THE AFFAIR OF THE See also:

• DIAMOND

DIAMOND NECKLACE  , a mysterious incident at the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XVI. of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, which involved the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen See also:

• MARIE

Marie Antoinette . The Parisian jewellers Boehmer and Bassenge had spent some years See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting stones for a necklace which they hoped to sell to Madame Du See also:

• BARRY
• BARRY, ELIZABETH (1658—1713)
• BARRY, JAMES (1741—1806)
• BARRY, SIR CHARLES (1795-1860)
• BARRY, SIR REDMOND (1813-188o)
• BARRY, SPRANGER (1719-1777)

Barry, the favourite of Louis XV., and after his See also:

• DEATH

death to Marie Antoinette . In 1778 Louis XVI. proposed to the queen to make her a See also:

• PRESENT

present of the necklace, which cost 1,600,000 livres . But the queen is said to have refused it, saying that the See also:

• MONEY

money would be better spent equipping a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man-of-See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . According to others, Louis XVI. himself changed his mind . After having vainly tried to See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place the necklace outside of France, the jewellers attempted again in 1781 to sell it to Marie Antoinette after the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of the dauphin . It was again refused, but it was evident that the queen regretted not being able to acquire it . At that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time there was a personage at the court whom Marie Antoinette particularly detested . It was the See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal Louis de See also:

• ROHAN
• ROHAN, HENRI
• ROHAN, LOUIS RENE EDOUARD, CARDINAL DE (1734-1803)

Rohan, formerly See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador at See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, whence he had been recalled in 1774, having incurred the queen's displeasure by revealing to the empress Maria See also:

• THERESA, ST (1515-1582)

Theresa the frivolous actions of her daughter, a disclosure which brought a maternal reprimand, and for having spoken lightly of Maria Theresa in a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter of which Marie Antoinette learned the contents . After his return to France the cardinal was anxious to regain the favour of the queen in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to obtain the position of See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister . In See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1784 he entered into relations with a certain Jeanne de St Remy de See also:

• VALOIS, COUNTS AND DUKES OF
• VALOIS, HENRI DE [VALESIUS] (1603-1676)

Valois, a descendant of a See also:

• BASTARD (O. Fr. bastard, mod. bdtard = fits de bast, "pack-saddle child," from bast, saddle)

bastard of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II., who after many adventures had married a soi-disant See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte de Lamotte, and lived on a small See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension which the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king granted her . This adventuress soon gained the greatest ascendancy over the cardinal, with whom she had intimate relations .

She persuaded him that she had been received by the queen and enjoyed her favour; and Rohan resolved to use her to regain the queen's See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good will . The comtesse de Lamotte assured the cardinal that she was making efforts on his behalf, and soon announced to him that he might send his See also:

• JUSTIFICATION

justification to Marie Antoinette . This was the beginning of a pretended See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence between Rohan and the queen, the adventuress duly returning replies to Rohan's notes, which she affirmed to come from the queen . The See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone of the letters became very warm, and the cardinal, convinced that Marie Antoinette was in love with him, became ardently enamoured of her . He begged the countess to obtain a See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret interview for him with the queen, and a See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting took place in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1784 in a See also:

• GROVE (O.E. graf, cf. O.E. gr(efa, brushwood, later" greave "; the word does not appear in any other Teutonic language, and the New English Dictionary finds no Indo-European root to which it can be referred; Skeat considers it connected with " grave," to
• GROVE, SIR GEORGE (182o-1900)
• GROVE, SIR WILLIAM ROBERT (1811-1896)

grove in the See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden at See also:

• VERSAILLES

Versailles between him and a See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady whom the cardinal believed to be the queen herself . Rohan offered her a See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose, and she promised him that she would forget the past . Later a certain Marie Lejay (renamed by the comtesse " Baronne See also:

• GAY, JOHN (1685-1732)
• GAY, MARIE FRANCOISE SOPHIE (1776-1852)
• GAY, WALTER (1856– )

Gay d'See also:

• OLIVA, FERNAN PEREZ DE (1492?-1530)

Oliva," the last word being apparently an See also:

• ANAGRAM (Gr. ava, back, and ypa(beiv, to write)

anagram of Valoi), who resembled Marie Antoinette, stated that she had been engaged to See also:

• PLAY

play the role of queen in this See also:

• COMEDY

comedy . In any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the countess profited by the cardinal's conviction to borrowfrom him sums of money destined ostensibly for the queen's See also:

• WORKS

works of charity . Enriched by these, the countess was able to take an See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable place in society, and many persons believed her relations with Marie Antoinette, of which she boasted openly and unreservedly, to be genuine . It is still an unsettled question whether she simply mystified See also:

• PEOPLE

people, or whether she was really employed by the queen for some unknown purpose, perhaps to ruin the cardinal . In any case the jewellers believed in the relations of the countess with the queen, and they resolved to use her to sell their necklace . She at first refused their See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission, then accepted it .

On the 21st of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1785 she announced that the queen would buy the necklace, but that not wishing to treat directly, she See also:

• LEFT

left the affair to a high personage . A little while later Rohan came to negotiate the See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase of the famous necklace for the 1,600,000 livres, payable in instalments . He said that he was authorized by the queen, and showed the jewellers the conditions of the bargain approved in the See also:

• HANDWRITING

handwriting of Marie Antoinette . The necklace was given up . Rohan Wok it to the countess's See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, where a man, in whom Rohan believed he recognized a See also:

• VALET (Fr. valet; O. Fr. vaslet)

valet of the queen, came to fetch it . Madame de Lamotte had told the cardinal that Marie Antoinette would make him a sign to indicate her thanks, and Rohan believed that she did make him a sign . Whether it was so, or merely See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance or illusion, no one knows . But it is certain that the cardinal, convinced that he was acting for the queen, had engaged the jewellers to thank her; that Boehmer and Bassenge, before the See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale, in order to be doubly sure, had sent word to the queen of the negotiations in her name; that Marie Antoinette had allowed the bargain to be concluded, and that after she had received a letter of thanks from Boehmer, she had burned it . Meanwhile the " comte de Lamotte " appears to have started at once for See also:

• LONDON

London, it is said with the necklace, which he See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke up in order to sell the stones . When the time came to pay, the comtesse de Lamotte presented the cardinal's notes; but these were insufficient, and Boehmer complained to-the queen, who told him that she had received no necklace and had never ordered it . She had the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of the negotiations repeated for her . Then followed a coup de See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre .

On the 15th of August 1785, See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

Assumption See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, when the whole court was awaiting the king and queen in order to go to the See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel, the cardinal de Rohan, who was preparing to officiate, was arrested and taken to the See also:

• BASTILLE (from Fr. bastir, now bdtir, to build)

Bastille . He was able, however, to destroy the correspondence exchanged, as he thought, with the queen, and it is not known whether there was any connivance of the officials, who did not prevent this, or not . The comtesse de Lamotte was not arrested until the 18th of August, after having destroyed her papers . The See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police set to See also:

• WORK

work to find all her accomplices, and arrested the girl Oliva and a certain Reteaux de See also:

• VILLETTE, CHARLES, MARQUIS DE (1736-1793)

Villette, a friend of the countess, who confessed that he had written the letters given to Rohan in the queen's name, and had imitated her See also:

• SIGNATURE (through Fr. from Lat. signature, signare, to sign, signum, mark, token, sign)

signature on the conditions of the bargain . The famous See also:

• CHARLATAN (Ital. ciarlatano, from ciarlare, to chatter)

charlatan See also:

• CAGLIOSTRO, ALESSANDRO, COUNT (1743-1795)

Cagliostro was also arrested, but it was recognized that he had taken no See also:

• PART

part in the affair . The cardinal de Rohan accepted the See also:

• PARLEMENT (see PARLIAMENT)

parlement of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris as See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges . A sensational trial resulted (May 31, 1786) in the acquittal of the cardinal, of the girl Oliva and of Cagliostro . The comtesse de Lamotte was condemned to be whipped, branded and shut up in the Salpetriere . Her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband was condemned, in his See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence, to the galleys for See also:

• LIFE

life . Villette was banished . Public See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion was much excited by this trial . It is generally believed that Marie Antoinette was stainless in the See also:

• MATTER

matter, that Rohan was an See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

innocent dupe, and that the Lamottes deceived both for their own ends .

People, however, persisted in the belief that the queen had used the countess as an See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument to satisfy her hatred of, the cardinal de Rohan . Various circumstances fortified this belief, which contributed to render Marie Antoinette very unpopular—her disappointment at Rohan's acquittal, the fact that he was deprived of his charges and exiled to the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of la See also:

• CHAISE (the French for " chair," through a transference from a "sedan-chair" to a wheeled vehicle)

Chaise-Dieu, and finally the See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape of the comtesse de Lamotte from the Salpetriere, with the connivance, as people believed, of the court . The adventuress, having taken See also:

• REFUGE

refuge abroad, published Memaires in which she accused the queen . Her husband also wrote Memoires, and lived until 1831, after having, it is said, received subsidies from Louis XVIII . See M . See also:

• TOURNEUX, JEAN MAURICE (1849— )

Tourneux, Marie Antoinette devant l'histoire: Essai bibliographique (2nd ed., Paris, 1901) ; Emile Campardon, MarieAntoinette et le proces du See also:

• COLLIER, ARTHUR (1680-1732)
• COLLIER, JEREMY (1650-1726)
• COLLIER, JOHN PAYNE (1789–1883)

collier (Paris, 1863) ; P . See also:

• AUDEBERT, JEAN BAPTISTE (1759-1800)

Audebert, L'Affaire du collier de la reine, d'apres la correspondance inedite du See also:

• CHEVALIER, ALBERT (1861– )
• CHEVALIER, MICHEL (1806-1879)
• CHEVALIER, ULYSSE (1841– )

chevalier de Pujol (See also:

• ROUEN

Rouen, 1901); F. d'Albini, Marie Antoinette and the See also:

• DIAMOND

Diamond See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

Neck-See also:

• LACE (corresponding to Ital. merletto, trina; Genoese Pizzo; Ger. spitzen; Fr. dentelle; Dutch kanten; Span. encaje; the English word owes something to the Fr. lassis or laces, but both are connected with the earlier Lat. laqueus; early French laces were

lace from another Point of View (London, 1900) ; Funck-See also:

• BRENTANO, KLEMENS (1778-1842)
• BRENTANO, LUDWIG JOSEPH [called Lujo]

Brentano, L'Affaire du collier (1903); A . See also:

• LANG, ANDREW (1844— )
• LANG, KARL HEINRICH, RITTER VON (1764-1835)

Lang, See also:

• HISTORICAL

Historical Mysteries (1904) . See also:

• CARLYLE, ALEXANDER (1722-1805)
• CARLYLE, JOSEPH DACRE (1759-18o4)
• CARLYLE, THOMAS (1795-1881)

Carlyle's See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay on The Diamond Necklace (first published in 1837 in See also:

• FRASER
• FRASER, ALEXANDER CAMPBELL (1819– )
• FRASER, JAMES (1818-1885)
• FRASER, JAMES BAILLIE (1783--1856)
• FRASER, SIR WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Fraser's See also:

• MAGAZINE

Magazine) is of historical See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• INTEREST

interest .