See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

DOME (See also:

• LAT

Lat domus, See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house; Ital. duomo, See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral)  , an architectural See also:

• TERM

term, derived from a characteristic feature of See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian cathedrals, correctly applied only to a spherical or spheroidal vault, the See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of which is always a circle . It may be supported on a circular See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, as in the See also:

• PANTHEON (Lat. pantheum or pantheon; Gr. srav& ov, all-holy, from re, s, all, and Oeor god)

Pantheon at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome; or on a See also:

• DRUM (early forms drome or dromme, a word common to many Teut. languages, cf. Dan. tromme, Ger. Trommel: the word is ultimately the same as " trumpet," and is probably onomatopoeic in origin; it appears late in Eng. about the middle of the 16th century)

drum, as in the later See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine churches and generally so in the See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance styles; or be carried over a square or polygonal See also:

• AREA

area, in which See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the See also:

• BASE

base of the See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome is connected to the lines of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main wall by pendentives, squinches, corbels or a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

• CON

con-centric See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches, or two of these combined . Its See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section maybe semi-circular, pointed, ovoid or segmental; in the latter case it is usually termed a See also:

• CUPOLA (Ital., from Lat. cupula, small cask or vault, cupa, tub)

cupola, although the pendentives which carry it continue, on the See also:

• DIAGONAL (Gr. &a, through, ywvia, a corner)

diagonal lines, the See also:

• COMPLETE

complete spherical dome, as in the entrance See also:

• VESTIBULE (from Lat. vestibulum)

vestibule on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

Sanctuary at See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem, attributed to See also:

• HEROD
• HEROD (surnamed THE GREAT)

Herod, or in those crowning the bays of the See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden Gateway by Justinian . The dome may be constructed in horizontal courses, as in the " beehive " tombs at See also:

• MYCENAE

Mycenae, with See also:

• JOINTS

joints radiating to the centre, or a See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise between the two, in a series of small segments of circles, as in the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple of See also:

• JUPITER

Jupiter in See also:

• DIOCLETIAN (GAIUs AURELIUS VALERIUS DIOCLETIANUS) (A.D. 245–313)
• DIOCLETIAN, EDICT OF (De Pretiis rerum venalium)

Diocletian's See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace at See also:

• SPALATO, or SPALATRO (Serbo-Croatian Spljet or Split)

Spalato, or again with the See also:

• LOWER

lower portion in horizontal courses and the upper portion with arches, as in the Pantheon at Rome . The dome is probably one of the earliest forms of covering invented by See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, but owing probably to its construction in ephemeral materials, such as the unburnt bricks in See also:

• CHALDAEA

Chaldaea, there are no examples existing . But in a bas-See also:

• RELIEF

relief (see See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

ARCHITECTURE, fig . 1o), brought by See also:

• LAYARD, SIR AUSTEN HENRY (1817-1894)

Layard from Kuyunjik, are representations of semicircular and ovoid domes, which show that the feature was well known in See also:

• ASSYRIA

Assyria, and as they build domes of the same nature down to the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day and without centring of any See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, it suggests that they may have existed from the remotest ages . The most See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient examples in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe are those of the " beehive " tombs at Mycenae and elsewhere in See also:

• GREECE

Greece, ascribed generally to the r 1 th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C . In a sense, they are not true domes, because they are built in horizontal courses of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, which See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act like the voussoirs of an See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch in resisting the thrust of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth at the back . This did not exist in the Choragic See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

Monument of Lysicrates or other circular buildings in Greece, because their See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical sections were not portions of circles . For this See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, the conical vault of the See also:

• BATHS

Baths in See also:

• POMPEII

Pompeii is not a dome . The circular Laconicon in the Baths of See also:

• TITUS
• TITUS, FLAVIUS SABINUS VESPASIANUS
• TITUS, THE EPISTLE TO

Titus (A .

