See also:

• DIARBEKRI (Kara Amid or Black Amid; the Roman Amida)

DIARBEKRI (Kara Amid or See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black Amid; the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Amida)  , the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• TOWN

town of a vilayet of See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey, situated on a basaltic See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• TIGRIS (Old Persian Tigrd, Diklat of the cuneiform inscriptions, Hiddekel of the Old Testament, Diglath of the Targum, Digla of the Arabs)

Tigris, which here flows in a deep open valley . The town is still surrounded by the See also:

• MASONRY

masonry walls of See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• BASALT

basalt which give it the name of Kara or Black Amid; they are well..built and imposing on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west facing the open See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, but almost in ruins where they overlook the See also:

• RIVER

river . A See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of gardens and orchards See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the slope down to the river on the S.W., but there are no suburbs outside the walls . The houses are rather crowded but only partially fill the walled See also:

• AREA

area . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers 38,000, nearly See also:

• HALF

half being See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian, comprising See also:

• TURKS

Turks, Kurds, See also:

• ARABS

Arabs, Turkomans, Armenians, Chaldeans, See also:

• JACOBITES (from Lat. Jacobus, James)

Jacobites and a few Greeks . The streets are to ft to 15 ft. wide, badly paved and dirty; the houses and shops are See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low, mostly of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, and some of stone and mud . 'The See also:

• BAZAAR (Pers. bazar, market)

bazaar is a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good one, and See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and See also:

• SILVER

silver See also:

• FILIGREE (formerly written filigrann or filigrane; the Ital. filigrana, Fr. filigrane, Span. filigrana, Ger. Drahtgefiecht)

filigree See also:

• WORK

work is made, See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design . , The See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry is declining, but manufacture of See also:

• SILK

silk is increasing . See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

Fruit is good and abundant as the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich volcanic See also:

• SOIL

soil is well watered from the town springs . The See also:

• SIZE

size of the melons is specially famous . To the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, the walls are some 40 ft. high, faced with large cut stone blocks of very solid construction, with towers and square bastions rising to 500 ft . There are four See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates: on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north the See also:

• KHARPUT

Kharput See also:

• GATE

gate, on the west the See also:

• RUM
• RUM (according to Skeat, a corruption of Malay brum or bram; the adjective " rum," i.e. " queer," being a distinct word, in Gipsy rem)

Rum, on the south the See also:

• MARDIN

Mardin, and on the 1 From Diar, See also:

• LAND

land, and Bekr (i.e .

See also:

• ABU

Abu Bekr, the See also:

• CALIPH, CALIF

caliph) . See also:

• DIARRHOEA (from Gr. &Q, through, pfw, flow)

DIARRHOEA 167 See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east the Yeni Kapu or new gate . A citadel enclosure stands at the N . E. corner and is now partly in ruins, but the interior space is occupied by the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government konak . The summer See also:

• CLIMATE

climate in the confined space within the town is excessively hot and unhealthy . Epidemics of typhus are not unknown, as well as ophthalmia . The Diarbekr See also:

• BOIL

boil is like the " See also:

• ALEPPO (native Haleb)

Aleppo See also:

• BUTTON (Fr. bouton, O. Fr. boton, apparently from the same root as bouter, to push)

button," lasting a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time and leaving a deep scar . Winters are frequently severe but do not last long . See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

Snow sometimes lies, and See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice is stored for summer use . Scorpions noted for the virulence of their See also:

• POISON

poison abound as well as See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse leeches in the tanks . The town is supplied with See also:

• WATER

water both by springs inside the town and by aqueducts from fountains at See also:

• ALI

Ali Punar and See also:

• HAM

Ham ervat . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal exports are See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool, See also:

• MOHAIR

mohair and See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper ore, and imports are cotton and woollen goods, See also:

• INDIGO (earlier indico, from Lat. indicum, the Indian sub-stance or dye; the Sans. name was niti, from nila, dark blue, and this through Arab. al-nil, annil, gives " aniline ")

indigo, See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar, See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum, &c .

The See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

Mosque, Ulu Jami, formerly a Christian See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, occupies the site of a See also:

• SASSANIAN

Sassanian See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace and was built with materials from an older palace, probably that of See also:

• TIGRANES, or DIKRAN

Tigranes II . The remains consist of the facades of two palaces 400 ft. apart, each formed by a See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row of Corinthian columns surmounted by an equal number of a See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine type . Kufic See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions run across the fronts under the See also:

• ENTABLATURE (Lat. in, and tabula, a tablet)

entablature . The See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of the mosque is entered by a gateway on which lions and other animals are sculptured . The churches of greatest See also:

• INTEREST

interest are those of SS . See also:

• COSMAS

Cosmas and Damian (Jacobite) and the church of St See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James (See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek) . In the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century Diarbekr was one of the largest and most flourishing cities of See also:

• ASIA

Asia, and as a commercial centre it now stands at the See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-point of several important routes . It is at the See also:

• BEAD

bead of the See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation of the Tigris, which is traversed down stream by keleks or rafts supported by inflated skins . There is a good road to Aleppo and See also:

• ALEXANDRETTA, or ISKANDERUN (med. Scanderoon)

Alexandretta on the Mediterranean, and to See also:

• SAMSUN (anc. Antisus)

Samsun oft the Black See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea by Kharput, See also:

• MALATIA (MALATIEH or Aspuzu)

Malatia and See also:

• SIVAS
• SIVAS (anc. Megalopolis-Sebasteia)

Sivas . There are also routes to See also:

• MOSUL

Mosul and See also:

• BITLIS

Bitlis . Diarbekr became a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony in A.D . 230 under the name of Amida, and received a Christian See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop in A.D .

325 . It was enlarged and strengthened by See also:

• CONSTANTIUS, FLAVIUS VALERIUS

Constantius II., in whose reign it was taken of ter a long See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege by See also:

• SHAPUR (Pahlavi, Shahpuhre, " son of the king "; Greek Sapores, commonly Sapor)

Shapur (Sapor) II., See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• PERSIA

Persia . The historian See also:

• AMMIANUS, MARCELLINUS

Ammianus See also:

• MARCELLINUS, ST

Marcellinus, who took See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence, gives a detailed See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of it . In the later See also:

• WARS

wars between the Persians and See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans it more than once changed hands . Though ceded by See also:

• JOVIAN (FLAVIUS JoVIANUs) (c. 332-364)

Jovian to the Persians it again became annexed to the Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, and in the reign of See also:

• ANASTASIUS

Anastasius (A.D . 502) was once more taken by the Persians, when 8o,000 of its in-habitants were slain . It was taken c . 638 by the Arabs, and afterwards passed into the hands of the See also:

• SELJUKS

Seljuks and Persians, from whom it was finally captured by See also:

• SELIM

Selim I. in 1515; and since that date it has remained under See also:

• OTTOMAN

Ottoman See also:

• RULE

rule . About 2 M. below the town is a masonry See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge over the Tigris; the older portion being probably Roman, and the western part, which bears a Kufic inscription, being Arab . The vilayet of Diarbekr extends south from Palu on the See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates to Mardin and Nisibin on the edge of the Mesopotamian See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, and is divided into three sanjaks—Arghana, Diarbekr and Mardin . The headwaters of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm of the Tigris have their source in the vilayet . Cereals, cotton, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice and silk are produced, but most of the fertile lands have been abandoned to semi-nomads, who raise large quantities of live stock .

The richest portion of the vilayet lies east of the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital in the See also:

• ROLLING

rolling plains watered by tributaries of the Tigris . An exceptionally rich copper mine exists at Arghana Maden, but it is very imperfectly worked; See also:

• GALENA

galena See also:

• MINERAL

mineral oil and silicious See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand are also found . (C . W . W.; F . R .