See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

DOCTOR (See also:

• LAT

Lat. for " teacher ")  , the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title conferred by the highest university degree . Originally there were only two degrees, those of See also:

• BACHELOR (from Med. Lat. baccalarius, with its late and rare variant baccalaris—cf. Ital. baccalare—through O. Fr. bacheler)

bachelor and See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master, and the title See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor was given to certain masters as a merely honorary appellation . The See also:

• PROCESS

process by which it became established as a degree See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to that of master cannot be clearly traced . At See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna it seems to have been conferred in the See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris conferred the degree in the faculty of divinity, according to Antony See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

Wood, some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time after 115o . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England it was introduced in the 13th century; and both in England and on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent it was See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long confined to the faculties of law and divinity . Though the word is so commonly used as synonymous with " physician," it was not until the 14th century that the doctor's degree began to be conferred in See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine . The tendency since has been to extend it to all faculties; thus in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, in the faculty of arts, it has replaced the old title of magister . The doctorate of See also:

• MUSIC

music was first conferred at See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford and See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge . Doctors of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church are certain See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints whose doctrinal writings have obtained, by the universal consent of the Church or by papal See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree, a See also:

• SPECIAL

special authority . In the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the See also:

• GREAT

great schoolmen a characteristic qualification was added to the title doctor, e.g . " angelicus " (See also:

• AQUINAS, THOMAS [Thomas of AQUIN or AQUINO], (c 1227--1274)

Aquinas), " mellifluus " (See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard) .

The doctors of the Church are: for the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East, SS . See also:

• ATHANASIUS (293-373)

Athanasius, See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory of Nazianzus, See also:

• BASIL (Russ. VASILY)

Basil the Great, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• CHRYSOSTOM

Chrysostom; for the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West, SS . Hilary, See also:

• AMBROSE (AMBROISE), AUTPERT (d.' 778)
• AMBROSE (ANDREY SERTIS-KAMENSKIY) (1708-1771)
• AMBROSE (fl. 119o)
• AMBROSE, ISAAC (1604-1663/4)
• AMBROSE, SAINT (c. 340-307)

Ambrose, See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome, See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine, Gregory the Great, See also:

• ANSELM
• ANSELM (c. 1033-1109)

Anselm, Bernard, See also:

• BONAVENTURA, SAINT (JOHN OF FIDANZA)

Bonaventura and See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Aquinas . To these St See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso dei See also:

• LIGUORI, ALFONSO MARIA DEI (1696-1787)

Liguori was added by See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• PIUS

Pius IX . DOCTORS' See also:

• COMMONS

COMMONS, the name formerly, applied to a society of ecclesiastical lawyers in See also:

• LONDON

London, forming a distinct profession for the practice of the See also:

• CIVIL

civil and See also:

• CANON

canon See also:

• LAWS

laws . Some members of the profession See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased in 1567 a site near St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul's, on which at their own expense they erected houses (destroyed in the great See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, but rebuilt in 1672) for the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges and See also:

• ADVOCATES, FACULTY OF

advocates, and proper buildings for holding the ecclesiastical and See also:

• ADMIRALTY, HIGH COURT OF

admiralty courts . In 1768 a royal See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter was obtained by virtue of which the then members of the society and their successors were incorporated under the name and title of " The See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College of Doctors of Law exercent in the Ecclesiastical and Admiralty Courts." The college consisted of a See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president (the See also:

• DEAN (Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)
• DEAN, FOREST OF

dean of See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

Arches for the time being) and of those doctors of law who, having regularly taken that degree in either of the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities of Oxford or Cambridge, and having been admitted advocates in pursuance of the rescript of the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury, were elected See also:

• FELLOWS, SIR CHARLES (1799-1860)

fellows in the manner prescribed by the charter . There were also attached to the college See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-four proctors, whose duties were analogous to those of solicitors . The judges of the archiepiscopal courts were always selected from this college . By the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

Court of See also:

• PROBATE

Probate See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act 1837 the college was empowered to sell its real and See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate and to surrender its charter, and it was enacted that on such surrender the college should be dissolved and the See also:

• PROPERTY

property thereof belong to the then existing members as tenants in See also:

• COMMON

common for their own use and benefit . The college was accordingly dissolved, and the various ecclesiastical courts which sat at Doctors' Commons (the Court of Arches, the See also:

• PREROGATIVE

Prerogative Court, the Faculty Court and the Court of Delegates) are now open to the whole See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar .