FRA See also:

• FRA DIAVOLO (1771-1806)

DIAVOLO (1771-1806)  , the popular name given to a famous See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian brigand associated with the See also:

• POLITICAL

political revolutions of See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French invasion . His real name was Michele Pezza, and he was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born of See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low parentage at See also:

• ITRI

Itri; he had committed many murders and robberies in the Terra di Lavoro, but by See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• LUCK

luck combined with audacity he always escaped See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture, whence his name of Fra See also:

• DIAVOLO, FRA (1771-1806)

Diavolo, popular superstition having invested him with the characters of a See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk and a demon, and it seems that at one time he actually was a monk . When the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples was overrun by the French and the Parthenopaean See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic established (1799), See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal See also:

• RUFFO, FABRIZIO (1744-1827)

Ruffo, acting on behalf of the See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand IV., who had fled to See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, undertook the reconquest of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and for this purpose he raised bands of peasants, See also:

• GAOL, or JAIL

gaol-birds, brigands, &c., under the name of Sanfedisti or bande della See also:

• SANTA

Santa Fede (" bands of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Faith ") . Fra Diavolo was made See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of one of them, and waged untiring See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war against the French troops, cutting off isolated detachments and murdering stragglers and couriers . Owing to his unrivalled knowledge of the country, he succeeded in interrupting the enemy's communications between See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome and Naples . But although, like his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-brigands under Ruffo, he styled himself " the faithful servant and subject of His Sicilian See also:

• MAJESTY (Fr. majeste; Lat. majestas, grandeur, greatness, from the base mag-, as in magnus, great, major, greater, &c.)

Majesty," wore a military See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform and held military See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, and was even created See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• CASSANO

Cassano, his atrocities were worthy of a bandit See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief . On one occasion he threw some of his prisoners,men, See also:

• WOMEN

women and See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, over a precipice, and on another he had a party of seventy shot . His excesses while at Albano were such that the Neapolitan See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general Naselli had him arrested and imprisoned in the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of St Angelo, but he was liberated soon of ter . When See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte was made king of Naples, extra-See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary tribunals were established to suppress See also:

• BRIGANDAGE

brigandage, and a See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price was put on Fra Diavolo's See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head . After spreading terror through See also:

• CALABRIA

Calabria, he crossed over to Sicily, where he concerted further attacks on the French . He returned to the mainland at the head of 200 convicts, and committed further excesses in the Terra di Lavoro; but the French troops were everywhere on the alert to capture him and he had to take See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in the See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods of Lenola . For two months he evaded his pursuers, but at length, hungry and See also:

• ILL

ill, he went in disguise to the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Baronissi, where he was recognized and arrested, tried by an extraordinary tribunal, condemned to See also:

• DEATH

death and shot .

In his last moments he cursed both the Bourbons and See also:

• ADMIRAL

Admiral See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• SIDNEY
• SIDNEY (or SYDNEY), ALGERNON (1622-1683)
• SIDNEY, SIR HENRY (1529-1586)
• SIDNEY, SIR PHILIP (1554-1586)

Sidney See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith for having induced him to engage in this reckless See also:

• ADVENTURE (from Lat. res adventura, a thing about to happen)

adventure (1806) . Although his See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty was abominable, he was not altogether without generosity, and by his courage and audacity he acquired a certain romantic popularity . His name has gained a See also:

• WORLD

world-wide celebrity as the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of a famous See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

opera by See also:

• AUBER, DANIEL FRANCOIS ESPRIT (1782-1871)

Auber . The best known See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of Fra Diavolo is in Pietro See also:

• COLLETTA, PIETRO (1775-1831)

Colletta's Storia del reame di Napoli (2nd ed., See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, 1848) ; B . Amante's Fra Diavolo c it suo tempo (Florence, 1904) is an attempted rehabilitation; but A . Luzio, whose account in Proili e bozzetti storici (See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan, 1906) gives the latest See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information on the subject, has demolished Amante's arguments . (U . V .