See also:

• DICE (plural of die, O. Fr. de, derived from Lat. dare, to give)

DICE (plural of See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die, O. Fr. de, derived from See also:

• LAT

Lat. dare, to give)  , small cubes of See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory, See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone, See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood or See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal, used in gaming . The six sides of a See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die are each marked with a different number of incised dots in such a manner that the sum of the dots on any two opposite sides shall be 7 . See also:

• DICE (plural of die, O. Fr. de, derived from Lat. dare, to give)

Dice seem always to have been employed, as is the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, for gambling purposes, and they are also used in such See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games as See also:

• BACKGAMMON

backgammon . There are many methods of playing, from one to five dice being used, although two or three are the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers employed in See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and See also:

• AMERICA

America . The dice are thrown upon a table or other smooth See also:

• SURFACE

surface either from the See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand or from a receptacle called a dice-See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

box, the latter method having been in See also:

• COMMON

common use in See also:

• GREECE

Greece, See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome and the Orient in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient times . Dice-boxes have been made in many shapes and of various materials, such as wood, See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather, See also:

• AGATE

agate, crystal, metal or See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper . Many contain bars within to ensure a proper agitation of the dice, and thus defeat trickery . Some, formerly used in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, were employed with unmarked dice, and allowed the cubes to fall through a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• FUNNEL (through an O. Fr. founil, found in Breton, from Lat. infundibulum, that through which anything is poured, from fundere, to pour)

funnel upon a See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board marked off into six equal parts numbered from 1 to 6 . It is a remarkable fact, that, wherever dice have been found, whether in the tombs of ancient See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, of classic Greece, or of the far See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East, they differ in no material respect from those in use to-day, the elongated ones with rounded ends found in See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves having been, not dice but tali, or See also:

• KNUCKLEBONES (HUCKLEBONES, DIGS, JACKSTONES, CHUCK-STONES, FIVE-STONES)

knucklebones . Eight-sided dice have comparatively lately been introduced in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France as See also:

• AIDS

aids to See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children in learning the multiplication table . The See also:

• TEETOTUM

teetotum, or See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning die, used in many See also:

• MODERN

modern games, was known in ancient times in See also:

• CHINA

China and See also:

• JAPAN

Japan . The increased popularity of the more elaborate forms of gaming has resulted in the decline of dicing .

The usual method is to throw three times with three dice . If one or more sixes or See also:

• FIVES

fives are thrown the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time they may be reserved, the other throws being made with the dice that are See also:

• LEFT

left . The See also:

• OBJECT

object is to throw three sixes= 18 or as near that number as possible, the highest throw winning, or, when drinks are to be paid for, the lowest throw losing . (For other' methods of throwing consult the See also:

• ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Encyclopaedia of Indoor Games, by R . F . See also:

• FOSTER, GEORGE EULAS (1847– )
• FOSTER, JOHN (177o-1843)
• FOSTER, MYLES BIRKET (1825-1899)
• FOSTER, SIR CLEMENT LE NEVE (1841-1904)
• FOSTER, SIR MICHAEL (1836-r9o7)
• FOSTER, STEPHEN COLLINS (1826-1864)

Foster, 1903.) The most popular See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of pure gambling with dice at the See also:

• PRESENT

present day, particularly with the See also:

• LOWER

lower classes in America, is Craps, or Crap-See also:

• SHOOTING

Shooting, a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple form of See also:

• HAZARD (0. Fr. hazard, from Span. czar, unlucky throw at dice, misfortune, from Arab. al, and zar, dice)

Hazard, of See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French origin . Two dice are used . Each player puts up a stake and the first caster may See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover any or all of the bets . He then shoots, i.e. throws the dice from his open hand upon the table . If the sum of the dice is 7 or I I the throw is a nick, or natural, and the caster wins all stakes . If the throw is either 2, 3 or 12 it is a crap, and the caster loses all . If any other number is thrown it is a point, and the caster continues until he throws the same number again, in which case he wins, or a 7, in which case he loses .