D . 72) may have been domed, and the See also:

• GREAT

great hemicycles in the Thermae must certainly have been roofed with semi-domes . 'The earliest See also:

• ROMAN

Roman domes are those of the great circular halls at Baiae near See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, described as temples, but really forming See also:

• PART

part of the immense bathing establishments there, the favourite See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of resort of the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans during the latter part of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic . The largest on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east side of the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake of See also:

• AVERNUS

Avernus, known as the Temple of See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo, is a circular See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall with an See also:

• INTERNAL

internal See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter of roo ft . Those of See also:

• DIANA

Diana,-See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

Mercury and See also:

• VENUS

Venus at Baiae, were 96, 66 and 6o ft. respectively . The vaults were all built in tufa with horizontal courses in See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick and See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement . See also:

• HALF

Half of the dome of the Temple of Mercury had fallen down, showing thesection to have been nearly that of an equilateral arch . From the fact that there were pierced openings or windows in all these domes, they probably constituted the frigidaria of the baths . The first example still existing in Rome is that of the Pantheon (A.D.112), where a circular dome, 142 ft. in diameter, rests on a circular wall, its height being about equal to its diameter . The lower courses of this dome, built in the Roman brick or See also:

• TILE (0. Eng. tigel, Fr. tuile, connected with Lat. tegula)

tile, were, up to the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the third See also:

• COFFER (Fr. coffee, O. Fr. cofre or cofne, Lat. cophinus, cf. " coffin ")

coffer, all laid in horizontal courses; above that, the construction is not known for certain; externally a series of small arches is shown, but they rested on a See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell already built . The so-called Temple of See also:

• MINERVA

Minerva Medica (now recognized as the See also:

• NYMPHAEUM (Gr. vbµcbatov, vvµja"aov)

Nymphaeum of the Baths of See also:

• GALLIENUS, PUBLIUS LICINIUS EGNATIUS

Gallienus, A . D .

366) is the next dated example . The Nymphaeum was decagonal on plan, so that small pendentives were required to carry the brick dome . The domed Laconicon of the Thermae of Diocletian (A.D . 302) still exists as the vestibule of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of See also:

• SANTA

Santa Maria degli Angeli . Of See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine's See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time there are two small domed examples in the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of S . Costanza and the See also:

• BAPTISTERY (Baptislerium, in the Greek Church 4wrurrilpiov)

Baptistery of the Lateran, both in Rome, and one in the tomb of Galla Placidia at See also:

• RAVENNA
• RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF

Ravenna (c . A.D . 450) . From these we pass to the See also:

• SASSANIAN

Sassanian domes at Serbistan and See also:

• FIRUZABAD

Firuzabad, of the 4th and 5th centuries respectively . These were built in brick and rested on square pendentives . In section they were ovoid . In See also:

• SYRIA

Syria, the dome over the octagonal church at Esra, built in stone and dated A.D .

515, is also ovoid, its height being equal to its diameter, i.e . 28 ft . This, as well as the Sassanian domes, was built without centring . The next example is that of the church of Sta See also:

• SOPHIA (1630-1714)

Sophia at See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, the finest example existing, both in its conception and See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution . It was built by Justinian (537–552) from the designs of See also:

• ANTHEMIUS

Anthemius of See also:

• TRALLES (mod. Giizel Hisser)

Tralles and Isidorus of See also:

• MILETUS (mod. Palatia)

Miletus . The dome is 104 ft. in diameter, and is carried on pendentives over a square area . The construction is of brick and stone in alternate courses, and the lower part of the dome is pierced with See also:

• FORTY

forty windows, which give it an extraordinary lightness . The height from the See also:

• PAVEMENT (Lat. pavimentu;n, a floor beaten or rammed hard, from pavire, to beat)

pavement of the church to the See also:

• SOFFIT (from Fr. soffite, Ital. soffitta, a ceiling, formed as if from su. fjictus for suff xus, Lat. suffigere, to fix underneath)

soffit of the dome is 179 ft . No dome of similar dimensions was ever again attempted by the Byzantine architects, and the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal difference in later examples was the raising of the dome on a circular drum pierced with windows . In See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to lighten the dome erected over the church of See also:

• SAN

San Vitale, at Ravenna, it was constructed with hollow cylindrical jars, fitted, the end of one into the mouth of the other; a similar contrivance was adopted in the tomb of the empress See also:

• HELENA
• HELENA, ST (c. 247-c. 327)

Helena (the Torre Pignatiara), the vaults of the See also:

• CIRCUS (Lat. circus, Gr. Kipeos or Kptxot, a ring or' circle; probably " circus " and " ring " are of the same origin)

Circus of See also:

• MAXENTIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS VALERIUS

Maxentius on the Via See also:

• APPIA, VIA

Appia, and the See also:

• OUTER

outer aisles of San Stefano, all at Rome, thus dispensing with the buttresses of Sta Sophia . The domes of the earlier mosques in See also:

• CAIRO
• CAIRO (Arabic Misr-al-Kahira, or simply Misr)

Cairo were built on the See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of Sta Sophia, with windows pierced See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the base of the dome and See also:

• EXTERNAL

external buttresses between them; these domes were all built in brick coated over with cement or See also:

• STUCCO (Ital. stucco, adapted from O.H.G. stucchi, crust, piece, patch, Ger. Stuck, piece, allied to stock)

stucco . At a later date, and when built in stone, the upper portion was raised in height and terminated with a point on which a See also:

• FINIAL (a variant of " final "; Lat. finis, end)

finial was placed .

These are the domes inside and outside Cairo, which are carved with an infinity of geometrical patterns interwoven with conventional floral decoration . The upper portion of the dome is very thin, so that there is little See also:

• WEIGHT

weight and comparatively no thrust, and it is to these facts that we probably owe their preservation . In See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, in the " great See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque " of Jama Masjid (A.D . 1560) and the Gol Gumbaz, or tomb of Mahommed Adil Shah (A . D. r 630) at See also:

• BIJAPUR

Bijapur, the domes are carried on pendentives consisting of arches See also:

• CROSSING

crossing one another and projecting inwards, and their weight counteracts any thrust there may be in the dome . It is possibly for a similar reason that in the Jama Masjid of Shah Jahan at See also:

• DELHI, DEHLI

Delhi (1632–1638) and the Taj Mahal (A.D . 1630) the domes assume a bulbous See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, the increased thickness of the dome below the haunches by its weight served as a counterpoise to any thrust the upper part of the dome might exert . The form is not much to be admired, and when exaggerated, as it is in the churches of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, where it was introduced by the See also:

• TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)

Tatars, at times it became monstrous . From these we pass to the domes of See also:

• PERIGORD

Perigord and La See also:

• CHARENTE

Charente, the earliest of which date from the commencement of the 11th century . Of the western dome of St See also:

• ETIENNE, CHARLES GUILLAUME (1778-1845)

Etienne at Perigueux (A.D . 14) only the pendentives remain, sufficient, however, with later examples, to show that these See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French domes were different from the Byzantine both in construction and form . The pendentives are built on horizontal courses of stone, and the voussoirs of the pointed arches which carried them form part of the pendentives ; a few feet above the top of the arches is a moulding and a ledge, above which the dome, ovoid in section, is built .

The principal examples following St Etienne are those of S . See also:

• JEAN

Jean-de-See also:

• COLE, SIR HENRY (1808–1882)
• COLE, THOMAS (1801–1848)
• COLE, TIMOTHY (1852– )
• COLE, VICAT (1833–1893)

Cole, See also:

• CAHORS

Cahors, Souiilac, Solignac,See also:

• ANGOULEME
• ANGOULEME, CHARLES DE VALOIS, DUKE OF (1573-1650)

Angouleme, See also:

• FONTEVRAULT, or FONTEVRAUD (Lat. Fons Ebraldi)

Fontevrault, and lastly St Front at Perigueux, built about 115o, in See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of St See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark's at See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice . The domes of the latter church were introduced into the old See also:

• BASILICA

basilica about ro63, and were based on the church of the Apostles at Constantinople, which was pulled down in the 15th century, so that we have only the clear description of See also:

• PROCOPIUS

Procopius to go by . The domes over the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and south transepts and the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir of St Mark's are smaller than those over the See also:

• NAVE

nave and crossing, because they had to be fitted in between more ancient structures . The construction of the domes of St Mark's is not known, but at St Front the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design only was copied, and they built them in the Perigordian manner . The masons from Perigord are also responsible for the domes of the Crusaders' churches in See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine and for some of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early churches still remaining in See also:

• CYPRUS
• CYPRUS, CHURCH OF

Cyprus . The domes of San Cyriaco at See also:

• ANCONA
• ANCONA, ALESSANDRO (1835– )

Ancona and Sant' See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio at See also:

• PADUA (Lat. Patavium ; Ital. Padova)

Padua were based upon those of St Mark's at Venice . In central See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy we have the dome (elliptical in plan) of the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of See also:

• PISA
• PISA, COUNCIL OF (1409)

Pisa, and it was a favourite feature over the crossing of the churches throughout Italy, being generally carried on See also:

• SQUINCH

squinch pendentives . The domes of the baptisteries of See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, See also:

• PARMA

Parma, See also:

• TRIESTE (Ger. Triest; Slay. Trst; the Roman Tergeste, q.v.)

Trieste and See also:

• PIACENZA (Lat. Placentia)

Piacenza, are only internal, being enclosed with vertical walls and a sloping roof . In See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the strong Saracenic See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, the squinches are See also:

• SIMPLE

simple versions of the stalactite pendentives described under ARCHITECTURE: See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan (q.v.), the earliest example being found in the church of San Giovanni-dei-Leprosi (A.D . 1072), all the domes being ovoid in section . _ Except in Perigord and La Charente, domes are not found in the churches in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, but in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain they were introduced over the crossing at See also:

• BURGOS

Burgos, See also:

• TARRAGONA
• TARRAGONA (anc. Tarraco)

Tarragona and See also:

• SALAMANCA
• SALAMANCA (anc. Salmantica or Elmantica)

Salamanca cathedrals, and were made architectural features externally .

This is rarely found in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, for although in the cathedrals of See also:

• WORMS

Worms, See also:

• SPIRES (Ger. Speyer or Speier)

Spires and See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz, and in the churches of St See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin and Sankt Maria See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Capitol at See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne, the crossings are covered by domes, always carried on squinch pendentives, externally they built lanterns round them . In the Renaissance styles, the dome was at once accepted as the principal characteristic feature, and its erection over the crossing of Santa Maria del Fiore at Florence was the first important See also:

• WORK

work entrusted to See also:

• BRUNELLESCHI (or BRUNELLESCO), FILIPPO

Brunelleschi . The dome was begun in 1422, and finished in 1431, with the exception of the See also:

• LANTERN (an adaptation of the Fr. lanterne from Lat. lanterna or laterna, supposed to be from Gr. Aa urritp, a torch or lamp, Aaµaew, to shine, cf. " lamp "; the 16th- and 17th-century form " lanthorn " is due to a mistaken derivation from " horn," as a m

lantern, begun the See also:

• YEAR

year of his See also:

• DEATH

death in 1444, and completed in 1471 . The dome, which is octagonal on plan, is 139 ft. in diameter, and is built with an inner and outer casing, concentric one with the other, tied together by ribs between them: the lower portion is stone, the upper part is brick . The See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double shell was also employed by See also:

• MICHELANGELO (MICHELAGNIOLO BUONARROTI) (1475-1564)

Michelangelo in the dome of St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's at Rome, the outer shell being raised higher than the lower and connected by ribs one with the other . The diameter is 140 ft. and the construction in brick, similar to that at Florence, but the ribs are in stone from See also:

• TIVOLI (anc. Tibur, q.v.)

Tivoli . In both these cases the weight of the lantern was a very important See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration, and is responsible for the repeated See also:

• REPAIRS (from Lat. reparare, to make ready again)

repairs required and the introduction of additional ties . In this respect See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

Christopher See also:

• WREN (O. Eng. wrcknna, Mid. Eng. wrenne; Icel. rindill)
• WREN, SIR CHRISTOPHER (1632-1723)

Wren solved the difficulty at St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul's cathedral, See also:

• LONDON

London, in another way: he provided three shells, the lower one with an See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye in the centre forming the inner dome as seen from the interior; the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle one of conical form, and the outer one framed in See also:

• TIMBER

timber and covered with See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead . The conical shell carries the lantern, the weight of which is carrieddirect to the base, See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound with See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron ties, with such additional strength as may be given by the See also:

• PORTICO (Ital. for " porch," Lat. porticus)

portico round . In all these cases these domes are built on lofty drums, so that externally they present quite a different See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance to those of the Pantheon at Rome, or Sta Sophia in Constantinople . Of other examples, the domes of the Invalides in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, by Mansard (1706), and of the Pantheon by Soufot (1735), have each three shells, the former having a graceful outline . In Spain the dome of the cathedral at See also:

• GRANADA
• GRANADA, LUIS DE (1504-1588)

Granada (1530) and the Escurial (1563); in Italy those of Sta Maria della Salute at Venice, the small example of See also:

• BRAMANTE, or BRAMANTE

Bramante at See also:

• TODI (anc. Tuder)

Todi (148o) and of the See also:

• CARIGNANO

Carignano at See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa, are See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth recording, as also the dome of the Suleimanie mosque at Constantinople (1550) .

See plates illustrating ARCHITECTURE; and See also:

• INDIAN

INDIAN ARCHITECTURE . (R . P .