See also:

• DIONYSUS (probably = " son of Zeus," from & Os and vv(7os, a Thracian word for " son ")

DIONYSUS (probably = " son of See also:

• ZEUS

Zeus," from & Os and vv(7os, a Thracian word for " son ")  , in See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology, originally a nature See also:

• GOD

god of fruitfulness and vegetation, especially of the See also:

• VINE

vine; hence, distinctively, the god of See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine . The names Bacchus (BaKXos, in use among the Greeks from the 5th 2 See the studies by Siegfried and Gelzer, Eusebii canonum See also:

• EPITOME
• EPITOME (Gr. lircroui, from isrLTEµveW, to cut short)

epitome ex Dionysii Telmaharensis chronico petita (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1884), and von See also:

• GUTSCHMID, ALFRED, BARON VON (1835-1887)

Gutschmid, Untersuchungen fiber See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die syrische Epitome der Eusebischen Canones (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1886) . 3 See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

Text and See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation by J.-B . See also:

• CHABOT, FRANCOIS (1757-1794)
• CHABOT, GEORGES ANTOINE
• CHABOT, PHILIPPE DE, SEIGNEUR DE BRION, COUNT OF CHARNY AND BUZANSAIS ((a 1492-1543)

Chabot (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1895) . See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century), See also:

• SABAZIUS

Sabazius, and Bassareus, are also Thracian names of the god . The two first (like Iacchus, Bromius and Euios) have been connected with the loud " shout " (va/3ai'ew=j364'euv= eba?'ew) of his worshippers, Bassareus with i3aowapai, the See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

fox-skin garments of the Thracian Bacchanals . It has been suggested (J . E . See also:

• HARRISON
• HARRISON, BENJAMIN
• HARRISON, FREDERIC (1831— )
• HARRISON, JOHN (1693—1776)
• HARRISON, THOMAS (16o6-166o)
• HARRISON, THOMAS ALEXANDER (1853– )
• HARRISON, WILLIAM (1534–1593)
• HARRISON, WILLIAM HENRY (1773–1841)

Harrison . Prolegomena to Greek See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

Religion) that Sabazius and Bromius= " See also:

• BEER

beer-god," " god of a cereal intoxicant " (cf . Illyrian sa5aia and See also:

• MODERN

modern Greek (3pw a, " oats "), while W . Ridgeway (Classical See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review, See also:

• JANUARY

January 1896), comparing See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo Smintheus, interprets Bassareus as " he who keeps away the foxes from the vineyards " (for various interpretations of these and other cult-titles, see O .

Gruppe, Griechische Mythologie, ii. pp . 1408, 1532, especially the notes) . In See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer, notwithstanding the frequent mention of the use of wine, See also:

• DIONYSUS (probably = " son of Zeus," from & Os and vv(7os, a Thracian word for " son ")

Dionysus is never mentioned as its inventor or introducer, nor does he appear in See also:

• OLYMPUS

Olympus; See also:

• HESIOD

Hesiod is the first who calls wine the See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift of Dionysus . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, he is spoken of in the Iliad (vi . 130 See also:

• FOIL

foil., a passage belonging to the latest See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of epic), as " raging," an epithet that indicates that in those comparatively See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early times the orgiastic See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of his See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship was recognized . In fact, Dionysus may be regarded under two distinct aspects: that of a popular See also:

• NATIONAL

national Greek god of wine and cheerfulness, and that of a See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign deity, worshipped with ecstatic and mysterious See also:

• RITES

rites introduced from See also:

• THRACE

Thrace . According to the usual tradition, he was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• THEBES (anciently &Oat, Thebae, or in poetry sometimes Oif3a, in modern Greek Phiva, or, according to the corrected pronunciation, Thivae)
• THEBES (e 3a1)
• THEBES, ROMANCE OF

Thebes—originally the See also:

• LOCAL

local centre of his worship in See also:

• GREECE

Greece—and was the son of See also:

• ZEUS

Zeus, the fertilizing See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain god, and See also:

• SEMELE

Semele, the daughter of See also:

• CADMUS

Cadmus, a personification of See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth . Before the See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child was mature, Zeus appeared to Semele at her See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request in his See also:

• MAJESTY (Fr. majeste; Lat. majestas, grandeur, greatness, from the base mag-, as in magnus, great, major, greater, &c.)

majesty as god of See also:

• LIGHTNING

lightning, by which she was killed, but the See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant was saved from the flames by Zeus (or See also:

• HERMES
• HERMES, GEORG (1775-1831)

