JOHN

See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

WILLIAM

See also:

• DRAPER
• JOHN WILLIAM DRAPER (1811-1882)

DRAPER (1811-1882)  , American scientist, was born at St Helen's, near Liverpool, on the 5th of May 181r . He studied at Woodhouse Grove, at the University of London, and, after removing to America in 1832, at the medical school of the University of Pennsylvania in 1835—1836 . In 1837 he was elected professor of chemistry in the University of the City of New York, and was a professor in its school of medicine in 184o-185o, president of that school in 1850-1873, and professor of chemistry until 1881 . He died at Hastings, New York, on the 4th of January 1882 . He made important researches in photo-chemistry, made portrait photography possible by his improvements (1839) on Daguerre's process, and published a Text-book on Chemistry (1846), Text-book on Natural Philosophy (1847), Text-book on Physiology (1866), and Scientific Memoirs (1878) on radiant energy . He is well known also as the author of The History of the Intellectual Development of Europe (1862), applying the methods of physical science to history, a History of the American Civil War (3 vols., 1867—187o), and a History of the Conflict between Religion and Science (1874) . His son, HENRY DRAPER (1837—1882), graduated at the University of New York in 1858, became professor of natural science there in 186o, and was professor of physiology (in the medical school) and dean of the faculty in 1866—1873 . He succeeded his father as professor of chemistry, but only for a year, dying in New York on the loth of November 1882 . Henry Draper's most important contributions to science were made in spectroscopy; he ruled metal gratings in 1869—1870, made valuable spectrum photographs after 1871, and proved the presence of oxygen in the sun in a monograph of 1877 . Edward C . Pickering carried on his study of stellar spectra with the funds of the Henry Draper Memorial at Harvard, endowed by his widow (nee Mary Anna Palmer), See •accounts by George F . Barker in Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Science, vols .

2 and 3 (

Washington, 1886, 1888) .