See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed in New York, thins out in places into a layer of See also:

• PYRITES

pyrites which contains a remarkable dwarfed fauna . The bituminous Genesee shales are thickest in Pennsylvania (300 ft,); 25 ft. on See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• ERIE

Erie . The shales and sandstones of the Portage formation reach moo ft. to 1400 ft. in western New York . In the Chautauquan series the Chemung formation is not always clearly separable from the Portage beds, it is a sandstone and conglomerate See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

Groups . Formations . Probable European See also:

• EQUIVALENT

Equivalent . Chautauquan . Chemung beds with Catskill Famennien .

Senecan. as a local facies . Frasnien . Portage beds (See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, See also:

• ITHACA
• ITHACA ('IeaK77)

Ithaca and See also:

• ONEONTA

Oneonta shales as local facies) . Genesee shales . Tully limestone . Erian . Hamilton shale . Givetien . Ulsterian . Marcellus shale . Eifelien . Onondaga (Corniferous) limestone .

Schoharie grit . Esopus grit (Caudagalli grit) . Oriskanian . Oriskany sandstone . Coblentzien . Helderbergian See also:

• KINGSTON
• KINGSTON, ELIZABETH, DUCHESS OF (1720-1788)
• KINGSTON, WILLIAM HENRY GILES (1814-188o)

Kingston beds . Gedi Becraft limestone. nnien . New Scotland beds . Coeymans limestone . formation which reaches its maximum thickness (8000 ft.) in Pennsylvania, but thins rapidly towards the west . In the Catskill region the Upper Devonian has an Old Red facies—red shares and sandstones with a See also:

• FRESHWATER

freshwater and brackish fauna . Although the correlation of the strata has only advanced a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short distance, there is no doubt as to the presence of undifferentiated Devonian rocks in many parts of the continent .

In the Great Plains this system appears to be absent, but it is represented in See also:

• COLORADO

Colorado, See also:

• UTAH

Utah, See also:

• NEVADA
• NEVADA (a Spanish word meaning " snow-clad " or " snowy land," originally applied to a snow-capped mountain range on the Pacific slope)

Nevada, See also:

• WYOMING

Wyoming, See also:

• MONTANA

Montana, See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California and See also:

• ARIZONA (from the Spanish-Indian Arizonac, of unknown meaning,—possibly " few springs,"-the name of an 18th-century mining camp in the Santa Cruz valley, just S. of the present border of Arizona)

Arizona; Devonian rocks occur between the Sierras and the Rocky Mountains, in the Arbuckle Mountains of See also:

• OKLAHOMA (a Choctaw Indian word meaning " red people ")

Oklahoma and in See also:

• TEXAS

Texas . In the western interior limestones predominate; 600o ft. of limestone are found at See also:

• EUREKA

Eureka, Nevada, beneath 2000 ft. of shale . On the Pacific See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast See also:

• METAMORPHISM (Gr. ise-rci, change of, and liop¢i, shape)

metamorphism of the rocks is See also:

• COMMON

common, and See also:

• LAVA

lava-flows and tuffs occur in them . In Canada, besides the occurrences previously mentioned in the eastern region, Devonian strata are found in considerable force along the course of the See also:

• MACKENZIE
• MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER (1822-1892)
• MACKENZIE, HENRY (1745-1831)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER (c. 1755-1820)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER CAMPBELL (1847— )
• MACKENZIE, SIR GEORGE (1636-1691)
• MACKENZIE, SIR MORELL (1837-1892)
• MACKENZIE, WILLIAM LYON (1795-1861)

Mackenzie river and the See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian Rockies, whence they stretch out into See also:

• ALASKA

Alaska . It is probable, however, that much that is now classed as Devonian in Canada will prove on fossil evidence to be Carboniferous . South America, See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia, &c.—In South America the Devonian is well developed; in See also:

• ARGENTINA

Argentina, See also:

• BOLIVIA

Bolivia, See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil, See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru and the See also:

• FALKLAND
• FALKLAND, LUCIUS CARY

Falkland Islands, the palaeontological See also:

• HORIZON (Gr. 6pfTwv, dividing)

horizon is about the junction of the Lower and Middle divisions, and the fauna has affinities with the Hamilton shales of North America . Nearly allied to the South See also:

• AMERICAN

American Devonian is that of South Africa, where they are represented by the Bokkeveld beds in the Cape system . In Australia we find Lower Devonian consisting of coarse littoral deposits with volcanic rocks; and a Middle division with coral limestones in See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria, New South See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales and See also:

• QUEENSLAND

Queensland; an Upper division has also been observed . In New See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand the Devonian is well exposed in the Reefton See also:

• MINING

mining See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field; and it has been suggested that much of the highly metamorphosed rock may belong to this system . Stratigraphy of the Old Red Sandstone Fades . The Old Red Sandstone of Britain, according to Sir See also:

• ARCHIBALD, 5TH EARL OF DOUGLAS (c. 1391–1439)

Archibald See also:

• GEIKIE
• GEIKIE, JAMES (1839- )
• GEIKIE, SIR ARCHIBALD (1835- )

Geikie, " consists of two subdivisions, the lower of which passes down conformably into the Upper Silurian deposits, the upper shading offin the same manner into the base of the Carboniferous system, while they are separated from each other by an unconformability." The Old Red strata appear to have been deposited in a number of elongated lakes or lagoons, approximately parallel to one another, with a general See also:

• ALIGNMENT (from Fr. d and ligne, the Lat. Linea, a line)

alignment in a N.E.-S.W. direction . To these areas of See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit Sir A .

Geikie has assigned convenient distinctive names . In Scotland the two divisions of the system are sharply separated by a pronounced unconformability which is probably indicative of a prolonged interval of erosion . In the central valley between the base of the See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

Highlands and the southern uplands See also:

• LAY

lay " Lake See also:

• CALEDONIA

Caledonia." Here the lower division is made up of some 20,000 ft. of shallow-water deposits, reddish-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown, yellow and grey sand-stones and conglomerates, with occasional " cornstones," and thin limestones . The grey flagstones with shales are almost confined to See also:

• FORFARSHIRE, or ANGUS

Forfarshire, and are known as the " See also:

• ARBROATH, or ABERBROTHOCK

Arbroath flags." Interbedded volcanic rocks, andesites, dacites, diabases, with agglomerates and tuffs constitute an important feature, and attain a thickness of 6000 ft. in the Pentland and Ochil hills . A See also:

• LINE

line of old volcanic vents may be traced in a direction roughly parallel to the trend of the great central valley . On the northern See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Highlands was " Lake Orcadie," presumably much larger than the foregoing lake, though its boundaries are not determinable . It lay over See also:

• MORAY

Moray See also:

• FIRTH, CHARLES HARDING (1857– )
• FIRTH, MARK (1819-1880)

Firth and the east of See also:

• ROSS
• ROSS, ALEXANDER (1699-1784)
• ROSS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1841- )
• ROSS, JOHN, or KOOESKOOWE (179o-1866)
• ROSS, ROBERT (1766-1814)
• ROSS, SIR HEW DALRYMPLE (1779-1868)
• ROSS, SIR JAMES CLARK (1800-1862)
• ROSS, SIR JOHN (1777-1856)

Ross and See also:

• SUTHERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Sutherland, and extended from See also:

• CAITHNESS

Caithness to the See also:

• ORKNEY, EARL OF
• ORKNEY, ELIZABETH HAMILTON, COUNTESS OF
• ORKNEY, GEORGE HAMILTON, EARL OF (1666–1737)

Orkney Islands and S . Shetlands . It may even have stretched across to See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway,where similar rocks are found in Sognefjord and Dalsfjord, and may have had communications with some parts of northern Russia . Very characteristic of this area are the Caithness flags, dark grey and bituminous, which, with the red sandstones and conglomerates at their base, probably attain a thickness of 16,000 ft . The somewhat peculiar fauna of this series led Murchison to class the flags as Middle Devonian . In the See also:

• SHETLAND, or ZETLAND

Shetland Islands contemporaneous volcanic rocks have been observed .

Over the west of See also:

• ARGYLL, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Argyll-See also:

• SHIRE

shire lay " Lake Lorne "; here the volcanic rocks predominate, they are intercalated with shallow-water deposits . A similar set of rocks occupy the Cheviot district . The upper division of the Old Red Sandstone is represented in See also:

• SHROPSHIRE (SALOP)

Shropshire and South Wales by a great series of red rocks, shales, sandstones and marls, some io,000 ft. thick . They contain few fossils, and no break has yet been found in the series . In Scotland this series was deposited In basins which correspond only partially with those of the earlier period . They are well developed in central Scotland over the lowlands bordering the Moray Firth . Inter-bedded lavas and tuffs are found in the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

• HOY (Norse Haey, " high island ")

Hoy . An interesting feature of this series is the occurrence of great crowds of fossil fishes in some localities, notably at Dura Den in See also:

• FIFE
• FIFE (Fr. fifre; Med. Ger. Schweizerpfeiff, Feldpfeiff; Ital. ottavino)

Fife . In the north of England this series rests unconformably upon the Lower Old Red and the Silurian . Flanking the Silurian high ground of See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHAR