See also:

• DIPTERA (Sir, double, arepa, wings)

DIPTERA (See also:

• SIR

Sir, See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double, arepa, wings)  , a See also:

• TERM

term (first employed in its See also:

• MODERN

modern sense by See also:

• LINNAEUS

Linnaeus, See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna Suecica, 1st ed., 1746, p . 306) used in zoological See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification for one of the Orders into which the See also:

• HEXAPODA (Gr. 4, six, and gobs, foot)

Hexapoda, or Insecta, are divided . The relation of the See also:

• DIPTERA (Sir, double, arepa, wings)

Diptera (two-winged flies, or flies proper) to the other Orders is dealt with under Hexapoda (q.v.) . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief characteristic of the Diptera is expressed in. the name of the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

Order, since, with the exception of certain aberrant. and apterous forms, flies possess but a single pair of membranous wings, which are attached to the meso-See also:

• THORAX (Gr. BWpaE, breastplate, also the part of the body covered by it)

thorax . Wing-covers and See also:

• HIND

hind-wings are alike absent, and the latter are represented by a pair of little knobbed See also:

• ORGANS

organs, the halteres or balancers, which have a controlling and directing See also:

• FUNCTION

function in See also:

• FLIGHT

flight . The other structural characters of the Order may be briefly summarized as:—mouth-parts adapted for piercing and sucking, or for suction alone, and consisting of a See also:

• PROBOSCIS

proboscis formed of the labium, and enclosing modifications of the other usual parts of the mouth, some of which, however, may be wanting; a thorax fused into a single See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass; and legs with five-jointed tarsi . The wings, which are not capable of being folded, are usually transparent, but occasionally pigmented and adorned with coloured spots, blotches or bands; the wing-membrane, though sometimes clothed with See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute hairs, seldom bears scales; the wing-See also:

• VEINS

veins, which are of See also:

• GREAT

great importance in the classification of Diptera, are usually few in number and chiefly See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal, there being a marked paucity of See also:

• CROSS

cross-veins . In a large number of Diptera an incision in the posterior margin of the wing, near the See also:

• BASE

base, marks off a small See also:

• LOBE

lobe, the posterior lobe or alula, while connected with this but situated on the thorax itself there is a pair of membranous scales, or squamae, which when See also:

• PRESENT

present serve to conceal the halteres . The antennae of Diptera, which are also extremely important in classification, are See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread-like in the more See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive families, such as the Tipulidae (daddy-See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-legs), where they consist of a considerable number of See also:

• JOINTS

joints, all of which except the first two, and sometimes also the last two, are similar in shape; in the more specialized families, such as the Tabanidae (See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-flies), Syrphidae (hover-flies) or Muscidae (See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house-flies, See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue-bottles and their See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies), the number of antennal joints is greatly reduced by coalescence, so that the antennae appear to consist of only three joints . In these forms, however, the third See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint is really a complex, which in many families bears in addition a jointed bristle (arista) or See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, representing the terminal joints of the primitive antenna . Although in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of Diptera the See also:

• BODY

body is more or less clothed with See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, the hairy covering is usually so See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short that to the unaided See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye the See also:

• INSECTS

insects appear almost See also:

• BARE

bare; some forms, however, such as the See also:

• BEE (Sanskrit blza, AS. ben, Lat. apis)

bee-flies(Bombylius) and certain robber-flies (Asilidae) are conspicuously hairy . Bristles are usually present on the legs, and in the case of many families on the body also; those on the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head and thorax are of great importance in classification .