Hermes) . The epithet irepu 5vtos, originally referring to an See also:

• IVY (A.S. ifig, Ger. Epheu, perhaps connected with apium, anent)

ivy-crowned, See also:

• PILLAR (0. Fr. piler, Mod. pilier, Late Lat. pilare, from pila, column)

pillar-shaped fetish of the god, afterwards gave rise to the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend of a miraculous growth of ivy " See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the pillars " of the royal See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, whereby the infant Dionysus was preserved from the flames . Zeus took him up, enclosed him within his own thigh till he came to maturity, and then brought him to the See also:

• LIGHT

light, so that he was twice born; it was to celebrate this See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth that the dithyrambus (also used as an epithet of the god) was sung (see Etym . Mag. s.v.) . It has been suggested that this is an allusion to the See also:

• COUVADE (literally a "brooding," from Fr. couver, to hatch, Lat. cubare, to lie down)

couvade of certain barbarous tribes, amongst whom it is customary, when a child is born, for the See also:

• HUSBAND

husband to take to his See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed and receive medical treatment, as if he shared the pains of maternity (see COUVADE, and references there) .

Dionysus was then conveyed by Hermes to be brought up by the See also:

• NYMPHS

nymphs of Nysa, a purely imaginary spot, afterwards localized in different parts of the See also:

• WORLD

world, which claimed the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of having been the birthplace of the god . As soon as Dionysus was grown up, he started on a See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey through the world, to See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach the cultivation of the vine and spread his worship among men . While so engaged he met with opposition, even in his own See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, as in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of See also:

• PENTHEUS

Pentheus, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Thebes, who opposed the orgiastic rites introduced by Dionysus among the See also:

• WOMEN

women of Thebes, and, having been discovered watching one of these ceremonies, was mistaken for some See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal of the See also:

• CHASE
• CHASE, SALMON PORTLAND (1808-1873)
• CHASE, SAMUEL (1741–1811)
• CHASE, WILLIAM MERRITT (1849– )

chase, and slain by his own See also:

• MOTHER

mother (see A . G . Bather, Journ . See also:

• HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

Hell . Studies, xiv . 1894) . A similar instance is that of See also:

• LYCURGUS
• LYCURGUS (c. 396–325 B.C.)
• LYCURGUS (Gr. AvKofpyor)

Lycurgus, a Thracian king, from whose attack Dionysus saved himself by leaping into the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, where he was kindly received by See also:

• THETIS

Thetis . Lycurgus was blinded by Zeus and soon died, or became frantic and hewed down his own son, mistaking him for a vine . At See also:

• ORCHOMENUS (local form on coins and inscriptions, Erchomenos)

Orchomenus, the three daughters of Minyas refused to join the other women in their nocturnal orgies, and for this were transforined into birds (see See also:

• AGRIONIA

AGRIONIA) . These and similar stories point to the vigorous resistance offered to the introduction of the mystic rites of Dionysus, in places where an established religion already existed .

On the other hand, when the god was received hospitably he repaid the kindness by the gift of the vine, as in the case of Icarius of See also:

• ATTICA

Attica (see ERIG0NE) . The worship of Dionysus was actively conducted in See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor, particularly in See also:

• PHRYGIA

Phrygia and See also:

• LYDIA

Lydia . Here, as Sabazius, he was associated with the.Phrygian goddess See also:

• CYBELE, or CYBEBE (Gr. Ku/3X, Ku,(3i7sn)

Cybele, and was followed in his expeditions by a thiasos (See also:

• RETINUE (O. Fr. retenue, from retenir, Lat. retenere, hold back, retain)

retinue) of See also:

• CENTAURS

centaurs.and See also:

• SATYRS (SATYRI)

satyrs, with See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

Pan and See also:

• SILENUS

Silenus . In Lydia his triumphant return from See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India was celebrated by an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual festival on See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Tmolus; in Lydia he assumed the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• BEARD (A.S. beard, O. H. and Mod. Ger. Bart, Dan. beard, Icel. bar, rim, edge, beak of a ship, &c., O. Slay. barda, Russ. barodd. Cf. Welsh barf, Lat.. barba, though, according to the New English Dictionary, the connexion is for phonetic reasons doubtful)
• BEARD, WILLIAM HOLBROOK (1825-1900)

beard and long robe which were after-wards given him in his character of the " See also:

• INDIAN

Indian Bacchus," the conqueror of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East, who, after the See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander, was reported to have advanced as far as the See also:

• GANGES (GANGA)

Ganges . The other incidents in which he appears in a purely triumphal character are his transforming into dolphins the Tyrrhene pirates who attacked him, as told in the Homeric hymn to Dionysus and represented on the See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of Lysicrates at See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, and his See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of the gods against the giants . The former See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story has been connected with the sailors' See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of See also:

• HANGING

hanging vine leaves, ivy and bunches of grapes round the masts of vessels in honour of vintage festivals . The See also:

• ADVENTURE (from Lat. res adventura, a thing about to happen)

adventure with the pirates occurred on his voyage to See also:

• NAXOS

Naxos, where he found See also:

• ARIADNE (in Greek mythology)

Ariadne abandoned by See also:

• THESEUS

Theseus . At Naxos Ariadne (probably a Cretan goddess akin to See also:

• APHRODITE

Aphrodite) was associated with Dionysus as his wife, by whom he was the See also:

• FATHER

father of Oenopion (wine-drinker), Staphylus (See also:

• GRAPE

grape), and Euanthes (blooming), and their See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage was annually celebrated by a festival . Having compelled all the world to recognize his divinity, he descended to the underworld to bring up his mother, who was afterwards worshipped with him under the name of Thycne (" the raging "), he himself being called after her Thyoneus . Another phase in the myth of Dionysus originated in observing the decay of vegetation in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, to suit which he was supposed to be slain and to join the deities of the See also:

• LOWER

lower world . This phase of his character was See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed by the Orphic poets, he having here the name of Zagreus (" torn in pieces "), and being no longer the Theban god, but a son of Zeus and Persephone . The child was brought up secretly, watched over by See also:

• CURETES (Gr. Kobprjres and KovA-res)

Curetes; but the jealous See also:

• HERA

Hera discovered where he was, and sent See also:

• TITANS (Gr. Ttraaves)

Titans to the spot, who, finding him at See also:

• PLAY

play, tore him to pieces, and cooked and See also:

• ATE

ate his limbs, while Hera gave his See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart to Zeus .

The tearing in pieces is referred by some to the See also:

• TORTURE (from Lat. torquere, to twist)

torture experienced by the grape (Naturschmerz) when crushed for making into wine (cf . See also:

• BURNS, JOHN (1858– )
• BURNS, ROBERT (1759-1796)
• BURNS, SIR GEORGE

Burns's See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Barleycorn) ; but it is better to refer it to the tearing of the flesh of the victim at sacrifices at which the deity or the sacred animal was slain, and sacramentally eaten raw (cf. the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title dattiy rbs given to Dionysus in certain places, probably pointing to human See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice.) To connect this with the myth of the Theban birth of Dionysus, it is said that Zeus gave the child's heart to Semele, or himself swallowed it and gave birth to the new Dionysus (called Iacchus from his worshippers' cry of rejoicing), who was cradled and swung in a winnowing See also:

• FAN (Lat. vannus; Fr. eventail)

fan (Xixaos; see J . E . Harrison, Journ . Hellenic Studies, See also:

• XXIII

xxiii.), the swinging being supposed to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as a See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm in awakening vegetation from its winter See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep . The conception of Zagreus, or the winter Dionysus, appears to have originated in See also:

• CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

Crete, but it was accepted also in See also:

• DELPHI (the Pytho of Homer and Herodotus; in Boeotian inscriptions BeA4oi, on coins Aa)tg5oi)

Delphi, where his See also:

• GRAVE

grave was shown, and sacrifice was secretly offered at it annually on the shortest See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . The story is in many respects similar to that of See also:

• OSIRIS

Osiris . According to others, Zagreus was originally a god of the chase, who became a See also:

• HUNTER, JOHN (1728-1793)
• HUNTER, ROBERT MERCER TALIAFERRO (r8o9-1887)
• HUNTER, SIR WILLIAM WILSON (1840-19oo)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM (1718–1783)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM ALEXANDER (1844-1898)

hunter of men and a god of the underworld, more akin to Hades than to Dionysus (see also TITANS) . Dionysus further possessed the prophetic gift, and his See also:

• ORACLE (Lat. oraculum, from ora' to pray; the corresponding Greek word is uavreiov or Xpnuri7pwov)

oracle at Delphi was as important as that of Apollo . Like Hermes, Dionysus was a god of the productiveness of nature, and hence See also:

• PRIAPUS

Priapus was one of his See also:

• REGULAR

regular companions, while not only in the mysteries but in the rural festivals his See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol, the phallus, was carried about ostentatiously . His symbols from the animal See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom were the See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull (perhaps a totemistic attribute and identified with him), the See also:

• PANTHER

panther, the See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion, the See also:

• TIGER
• TIGER (Felis tigris)

tiger, the See also:

• ASS (O.E. assa; Lat. asinus)
• ASS, FEAST OF THE

ass, the See also:

• GOAT (a common Teut. word; O. Eng. gat, Goth. gaits, Mod. Ger. Geiss, cognate with Lat. haedus, a kid)

goat, and sometimes also the See also:

• DOLPHIN

dolphin and the snake . His See also:

• PERSONAL

personal attributes are an ivy See also:

• WREATH (O. Eng. wry, from wriian, to twist)

wreath, the.See also:

• THYRSUS (the latinized form of Gr. Bupaos, a stem or stalk)

thyrsus (a See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff with See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine See also:

• CONE (Gr. Kwvos)

cone at the end), the See also:

• LAUREL

laurel, the pine, a drinking See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup, and sometimes the See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

horn of a bull on his forehead .

Artistically he was represented mostly either as a youth of soft, nearly feminine See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, or as a bearded and draped See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, but frequently also as an infant, with reference to his birth or to his bringing up in "Nysa." His earliest images were of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood with the branches still attached in parts, whence he was called Dionysus Dendrites, an allusion to his See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of trees generally (according to Pherecydes in C . W . See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller, Frag . Hest . See also:

• GRAM

Gram iv. p . 637, the word aka signified " See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree ") . It is suggested that the cult of Dionysus absorbed that of an old tree-spirit . He was figured also, like Hermes, in the form of a pillar or See also:

• TERM

term surmounted by his See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head . For the connexion of Dionysus with Greek tragedy see See also:

• DRAMA (literally "action," from Gr. Snail, act or do)

DRAMA . See Farnell, Cults of the Greek States, v . (1910) ; also O . Rapp, Beziehungen See also:

• DES

des Dionysuskultus zu Thrakien (1882) ; O .

See also:

• RIBBECK, JOHANN CARL OTTO (1827-1898)

Ribbeck, Anfange and Entwickelung des Dionysuskultes in Attica (1869) ; A . See also:

• LANG, ANDREW (1844— )
• LANG, KARL HEINRICH, RITTER VON (1764-1835)

Lang, Myth, See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

Ritual and Religion, ii. p . 241; L . See also:

• DYER, JOHN (c. 1700-1758)
• DYER, SIR EDWARD (d. 1607)
• DYER, THOMAS HENRY (1804-1888)

Dyer, The Gods in Greece (1891); J . E . Harrison, Prolegomena to the Study of Geeek Religion (1903) ; J . G . Frazer, The See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden Bough, ii (1900), pp . 16o, 291, who regards the bull and goat form of Dionysus as expressions of his proper character as a deity of vegetation; F . A . Voigt in See also:

• ROSCHER, WILHELM GEORG FRIEDRICH (1817–1894)

Roscher's Lexikon der Mythologie; L . See also:

• PRELLER, FRIEDRICH (1804–1878)
• PRELLER, LUDWIG (1809–1861)

Preller, Griechische Mythologie (4th ed. by C .

See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert) ; F . See also:

• LENORMANT, FRANCOIS (1837–1883)

Lenormant (s.v . " Bacchus ") in Daremberg and Saglio's Dictionnaire des antiquites; O . See also:

• KERN, JAN HENDRIK (1833– )

Kern in Pauly-VE'issowa's Realencyclopadie (with See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of cult titles) ; W . See also:

• PATER, WALTER HORATIO (1839-1894)

Pater, Greek Studies (1895); E . Rohde, See also:

• PSYCHE (//vxi7)

Psyche, ii., who finds the origin of the Hellenic belief in the See also:

• IMMORTALITY (Lat. in-, not, mortalis, mortal, from mors, death)

immortality of the soul in the " enthusiastic " rites of the Thracian Dionysus, which lifted persons out of themselves, and exalted them to a fancied equality with the gods; O . Gruppe, Griechische Mythologie and Religionsgeschichte, ii . (1907), who considers See also:

• BOEOTIA

Boeotia, not Thrace, to have been the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of Dionysus; P . Foucart, " Le Culte de Dionysos en Attique " in Memoires de l'Institut national de See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• XXXVII

xxxvii . (1906), who finds the prototype of Dionysus in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt . The See also:

• GREAT

Great Dionysiak Myth (1877–1878) by R . See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

Brown contains a See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of material, but is weak in scholarship .

For a striking survival of Dionysiac rites in Thrace (Bizye), see See also:

• DAWKINS, WILLIAM BOYD (1838– )

Dawkins, in J.H.S . (1906), p . 191 .