See also:

• DIABETES (from Gr. &a, through, and faivecv, to pass)

DIABETES (from Gr. &a, through, and faivecv, to pass)  , a constitutional disease characterized by a habitually excessive See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge of urine . Two forms of this complaint are described, viz . See also:

• DIABETES (from Gr. &a, through, and faivecv, to pass)

Diabetes See also:

• MELLITUS (d. 624)

Mellitus, or Glycosuria, where the urine is not only increased in quantity, but persistently contains a greater or less amount of See also:

• SUGAR

sugar, and Diabetes Insipidus, or Polyuria, where the urine is simply increased in quantity, and contains no abnormal ingredient . This latter, however, must be distinguished from the polyuria due to chronic granular See also:

• KIDNEY

kidney, lardaceous disease of the kidney, and also occurring in certain cases of See also:

• HYSTERIA

hysteria . Diabetes mellitus is the disease to which the See also:

• TERM

term is most commonly applied, and is by far the more serious and important ailment . It is one of the diseases due to altered See also:

• METABOLISM (from Gr. ,uera(3oXh, change)

metabolism (see METABOLIC DISEASES) . It is markedly hereditary, much more prevalent in towns and especially See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city See also:

• LIFE

life than in more See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive rustic communities, and most See also:

• COMMON

common among the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews . The excessive use of sugar as a See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food is usually considered one cause of the disease, and obesity is supposed to favour its occurrence, but many observers consider that the obesity so often met with among diabetics is due to the same cause as the disease itself . No See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age is exempt, but it occurs most commonly in the fifth See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade of life . It attacks See also:

• MALES

males twice as frequently as See also:

• FEMALES

females, and See also:

• FAIR

fair more frequently than dark See also:

• PEOPLE

people . The symptoms are usually See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual in their onset, and the patient may suffer for a length of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time before he thinks it necessary to apply for medical aid . The first symptoms which attract See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention are failure of strength, and emaciation, along with See also:

• GREAT

great thirst and an increased amount and frequent passage of urine .

From the normal quantity of from 2 to 3 pints in the 24 See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours it may be increased to ro, 20 or 30 pints, or even more . It is usually of See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, and of thicker consistence than normal urine, possesses a decidedly sweet See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste, and is of high specific gravity (1030 to 1050) . It frequently gives rise to considerable irritation of the urinary passages . By See also:

• SIMPLE

simple evaporation crystals of sugar may be obtained from diabetic urine, which also yields the characteristic chemical tests of sugar, while the amount of this substance can be accurately estimated by certain See also:

• ANALYTICAL

analytical processes . The quantity of sugar passed may vary from a few ounces to two or more pounds per diem, and it is found to be markedly increased after saccharine or starchy food has been taken . Sugar may also be found in the See also:

• BLOOD

blood, saliva, tears, and in almost all the excretions of persons suffering from this disease . One of the most distressing symptoms is intense thirst, which the patient is constantly seeking to allay, the quantity of liquid consumed being in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general enormous, and there is usually, but not invariably, a voracious appetite . The mouth is always parched, and a faint, sweetish odour may be evolved from the breath . The effect of the disease upon the general See also:

• HEALTH

health is very marked, and the patient becomes more and more emaciated . He suffers from increasing See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular weakness, the temperature of his See also:

• BODY

body is lowered, and the skin is dry and harsh . There is often a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar flush on the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face, not limited to the See also:

• MALAR

malar eminences, but extending up to the roots of the See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair . The See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth are loosened or decay, there is a tendency to bleeding from the gums, while dyspeptic symptoms, See also:

• CONSTIPATION (from Lat. constipare, to press closely together, whence also the adjective " costive ")

constipation and loss of sexual See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power are common accompaniments .

There is in general great See also:

• MENTAL

mental depression or irritability . Diabetes as a See also:

• RULE

rule advances comparatively slowly except in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young persons, in whom its progress is See also:

• APT

apt to be rapid . The complications of the disease are many and serious . It may cause impaired See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision by weakening the muscles of See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation, or by lessening the sensitiveness of the retina to See also:

• LIGHT

light . Also See also:

• CATARACT (from the Lat. form cataracta of the Gr. Karapplucrgss, a floodgate, or waterfall, properly something which rushes down)

cataract is very common . Skin affections of all kinds may occur and prove very intractable . Boils, carbuncles, cellulitis and See also:

• GANGRENE (from Gr. y&yypawa, an eating sore, from ypaivewv, to gnaw)

gangrene are all apt to occur as life advances, though gangrene is much more frequent in men than in See also:

• WOMEN

women . Diabetics are especially liable to See also:

• PHTHISIS (Gr. 49Lnns " wasting ")

phthisis and See also:

• PNEUMONIA (Gr. ?rveu AMP, lung)

pneumonia, and gangrene of the lungs may set in if the patient survives the crisis in the latter disease . See also:

• DIGESTIVE

Digestive troubles of all kinds, kidney diseases and See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart failure due to fatty heart are all of common occurrence . Also patients seem curiously susceptible to the See also:

• POISON

poison of enteric See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever, though the attack usually runs a mildcourse . The sugar temporarily disappears during the fever . But the most serious complication of all is known as diabetic See also:

• COMA (Gr. K(.7)

coma, which is very commonly the final cause of See also:

• DEATH

death .

The onset is often insidious, but may be indicated by loss of appetite, a rapid fall in the quantity of both urine and sugar, and by either constipation or See also:

• DIARRHOEA (from Gr. &Q, through, pfw, flow)

diarrhoea . More rarely there is most acute abdominal See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain . At first the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition is rather that of collapse than true coma, though later the patient is absolutely comatose . The patient suffers from a peculiar See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of dyspnoea, and the breath and skin have a sweet ethereal odour . The condition may last from twenty-four hours to three days, but is almost invariably the precursor of death . Diabetes is a very fatal See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of disease, recovery being exceedingly rare . Over 5o% See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die of coma, another 25% of phthisis or pneumonia, and the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

Bright's disease, cerebral See also:

• HAEMORRHAGE (Gr. atµa, blood, and prryvvvac, to burst)

haemorrhage, gangrene, &c . The most favourable cases are those in which the patient is advanced in years, those in which it is associated with obesity or See also:

• GOUT

gout, and where the social conditions are favourable . A few See also:

• CURES

cures have been recorded in which the disease supervened after some acute illness . The unfavourable cases are those in which there is a See also:

• FAMILY

family See also:

• HISTORY

history of the disease and in which the patient is young . Nevertheless much may be done by appropriate treatment to mitigate the severity of the symptoms and to prolong life . There are two distinct lines of treatment, that of See also:

• DIET

diet and that of drugs, but each must be modified and determined entirely by the See also:

• IDIOSYNCRASY (Gr. Ibwavyspavia, peculiar habit of body or temperament; 'lbws, one's own, and viryKpao , blending, tempering, from o-vyiepavvvoOat, to put together, compound, mix)

idiosyncrasy of the patient, which varies in this condition between very wide limits .

That of diet is of See also:

• PRIMARY

primary importance inasmuch as it has been proved beyond question that certain kinds of food have a powerful See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in aggravating the disease, more particularly those consisting largely of saccharine and starchy See also:

• MATTER

matter; and it may be stated generally that the various methods of treatment proposed aim at the elimination as far as possible of these constituents from the diet . Hence it is recommended that such articles as See also:

• BREAD

bread, potatoes and all farinaceous foods, turnips, carrots, parsnips and most fruits should be avoided; while See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal food and soups, See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green vegetables, cream, See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese, eggs, See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter, and See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea and See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee without sugar, may be taken with See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage . As a substitute for See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary bread, which most persons find it difficult to do without for any length of time, See also:

• BRAN

bran bread, See also:

• GLUTEN

gluten bread and See also:

• ALMOND (from the O. Fr. almande or alemande, late Lat. amandola, derived through a form amingdola from the Gr. l uybian, an almond; the al- for a- is probably due to a confusion with the Arabic article al, the word having first dropped the a- as in the It

almond biscuits . A patient must never pass suddenly from an ordinary to a See also:

• CARBOHYDRATE

carbohydrate-See also:

• FREE

free diet . Any such sudden transition is extremely liable to bring on diabetic coma, and the See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change must be made quite gradually, one form of carbohydrate after another being taken out of the diet, whilst the effect on the quantity of sugar passed is being carefully noted meanwhile . The treatment may be begun by excluding potatoes, sugar and See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, and only after several days is the bread to be replaced by some diabetic substitute . When the sugar See also:

• EXCRETION (Lat. ex, out of, cernere, cretum, to separate)

excretion has been reduced to its lowest point, and maintained there for some time, a certain amount of carbohydrate may be cautiously allowed, the consequent effect on the glycosuria being estimated . The best diet can only be worked out experimentally for each individual patient . But in every case, if drowsiness or any symptom suggesting coma supervene, all restrictions must be withdrawn, and carbohydrate freely allowed . The question of See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol is one which must be largely determined by the previous history of the patient, but a small quantity will help to make up the deficiencies of a diet poor in carbohydrate . Scotch and Irish See also:

• WHISKY, or WHISKEY

whisky, and Hollands See also:

• GIN

gin, are usually free from sugar, and some of the light See also:

• BORDEAUX

Bordeaux wines contain very little . See also:

• FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

Fat is beneficial, and can be given as cream, fat of See also:

• MEAT

meat and See also:

• COD

cod-See also:

• LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch lever, Ger. Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and Lat. jecur)

liver oil .

Green vegetables are harmless, but the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white stalks of cabbages and lettuces and also See also:

• CELERY (Apium graveolens)

celery and See also:

• ENDIVE

endive yield sugar . Laevulose can be assimilated up to r z ozs. daily without increasing the glycosuria, and hence apples, cooked or raw, are allowable, as the sugar they contain is in this form . The question of See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk is somewhat disputed; but it is usual to exclude it from the rigid diet, allowing a certain quantity when the diet is being extended . Thirst is relieved by anything that relieves the polyuria . But hypodermic injections of See also:

• PILOCARPINE

pilocarpine stimulate the flow of saliva, and thus relieve the dryness of the mouth . Constipation appears to increase the thirst, and must always be carefully guarded against . The best remedies are the aperient See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters . Numerous medicinal substances have been employed in diabetes, but few of them are worthy of mention as possessed of any efficacy . See also:

• OPIUM (Gr. amov, dim. from Orbs, juice)

Opium is often found of great service, its ad-ministration being followed by marked amelioration in all the symptoms . Morphia and codeia have a similar See also:

• ACTION

action . In the severest cases, however, these drugs appear to be of little or no use, and they certainly increase the constipation . Heroin hydro-chloride has been tried in their See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, but this seems to have more power over slight than over severe cases .

Salicylate of See also:

• SODIUM [symbol Na, from Lat. natrium; atomic weight 23.00 (0=16)]

sodium and aspirin are both very beneficial, causing a diminution in the sugar excretion without counterbalancing See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad effects . In diabetes insipidus there is See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant thirst and an excessive flow of urine, which, however, is not found to contain any abnormal constituent . Its effects upon the See also:

• SYSTEM

system are often similar to those of diabetes mellitus, except that they are much less marked, the disease being in general very slow in its progress . In some cases the health appears to suffer very slightly . It is rarely a See also:

• DIRECT

direct cause of death, but from its debilitating effects may predispose to serious and fatal complications . It is best treated by tonics and generous diet . See also:

• VALERIAN

Valerian has been found beneficial, the powdered See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root being given in 5-See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain doses .