Between 40,000 and 5o,000 See also:

• SPECIES

species of Diptera are at present known, but these are only a fraction of those actually in existence . The species recognized as See also:

• BRITISH

British number some 2700, but to this See also:

• TOTAL

total additions are constantly being made . As a See also:

• RULE

rule flies are of small or moderate See also:

• SIZE

size, and many, such as certain See also:

• BLOOD

blood-sucking midges of the genus Ceratopogon, are even minute; as extremes of size may be mentioned a cdmmon British midge, Ceratopogon varies, the See also:

• FEMALE

female of which See also:

• MEASURES

measures only 14 millimetre, and the gigantic Mydaidae of Central and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICA

America as well as certain Australian robber-flies, which have a body 1- in. long, with a wing-expanse of 31 in . In bodily See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form Diptera present two See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main types, either, as in the case of the more primitive and generalized families, they are See also:

• GNAT (0. Eng. gnat)

gnat- or midge-like in shape, with slender bodies and long, delicate legs, or else they exhibit a more or less distinct resemblance to the See also:

• COMMON

common house-See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly, having compact and stoutly built bodies and legs of moderate length . Diptera in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general are not remarkable for brilliancy of coloration; as a rule they are dull and inconspicuous in See also:

• HUE

hue, the prevailing body-tints being browns and greys; occasionally, however, more especially in species (Syrphidae) that mimic See also:

• HYMENOPTERA
• HYMENOPTERA (Gr. bµ$v, a membrane, and irrepov, a wing)

Hymenoptera, the body is conspicuously banded with yellow; a few are metallic, such as the species of Formosia, found in the islands of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

Archipelago, which are among the most brilliant of all insects . The sexes in Diptera are usually alike, though in a number of families with short antennae the See also:

• MALES

males are distinguished by the fact that their eyes meet together (or nearly so) on the forehead . See also:

• METAMORPHOSIS

Metamorphosis in Diptera is See also:

• COMPLETE

complete; the larvae are utterly different from the perfect insects in See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, and, although varying greatly in outward form, are usually footless grubs; those of the Muscidae are generally known as maggots, The pupa either shows the appendages of the perfect See also:

• INSECT

insect, though these are encased in a sheath and adherent to the body, or else it is entirely concealed within the hardened and contracted larval integument, which forms a See also:

• BARREL (a word of uncertain origin common to Romance languages; the Celtic forms, as in the Gaelic baraill, are derived from the English)

barrel-shaped protecting See also:

• CAPSULE (from the Lat. capsula, a small box)

capsule or puparium . Diptera are divided into some sixty families, the exact classification of which has not yet been finally settled . The majority of authors, however, follow Brauer in dividing the order into two sections, Orthorrhapha and Cyclorrhapha, according to the manner in which the pupa-case splits to admit of the See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape of the perfect insect . The general characteristics of the pupae in these two'sections have already been described . In the Orthorrhapha, in the pupae of which the appendages of the perfect insect are usually visible, the pupa-case generally splits in a straight See also:

• LINE

line down the back near the cephalic end; in front of this longitudinal cleft there may be a small transverse one, the two together forming a T-shaped fissure . In the Cyclorrhapha on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, in which the actual pupa is concealed within the hardened larval skin, the imago escapes through a circular orifice formed by pushing off or through the head end of the puparium .

The Diptera Orthorrhapha include the more primitive and less specialized families such as the Tipulidae (daddy-long-legs), Culicidae (gnats or mosquitoes), Chironomidae (midges), Mycetophilidae (fungus-midges), Tabanidae (horse-flies), Asilidae (rchber-flies), &c . The Diptera Cyclorrhapha on the other hand consist of the most highly specialized families, such as the Syrphidae (hover-flies), Oestridae (bot and warble flies), and Muscidae (sensu latiore—the house-fly and its allies, including tsetse-flies, flesh-flies, Tachininae, or flies the larvae of which are See also:

• INTERNAL

internal parasites of caterpillars, &c.) . It is customary to See also:

• DIVIDE

divide the Orthorrhapha into the two divisions Nematocera and Brachycera, in the former of which the antennae are elongate and in a more or less primitive See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, as described above, while in the latter these organs are short, and, as already explained, apparently composed of only three joints . Within the divisions named—Orthorrhapha Nematocera, Orthorrhapha Brachycera and Cyclorrhapha'—the constituent families are usually grouped into a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of "superfamilies," distinguished by features of structure or See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit . Certain extremely aberrant Diptera, which, in consequence of the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of a parasitic mode of See also:

