See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

JAMES See also:

• SIR JAMES DEWAR (1842- )

DEWAR (1842- )  , See also:

• BRITISH

British chemist and physicist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Kincardine-on-Forth, See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, on the loth of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1842 . He was educated at See also:

• DOLLAR

Dollar See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy and See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh University, being at the latter first a See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil, and afterwards the assistant, of See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• PLAYFAIR, JOHN (1748-1819)
• PLAYFAIR, LYON PLAYFAIR

Playfair, then See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry; he also studied under See also:

• KEKULE, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1829-1896)

Kekule at See also:

• GHENT (Flem. Gent, Fr. Gand)

Ghent . In 1875 he was elected Jacksonian professor of natural experimental See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy at See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, becoming a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow of Peterhouse, and in 1877 he succeeded Dr J . H . See also:

• GLADSTONE
• GLADSTONE, JOHN HALL (1827-1902)
• GLADSTONE, WILLIAM EWART (1809–1898)

Gladstone as Fullerian professor of chemistry in the Royal Institution, See also:

• LONDON

London . He was See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the Chemical Society in 1897, and of the British Association in 1902, served on the See also:

• BALFOUR, FRANCIS MAITLAND (1851-1882)
• BALFOUR, ROBERT (known also as BALFOREUS) (1550?-1625?)
• BALFOUR, SIR JAMES (of Pittendreich) (d. 1583 Or 1584)
• BALFOUR, SIR JAMES, BART

Balfour See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

Commission on London See also:

• WATER

Water See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

Supply (1893-1894), and as a member of the See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

Committee on See also:

• EXPLOSIVES

Explosives (1888-1891) invented See also:

• CORDITE

cordite jointly with See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• ABEL (better ABELL), THOMAS (d. 1540)
• ABEL (Hebrew for breath)
• ABEL, KARL FRIEDRICH (1725-1787)
• ABEL, NIELS HENRIK (1802-1829)
• ABEL, SIR FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, BART

Abel . His scientific See also:

• WORK

work covers a wide See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field . Of his earlier papers, some See also:

• DEAL

deal with questions of organic chemistry, others with See also:

• GRAHAM, SIR GERALD (1831–1899)
• GRAHAM, SIR JAMES ROBERT GEORGE
• GRAHAM, SYLVESTER (1794-1851)
• GRAHAM, THOMAS (1805-1869)

Graham's hydrogenium and its See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical constants, others with high temperatures, e.g. the temperature of the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun and of the electric spark, others again with electro-See also:

• PHOTOMETRY (from Gr. (Pews, xarrbs, light, µerpov, a measure)

photometry and the chemistry of the electric arc . With Professor J . G . M'Kendrick, of See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow, he investigated the physiological See also:

• ACTION

action of See also:

• LIGHT

light, and examined the changes which take See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the See also:

• ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL (or ELECTROSTATIC) MACHINE

electrical See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the retina under its See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . With Professor G .

D . Liveing, one of his colleagues at Cambridge, he began in 1878 a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of spectroscopic observations, the later of which were devoted to the spectroscopic examination of various gaseous constituents separated from atmospheric See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air by the aid of See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low temperatures; and he was joined by Professor J . A . See also:

• FLEMING, PAUL (1609-1640)
• FLEMING, RICHARD (d. 1431)
• FLEMING, SIR SANDFORD (1827- )
• FLEMING, SIR THOMAS (1S44-1613)

Fleming, of University See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, London, in the investigation of the electrical behaviour of substances cooled to very low temperatures . His name is most widely known in connexion with his work on the liquefaction of the so-called permanent gases and his researches at temperatures approaching the zero of See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute temperature . His See also:

• INTEREST

interest in this See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of inquiry See also:

• DATES

dates back at least as far as 1874, when he discussed the " Latent See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

Heat of Liquid Gases " before the British Association . In 1878he devoted a See also:

• FRIDAY (A.S. frige-dreg, fr. frige, gen. of frigu, love, or the goddess of love—the Norse Frigg,—the dreg, day; cf. Icelandic frjddagr, O.H. Ger. friatag, frigatag, mod. Ger. Freitag)

Friday evening lecture at the Royal Institution to the then See also:

• RECENT

recent work of L . P . Cailletet and R . P . Pictet, and exhibited for the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain the working of the Cailletet apparatus . Six years later, in the same place, he described the researches of Z .

F . Wroblewski and K . S . Olszewski, and illustrated for the first time in public the liquefaction of See also:

• OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

oxygen and air, by means of apparatus specially designed for See also:

• OPTICAL

optical See also:

• PROJECTION

projection so that the actions taking place might be visible to the See also:

• AUDIENCE (from Lat. audire, to hear)

audience . Soon afterwards he constructed a See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine from which the liquefied See also:

• GAS

gas could be See also:

• DRAWN

drawn off through a See also:

• VALVE (Lat. valva, a leaf of a double or folding door, allied to volvere, to roll, as of a door on its hinges)

valve for use as a cooling See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent, and he showed its employment for this purpose in connexion with some researches on meteorites ; about the same time he also obtained oxygen in the solid See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . By.' 891 he had designed and erected at the Royal Institution an apparatus which yielded liquid oxygen by the See also:

• PINT (derived probably through Spanish, from Lat. pincta, pitta, a painted or marked vessel)

pint, and towards the end of that See also:

• YEAR

year he showed that both liquid oxygen and liquid See also:

• OZONE

ozone are strongly attracted by a magnet . About 1892 the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea occurred to him of using vacuum-jacketed vessels for the storage of liquid gases, and so efficient did this See also:

• DEVICE

device prove in preventing the influx of See also:

• EXTERNAL

external heat that it is found possible not only to preserve the liquids for comparatively long periods, but also to keep them so See also:

• FREE

free from ebullition that examination of their optical properties becomes possible . He next experimented with a high-pressure See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen See also:

• JET (Fr. jais, Ger. Gagat)

jet by which low temperatures were realized through the See also:

• THOMSON, JAMES (1822-1892)
• THOMSON, JAMES (1834-1882)
• THOMSON, JAMES (r700-1748)
• THOMSON, JOHN (1778-184o)
• THOMSON, JOSEPH (1858-1895)
• THOMSON, SIR CHARLES WYVILLE (1830-1882)
• THOMSON, THOMAS (1773-1852)
• THOMSON, WILLIAM (1819-189o)

Thomson-See also:

• JOULE, JAMES PRESCOTT (1818–1889)

joule effect, and the successful results thus obtained led him to build at the Royal Institution the large See also:

• REFRIGERATING

refrigerating machine by which in 1898 hydrogen was for the first time collected in the liquid state, its solidification following in 1899 . Later he investigated the gas-absorbing See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal when cooled to low temperatures, and applied them to the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of high vacua and to gas See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis (see LIQUID GASES) . The Royal Society in 1894 bestowed the See also:

• RUMFORD, BENJAMIN THOMPSON, COUNT (1753-1814)

Rumford See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal upon him for his work in the production of low temperatures, and in 1899 he became the first recipient of the Hodgkins See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold medal of the Smithsonian Institution, See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington, for his contributions to our knowledge of the nature and properties of atmospheric air . In 1904 he was the first British subject to receive the See also:

• LAVOISIER, ANTOINE LAURENT (1743-1794)

Lavoisier medal of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Academy of Sciences, and in 1906 he was the first to be awarded the See also:

• MATTEUCCI, CARLO (1811-1868)

Matteucci medal of the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian Society of Sciences . He was knighted in 1904, and in 1908 he was awarded the See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert medal of the Society of Arts .