The now practically obsolete See also:

• GAME

game of Hazard was much more complicated than Craps . (Consult The Game of Hazard Investigated, by See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Lowbut.) See also:

• POKER

Poker dice are marked with See also:

• ACE (derived through the Lat. as, from the Tarentine form of the Gr. etc)

ace, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen, See also:

• JACK

jack and ten-spot . Five are used and the object is, in three throws, to make pairs, triplets, full hands or fours and fives of a kind, five aces being the highest hand . Straights do not See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count . In throwing to decide the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of drinks the usual method is called See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse and horse, in which the highest throws retire, leaving the two lowest to decide the loser by the best two in three throws . Should each player win one throw both are said to be horse and horse, and the next throw determines the loser . The two last casters may also agree to sudden See also:

• DEATH

death, i.e. a single throw . Loaded dice, i.e. dice weighted slightly on the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the lowest number, have been used by swindlers from the very earliest times to the present day, a fact proved by countless See also:

• LITERARY

literary allusions . Modern dice are often rounded at the corners, which are otherwise See also:

• APT

apt to See also:

• WEAR

wear off irregularly . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—Dice were probably evolved from knucklebones . The See also:

• ANTIQUARY

antiquary See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• HYDE
• HYDE, THOMAS (1636-1703)

Hyde, in his Syniagma, records his See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion that the game of " See also:

• ODD (in middle English odde, from old Norwegian oddi, an angle of a triangle; the old Norwegian oddamann is used of the third man who gives a casting vote in a dispute)

odd or even," played with pebbles, is nearly coeval with the creation of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man . It is almost impossible to trace clearly the development of dice as distinguished from knucklebones, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the confusing of the two games by the ancient writers .

It is certain, however, that both were played in times antecedent to those of which we possess any written records . See also:

• SOPHOCLES (495-406 B.c.)

Sophocles, in a fragment, ascribed their invention to See also:

• PALAMEDES

Palamedes, a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek, who taught them to his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country-men during the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• TROY
• TROY, JEAN FRANCOIS DE (1679–1752)

Troy, and who, according to See also:

• PAUSANIAS

Pausanias (on See also:

• CORINTH
• CORINTH, ISTHMUS OF

Corinth, xx.), made an offering of them on the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar of the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

Fortune . See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus (Clio) relates that the Lydians, during a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine in the days of King Atys, invented dice, knucklebones and indeed all other games except See also:

• CHESS

chess . The fact that dice have been used throughout the Orient from time immemorial, as has been proved by excavations from ancient tombs, seems to point clearly to an See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic origin . Dicing is mentioned as an See also:

• INDIAN

Indian game in the Rig-veda . In its See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive form knucklebones was essentially a game of skill, played by See also:

• WOMEN

women and children, while dice were used for gambling, and it was doubtless the gambling spirit of the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age which was responsible for the derivative form of knucklebones, in which four sides of the bones received different values, which were then counted, like dice . Gambling with three, sometimes two, dice (See also:

• ICI

ici(3oi) was a very popular form of amusement in Greece, especially with the upper classes, and was an almost invariable See also:

• ACCOMPANIMENT (i.e. that which " accompanies ")

accompaniment to the See also:

• SYMPOSIUM (Gr. avyr6cnov, a drinking party, from avµirivecv, to drink together, abv, with, and 7rivecv, to drink, root 7ro, cf. Lat. potare, to drink, poculum, cup)

symposium, or drinking banquet . The dice were See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast from conical beakers, and the highest throw was three sixes, called See also:

• APHRODITE

Aphrodite, while the lowest, three aces, was called the See also:

• DOG

dog . Both in Greece and Rome different modes of counting were in See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue . Roman dice were called tesserae from the Greek word for four, indicative of the four sides . The See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans were passionate gamblers, especially in the luxurious days of the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire, and dicing was a favourite form, though it was forbidden except during the Saturnalia . The See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus wrote in a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to Suetonius concerning a game that he had played with his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends: " Whoever threw a dog or a six paid a denarius to the See also:

• BANK

bank for every die, and whoever threw a See also:

• VENUS

Venus (the highest) won everything." In the houses of the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich the dice-beakers were of carved ivory and the dice of crystal inlaid with See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold .

See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark Antony wasted his time at See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria with dicing, while, according to Suetonius, the emperors Augustus, See also:

• NERO (37-68)

Nero and See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius were passionately fond of it, the last named having written a See also:

• BOOK

book on the game . Caligula notoriously cheated at the game; See also:

• DOMITIAN (Thus FLAVIUS DOMITIANUS)

Domitian played it, and See also:

• COMMODUS, LUCIUS AELIUS AURELIUS (161-192)

Commodus set apart See also:

• SPECIAL

special rooms in his See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace for it . The emperor Verus, adopted son of Antonine, is known to have thrown dice whole nights together . Fashionable societyfollowed the See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead of its emperors, and, in spite of the severity of the See also:

• LAWS

laws, fortunes were squandered at the dicing-table . See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace derided the youth of the period, who wasted his time amid the dangers of dicing instead of taming his charger and giving him-self up to the hardships of the See also:

• CHASE
• CHASE, SALMON PORTLAND (1808-1873)
• CHASE, SAMUEL (1741–1811)
• CHASE, WILLIAM MERRITT (1849– )

chase . Throwing dice for See also:

• MONEY

money was the cause of many special laws in Rome, according to one of which no suit could be brought by a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person who allowed gambling in his See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, even if he had been cheated or assaulted . Professional gamblers were common, and some of their loaded dice are preserved in museums . The common public-houses were the resorts of gamblers, and a See also:

• FRESCO (Ital. for cool, " fresh ")

fresco is extant showing two quarrelling dicers being ejected by the indignant See also:

• HOST

host . See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil, in the Copa generally ascribed to him, characterizes the spirit of that age in See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse, which has been Englished as follows: " What ho ! Bring dice and See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine ! Who cares for the morrow ? Live—so calls grinning Death Live, for I come to you soon!" That the barbarians were also given to gaming, whether or not they learned it from their Roman conquerors, is proved by See also:

• TACITUS, CORNELIUS (c. 55-120)
• TACITUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS

Tacitus, who states that the Germans were passionately fond of dicing, so much so, indeed, that, having lost everything, they would even stake their See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty .

Centuries later, during the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages, dicing became the favourite pastime of the knights, and both dicing See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools (scholae deciorum) and See also:

• GILDS, or GUILDS

gilds of dicers existed . After the downfall of See also:

• FEUDALISM
• FEUDALISM (from Late Lat. feodum or feudum, a fee or fiel; see FEE)

feudalism the famous See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German mercenaries called landsknechts established a reputation as the most notorious dicing gamblers of their time . Many of the dice of the period were curiously carved in the images of men and beasts . In France both knights and ladies were given to dicing, which repeated legislation, including interdictions on the See also:

• PART

part of St See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis in 1254 and 1256, did not abolish . In Japan, China, See also:

• KOREA
• KOREA, or COREA (CH'AO HSIEN, DAI HAN)

Korea, See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India and other Asiatic countries dice have always been popular and are so still . See Foster's Encyclopaedia of Indoor Games (1903) ; See also:

• RAYMOND, HENRY JARVIS (1820-1869)

Raymond's Illustriertes Knobelbrevier (Oramenburg, 1888) ; See also:

• LES

Les Jeux See also:

• DES

des Anciens, by L . Becq de Fouquieres (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1869) ; Das Knechelspiel der See also:

• ALTEN, SIR CHARLES [Karl] (1764–1840)

Alten, by Bolle (See also:

• WISMAR

Wismar, 1886) ; Die Spiete der Griechen and Romer, by W . See also:

• RICHTER, ADRIAN LUDWIG (1803-1884)
• RICHTER, ERNST FRIEDRICH EDUARD (1808–1879)
• RICHTER, EUGEN (1839–1906)
• RICHTER, HANS (1843– )
• RICHTER, JEREMIAS BENJAMIN (1762–1807)
• RICHTER, JOHANN PAUL FRIEDRICH (1763–1825)

Richter (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1887) ; Raymond's Alte and neue Wiirfelspiele; See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese Games with Dice, by See also:

• STEWART, ALEXANDER TURNEY (1803-1876)
• STEWART, BALFOUR (1828-1887)
• STEWART, CHARLES (1778–1869)
• STEWART, DUGALD (1753-1828)
• STEWART, J
• STEWART, JOHN (1749—1822)
• STEWART, JULIUS L
• STEWART, SIR DONALD MARTIN (1824–19o0)
• STEWART, SIR HERBERT (1843—1885)
• STEWART, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1540—c. 1605)
• STEWART, STUART
• STEWART, WILLIAM (c. 1480-c. 1550)

Stewart Culin (See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia, 1889); Korean Games, by Stewart Culin (Philadelphia, 1895) .