See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

FRIEDRICH See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

CHRISTIAN See also:

• DIEZ
• FRIEDRICH CHRISTIAN DIEZ (1794–1876)

DIEZ (1794–1876)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German philologist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• GIESSEN

Giessen, in See also:

• HESSE
• HESSE (Lat. Hessia, Ger. Hessen)

Hesse-See also:

• DARMSTADT

Darmstadt, on the 15th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1794 . He was educated first at the gymnasium and then at the university of his native See also:

• TOWN

town . There he studied See also:

• CLASSICS

classics under See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich Gottlieb See also:

• WELCKER, FRIEDRICH GOTTLIEB (1784-1868)

Welcker (1784–1868) who had just returned from a two years' See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy to fill the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

archaeology and See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek literature . It was Welcker who kindled in him a love of See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• POETRY

poetry, and thus gave the first See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent to his See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius . In 1813 he joined the Hesse See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps as a volunteer and served in the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign . Next See also:

• YEAR

year he returned to his books, and this See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste of military service was the only break in a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and uneventful See also:

• LIFE

life of See also:

• LITERARY

literary labours . By his parents' See also:

• DESIRE

desire he applied himself for a short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, but a visit to See also:

• GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON (1749-1832)

Goethe in 1818 gave a new direction to his studies, and determined his future career . Goethe had been See also:

• READING

reading See also:

• RAYNOUARD, FRANCOIS JUSTE MARIE (1761-1836)

Raynouard's Selections from the See also:

• ROMANCE

Romance Poets, and advised the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar to explore the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich mine of Provencal literature which the French savant had opened up . This See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice was eagerly followed, and henceforth See also:

• DIEZ
• DIEZ, FRIEDRICH CHRISTIAN (1794–1876)

Diez devoted himself to Romance literature . He thus became the founder of Romance See also:

• PHILOLOGY

philology . After supporting himself for some years by private teaching, he removed in 1822 to See also:

• BONN

Bonn, where he held the position of privatdocent . In 1823 he published his first See also:

• WORK

work, An Introduction to Romance Poetry; in the following year appeared The Poetry of the Troubadours, and in 1829 The Lives and See also:

• WORKS

Works of the Troubadours .

In 1830 he was called to the chair of See also:

• MODERN

modern literature . The See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his life was mainly occupied with the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of the two See also:

• GREAT

great works on which his fame rests, the See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

Grammar of the Romance See also:

• LANGUAGES

Languages (1836–1844), and the See also:

• LEXICON

Lexicon of the Romance Languages—Italian, See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish and French (1853); in these two works Diez did for the Romance See also:

• GROUP

group of languages what See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob See also:

• GRIMM, FRIEDRICH MELCHIOR, I
• GRIMM, JACOB LUDWIG CARL (1785-1863)
• GRIMM, WILHELM CARL (1786-1859)

Grimm did for the See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• FAMILY

family . He died at Bonn on the 29th of May 1876 . The earliest French philologists, such as Perion and See also:

• HENRI

Henri See also:

• ESTIENNE (or ETIENNE; the French form of the name; anglicized to Stephens, and latinized to Stephanus)

Estienne, had sought to discover the origin of French in Greek and even in See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew . For more than a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century See also:

• MENAGE, GILLES (1613-1692)

Menage's Etymological See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary held the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field without a See also:

• RIVAL

rival . Considering the time at which it was written (1650), it was a meritorious work, but philology was then in the empirical See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage, and many of Menage's derivations (such as that of " See also:

• RAT (a word common to Teut. and Rom. languages; probably first adopted in Teut.; the ultimate origin is not known; Skeat suggests the root rad-, to scratch; cf. Ger. Ratte, Dan. rotte, Fr. rat, &c.)

rat " from the Latin " See also:

• MUS

mus," or of " haricot " from " faba ") have since become bywords among philologists . A great advance was made by Raynouard, who by his See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of the works of the T oubadours, published in the first years of the 19th century, laid the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations on which Diez afterwards built . The difference between Diez's method and that of his predecessors is well stated by him in the See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface to his dictionary . In sum it is the difference between See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science and guess-work . The scientific method is to follow implicitly the discovered principles and rules of phonology, and not to swerve a See also:

• FOOT

foot's breadth from them unless See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, actual exceptions shall justify it; to follow the genius of the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, and by See also:

• CROSS

cross-questioning to elicit its secrets; to See also:

• GAUGE, or GAGE (Med. Lat. gauja, jaugia, Fr. jauge, perhaps connected with Fr. jale, a bowl, galon, gallon)

gauge each See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter and estimate the value which attaches to it in each position; and lastly to possess the true philosophic spirit which is prepared to welcome any new fact, though it may modify or upset the most cherished theory . Such is the See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical method which Diez pursues in his grammar and dictionary . To collect and arrange facts is, as he tells us, the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret of his success, and he adds in other words the famous See also:

• APOPHTHEGM (from the Gr. It rogOey ya)

apophthegm of See also:

• NEWTON
• NEWTON, ALFRED (1829–1907)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1725-1807)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1823-1895)
• NEWTON, SIR CHARLES THOMAS (1816-1894)
• NEWTON, SIR ISAAC (1642-1727)

Newton, " hypotheses non See also:

• FINGO, or FENGU (Ama-Fengu, " wanderers ")

fingo." The introduction to the grammar consists of two parts :—the first discusses the Latin, Greek and Teutonic elements See also:

• COMMON

common to the Romance languages; the second treats of the six dialects separately, their origin and the elements See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to each .

The grammar itself is divided into four books, on phonology, on flexion, on the formation of words by composition and derivation, and on syntax . His dictionary is divided into two parts . The first contains words common to two at least of the three See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of Romance: —Italian, Spanish and Portuguese, and Provencal and French . The Italian, as nearest the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original, is placed at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of each See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article . The second See also:

• PART

part treats of words peculiar to one group . There is no See also:

• SEPARATE

separate glossary of Wallachian . Of the introduction to the grammar there is an See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation by C . B . See also:

• CAYLEY, ARTHUR (1821-1895)

Cayley . The dictionary has been published in a remodelled See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form for English readers by T . C . See also:

• DONKIN, SIR RUFANE SHAW (1773-1841)

Donkin .