• LIFE

life, have undergone great structural modification, are further remarkable for their See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar mode of See also:

• REPRODUCTION

reproduction, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of which the families composing the See also:

• GROUP

group are often termed Pupipara . In these forms the pregnant female, instead of laying eggs, as Diptera usually do, or even producing a number of minute living larvae, gives See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time but to a single larva, which is retained within the oviduct of the See also:

• MOTHER

mother until adult, and assumes the pupal See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state immediately on extrusion . The Pupipara are also termed Eproboscidea (although they actually possess a well-See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed and functional proboscis), and by some dipterists the Eproboscidea are regarded as a suborder and contrasted as such with the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the Diptera, which are styled the suborder See also:

• PROBOSCIDEA (animals " with a proboscis ")

Proboscidea . By other writers Proboscidea and Eproboscidea are treated as See also:

• PRIMARY

primary, divisions of the Cyclorrhapha . In reality, however, the families designated Eproboscidea (Hippoboscidae, Braulidae, Nycteribiidae and Streblidae), are not entitled to be considered as constituting either a suborder, or even a main See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the Cyclorrhapha; they are simply Cyclorrhapha much modified owing to See also:

• PARASITISM

parasitism, and in view of the closely similiar mode of reproduction in the tsetse-flies the See also:

• SPECIAL

special designation Pupipara should be abandoned . Before leaving the subject of classification it may be noted in passing that in 1906•See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Lameere, of See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels, proposed a See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme for the classification of Diptera which as regards both the limits of the families and their grouping into higher categories differs considerably from that in current use . Little See also:

• LIGHT

light on the relationship and See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution of the various families of Diptera is afforded by fossil forms, since as a rule the latter are readily referable to existing families . With the exception of a few species from the Solenhofen lithographic Oolite, fossil Diptera belong to the See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

Period, during which the members of this order attained a high degree of development .

In See also:

• AMBER

amber, as proved by the deposits on the shores of the Baltic, the proverbial " fly " is more numerous than any other creatures, and with very few exceptions representatives of all the existing families have been found . The famous Tertiary beds at Florissant, See also:

• COLORADO

Colorado, have yielded a considerable number or remarkably well-preserved Tipulidae (in which See also:

• FAMILY

family are included the most primitive of existing Diptera), as also species belonging to other families, such as Mycetophilidae and even Oestridae . Diptera as an order are probably more widely distributed over the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth's See also:

• SURFACE

surface than are the representatives of any similar division of the See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom . Flies seem capable of adapting themselves to extremes of See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold equally as well as to those of See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat, and species belonging to the order are almost invariably included in the collections brought back by members of See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic expeditions . Others are met with in the most isolated localities; thus the Rev . A . E . See also:

• EATON, DORMAN BRIDGMAN (1823-1899)
• EATON, MARGARET
• EATON, THEOPHILUS (c. 15go-1658)
• EATON, WILLIAM (1764-1811)
• EATON, WYATT (1849-1896)

Eaton discovered on the desolate shores of Kerguelen's See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island apterous and semi-apterous Diptera (Tipulidae and Ephydridae) of a degraded type adapted to the See also:

• CLIMATIC

climatic peculiarities of the locality . Many See also:

• BIRD

bird parasites belonging to the Hippoboscidae have naturally been carried about the See also:

• WORLD

world by their hosts, while other species, such as the house-fly, See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow-fly and See also:

• DRONE

drone-fly, have in like manner been disseminated by human agency . Most families and a large proportion of genera are represented throughout the world, but in some cases (e.g . Glossina —see TSETSE-FLY) the See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of a genus is limited to a See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent . As a rule the general facies as well as dimensions are remarkably See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform throughout a family, so that tropical species often differ little in appearance from those inhabiting temperate regions .

Many instances of exaggerated and apparently unnatural structure nevertheless occur, as in the case of the genera Pangonia, Nemestrina, Achias, Diopsis and the family Celyphidae, and, as might be expected, it is chiefly in tropical species that these peculiarities are found . To a See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical distribution of the widest extent, Diptera add a range of habits of the most diversified nature; they are both animal and See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable feeders, an enormous number of species acting, especially in the larval state, as scavengers in consuming putrescent or decomposingmatter of both kinds . The phytophagous species are attached tc various parts of See also:

• PLANTS

plants, dead or alive; and the carnivorous in like manner feed on dead or living flesh, or its products, many larvae being parasitic on living animals of various classes (in See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia the larva of a species of Muscidae is even a See also:

• PARASITE (From Gr. irapa, beside, Tiros food)

parasite of frogs), especially the caterpillars of See also:

• LEPIDOPTERA (Gr. ?emir, a scale or husk, and 7rrepov, a wing)

Lepidoptera, which are destroyed in great See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers by Tachininae . The See also:

• RECENT

recent See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of a blood-sucking maggot, which is found in native huts throughout the greater See also:

• PART

part of tropical and subtropical See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, and attacks the inmates when asleep, is of great See also:

• INTEREST

interest . It may confidently be asserted that, of insects which directly or indirectly affect the welfare of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, Diptera form the vast majority, and it is a See also:

• MOOT

moot point whether the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good effected by many species in the rapid clearing away of animal and vegetable impurities, and in keeping other insect enemies in check, See also:

• COUNTER

counter-balances the evil and annoyance wrought by a large See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the Order . The part played by certain blood-sucking Diptera in the dissemination of disease is now well known (see See also:

• MOSQUITO (Span. mosquito, a gnat, diminutive of mosca, a fly)

MOSQUITO and TSETSE-FLY), and under the term myiasis medical literature includes a lengthy See also:

• RECITAL (from Lat. recitare, to read out, particularly of a public document)

recital of instances of the presence of Dipterous larvae in various parts of the living human body, and the injuries caused thereby . That Diptera of the type of the common house-fly are often in large measure responsible for the spread of such diseases as See also:

• CHOLERA (from the Gr. Xo)du, tile, and Map, to flow)

cholera and enteric See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever is undeniable, and as regards blood-sucking forms, in addition to those to which reference has already been made, it is sufficient to mention the vast See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of pests constituted by the midges, See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand-flies, horse-flies, &c., from the attacks of which domestic animals suffer equally with man, in addition to being frequently infested with the larvae of the bot and warble flies (Gastrophilus,Oestrus and Hypoderma) . Lastly, as regards the phytophagous forms, there can be no doubt that the destruction of grass-lands by " See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather-jackets " (the larvae of See also:

• CRANE (in Dutch, Kraan; O. Ger. Kraen; cognate, as also the Lat. grus, and consequently the Fr. grue and Span. grulla, with the Gr. dpavos)
• CRANE, STEPHEN (1870-1900)
• CRANE, WALTER (1845– )
• CRANE, WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )

crane-flies, or daddy-long-legs,—Tipula oleracea and T. paludosa), of See also:

• DIVERS

divers fruits by Ceratitis capitata and species of Dacus, and of See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat and other crops by the See also:

• HESSIAN

Hessian-fly (Mayetiola destructor) and species of Oscinis, Chlorops, &c., is of very serious consequence . With many writers it is customary to treat the fleas as a sub-order of Diptera, under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Aphaniptera or Siphonaptera . Since, however, although undoubtedly allied to the Diptera, they must have diverged from the ancestral See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem at an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early period, before the existing forms of Diptera became so extremely specialized, it seems better to regard the fleas as constituting an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent order (see See also:

• FLEA (O. Eng. fleah, or flea, cognate with flee, to run away from, to take flight)

FLEA) . (E . E .