See also:

• DRAUGHTS (from AS. dragan, to draw)

DRAUGHTS (from AS. dragan, to draw)  , a See also:

• GAME

game played with pieces (or " men ") called draughtsmen on a See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board marked in squares of two alternate See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours . The game is called See also:

• CHECKERS

Checkers in See also:

• AMERICA

America, and is known to the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French as See also:

• LES

Les Dames and to the Germans as Damenspiel . Though the game is not mentioned in the See also:

• COMPLETE

Complete Gamester, nor the Academie de jeux, and is styled a " See also:

• MODERN

modern invention " by See also:

• STRUTT, JEDEDIAH (1726-1797)

Strutt, yet a somewhat similar game was known to the Egyptians, some of the pieces used having been found in tombs at least as old as 1600 B.C., and See also:

• PART

part of Anect See also:

• HAT

Hat-Shepsa's board and some of her men are to be seen in the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum . An Egyptian See also:

• VASE
• VASE (through Fr. from Lat. vas, a vessel, pl. vasa, of which the singular vasum is rarely found; the ultimate root is probably was-, to cover, seen in Lat: vestis, clothing, Eng. " vest," Gr. to-th c, and also in " wear," of garments)

vase also shows a See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion and an See also:

• ANTELOPE

antelope playing at See also:

• DRAUGHTS (from AS. dragan, to draw)

draughts, with five men each, the lion making the winning move and seizing the bag or See also:

• PURSE (Late Lat. bursa, adapted from Gr. Gupta, hide, skin; possibly O. Eng. pusa, bag, has influenced the change from b to p)

purse that contains the stakes . See also:

• PLATO

Plato ascribes the invention of the game of irec ol, or draughts, to See also:

• THOTH

Thoth, the Egyptian See also:

• HERMES
• HERMES, GEORG (1775-1831)

Hermes Trismegistus, and See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer represents See also:

• PENELOPE

Penelope's suitors as playing it (Odyss. i . 107) . In one See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the game as played by the Greeks there were 25 squares, and each player had 5 men which were probably moved along the lines . In another there were 4 men and 16 squares with a "sacred enclosure," a square of the same See also:

• SIZE

size as the others, marked in the exact centre and bisected by one of the See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal lines, which was known as the " sacred See also:

• LINE

line." From the incident in the game of a piece hemmed in on this line by a See also:

• RIVAL

rival piece having to be pushed forward as a last resort, arose the phrase " to move the See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man from the sacred line " as synonymous with being hard pressed . This and other phrases based on incidents in the game testify to the See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue the game enjoyed in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• GREECE

Greece . The See also:

• ROMAN

Roman game of Latrunculi was similar, but there were See also:

• OFFICERS

officers (See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings in modern draughts) as well as men . When a player's pieces were all hemmed in he was stale-mated, to DRAUGHTS 547 use a See also:

• CHESS

chess phrase (ad incitas redactus est), and lost the game . Other explanations of this phrase are, however, given (see Les Jeux See also:

• DES

des anciens, by Becq de Fouquieres) .

The fullest See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the Roman game is to be found in the De laude Pisonis, written by an See also:

• ANONYMOUS

anonymous contemporary of See also:

• NERO (37-68)

Nero (see See also:

• CALPURNIUS, TITUS

CALPURNIUS, Taus) . Unfortunately the texts are full of obscurities, so that it is difficult to make any definite statements as to how the game was played . As See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as the See also:

• FIRTH, CHARLES HARDING (1857– )
• FIRTH, MARK (1819-1880)

firth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century some form of the game was practised by the Norsemen, for in the Icelandic See also:

• SAGA (literally a story committed to writing)

saga of Grettir the Strong the board and men are mentioned more than once . The See also:

• HISTORY

history of the modern forms of the game starts with El Ingenio o juego de marro, de punto o damas, published by See also:

• TORQUEMADA, JUAN DE (1388-1468)
• TORQUEMADA, THOMAS (1420-1498)

Torquemada at See also:

• VALENCIA
• VALENCIA, or VALENTIA

Valencia in 1547 . Another Spaniard, Juan See also:

• GARCIA
• GARCIA (DEL POPOLO VICENTO), MANOEL (1775-1832)

Garcia Canalejas, is said to have published in 1610 the first edition of his See also:

• WORK

work, a better-known edition of which appeared in 1650 . The third See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish classic, that of See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• CARLOS, DON (1545-1568)
• CARLOS, DON (1788-1855)
• CARLOS, DON (CHARLES MARIA DE LOS DOLORES JUAN ISIDOR.E JOSEPH FRANCIS QUIRIN ANTONY MICHAEL GABRIEL RAPHAEL) (1848—1909)

Carlos Garcez, was printed in See also:

• MADRID

Madrid in 1684 . It is noteworthy that in an See also:

• ILLUSTRATION

illustration inGarcez's See also:

• BOOK

book the pieces depicted resemble some-what some of those used by the Egyptians, and are not unlike the pawns used in chess . In 1668 See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre See also:

• MALLET (or MALLOCH), DAVID (?17o5–1765)
• MALLET, PAUL HENRI (173o–18o7)

Mallet had published the first French work on the game, and elementary though his knowledge of the game seems to have been, even in comparison with that of Canalejas or Garcez, the See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical notes, rules and instructions which he gave, served as a basis for many later See also:

• WORKS

works . Mallet wrote on Le Jeu de dames d la fran(ai.se, which was almost identical with the modern See also:

• ENGLISH

English game . The old French game is, however, no longer practised in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, having been superseded by Le Jeu de dames a la See also:

• POLONAISE (i.e. Polish, in French)

polonaise . Manoury gives reasons for believing that the latter game originated in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris about 1727 . About 1736 a famous player named Laclef published the first book on See also:

• POLISH

Polish draughts, but the first important book on the game is Manoury's Jeu de dames a la polonaise, in the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of which it is said that the author had the assistance of See also:

• DIDEROT, DENIS (1713-1784)

Diderot and other encyclopedistes .

This book, which appeared in 1787, was to the new game all that Mallet's was to the old French game, and until the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of Poirson Prugneaux's Encyclopedie du jeu de dames in 1855 it remained the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard authority on so-called Polish draughts . The Polish game early attained popularity in See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, and in 1785 the standard Dutch work, See also:

• EPHRAIM

Ephraim See also:

• VAN

van Embden's Verhandeling over het Damspel, was produced . In See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German-speaking countries the progress of the new game was slower, and the works produced in the first See also:

• HALF

half of the 19th century generally treat of the older game as well as the Polish game . This is also the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case with Petroff's book published in St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg in 1827; and similarly Zongono's, which See also:

• DATES

dates from 1832, deals with the new game and with the older See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian game . In 1694 See also:

• HYDE
• HYDE, THOMAS (1636-1703)

Hyde wrote Historia dami ludi seu latrinculorum, in which he tried to prove the identity of draughts with ludus latrinculorum . This work is historical and descriptive, but contains nothing concerning the game as played in See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain . The See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic history of draughts in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England commences with See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• PAYNE, PETER (c. 138o-1455)

Payne's Introduction to the Game of Draughts, the See also:

• DEDICATION (Lat. dedicatio, from dedicare, to proclaim, to announce)

dedication of which was written by See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• JOHNSON, ANDREW
• JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
• JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
• JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
• JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
• JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
• JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
• JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
• JOHNSON, THOMAS

Johnson . Payne's See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games and problems were incorporated in a much more important work, namely Sturges's See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

Guide to the Game of Draughts, which appeared in 1800 and has gone through a See also:

• SCORE (O.E. scor, from sceran, to cut, notch, cf. " shear ")

score of See also:

• EDITIONS

editions . About this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the game was much practised in both England and See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, but the first important production of the Scottish school was See also:

• DRUMMOND, HENRY (1786-r86o)
• DRUMMOND, HENRY (1851-1897)
• DRUMMOND, THOMAS (r797-1840)
• DRUMMOND, WILLIAM (1585-1649)

Drummond's Scottish See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

Draught Player, the first part of which dates from 1838, additional volumes appearing in 1851–1853 and 1861 . In 1852 See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew See also:

• ANDERSON
• ANDERSON, ADAM (1692—1765)
• ANDERSON, ALEXANDER (c. 1582-1620?)
• ANDERSON, ELIZABETH GARRETT (1836— )
• ANDERSON, JAMES (1662—1728)
• ANDERSON, JAMES (1739-1808)
• ANDERSON, JOHN (1726-1796)
• ANDERSON, MARY (1859– )
• ANDERSON, RICHARD HENRY (1821–1879)
• ANDERSON, ROBERT (1750–1830)
• ANDERSON, SIR EDMUND (1530-1605)

Anderson published his Game of Draughts Simplified . A first edition had appeared in 1848, but the later See also:

• PRINT

print is the important one, as it standardized the See also:

• LAWS

laws of the game, fixed the nomenclature of the openings, introduced a better arrangement of the See also:

• PLAY

play, and, since Anderson was one of the finest players of the game, excelled in accuracy . In Anderson's time little was known about the openings commencing with any move other than 11-15, and it was not until more than See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years later that the other openings received more adequate recognition .

This was done in See also:

• ROBERTSON, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816-1853)
• ROBERTSON, GEORGE CROOM (1842-1892)
• ROBERTSON, JOSEPH (1810-1866)
• ROBERTSON, THOMAS WILLIAM (1829-1871)
• ROBERTSON, WILLIAM BRUCE (182o-1886)

Robertson's Guide to the Game of Draughts, and perhaps better in Lees' Guide (1892) . Andrew Anderson was the first recognized British See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion player of the game . He and Wyllie, better known as " the See also:

• HERD (a word common to Teutonic languages; the O. Eng. form was heord; cf. Ger. Herde, Swed. and Dan. hjord; the Sans. ca'rdhas, which shows the pre-Teutonic form, means a troop)

herd laddie," contested five matches for the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour, Anderson winning four to Wyllie's one . After his victory in 1847 Anderson retired from match play and the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to Wyllie, who made the game his profession and travelled all over the English-speaking See also:

• WORLD

world to play it . In 1872 he successfully defended his position against Martins, the English champion, and in 1874 against W . R . See also:

• BARKER, EDMUND HENRY (1788–1839)

Barker, the See also:

• AMERICAN

American champion, but two years later he was beaten by See also:

• YATES, EDMUND HODGSON (1831–1894)
• YATES, MARY ANN (1728-1787)
• YATES, RICHARD (1818-1873)

Yates, a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young American . On the latter's retirement from the game, the championship lapsed to Wyllie, who held it successfully until his defeat by Ferrie, the Scottish champion, in 1894 . Two years later Ferrie was beaten in his turn by See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• JORDAN (the down-comer; Arab. esh-Sheri'a, the watering-place)
• JORDAN, CAMILLE (1771—1821)
• JORDAN, DOROTHEA (1762—1816)
• JORDAN, THOMAS (1612 ?–1685)
• JORDAN, WILHELM (1819–1904)

Jordan of See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, who had just gained the Scottish championship; and the new holder defeated See also:

• STEWART, ALEXANDER TURNEY (1803-1876)
• STEWART, BALFOUR (1828-1887)
• STEWART, CHARLES (1778–1869)
• STEWART, DUGALD (1753-1828)
• STEWART, J
• STEWART, JOHN (1749—1822)
• STEWART, JULIUS L
• STEWART, SIR DONALD MARTIN (1824–19o0)
• STEWART, SIR HERBERT (1843—1885)
• STEWART, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1540—c. 1605)
• STEWART, STUART
• STEWART, WILLIAM (c. 1480-c. 1550)

Stewart, who challenged him in 1897, and successfully defended his title against C . F . Barker, the American champion, to meet whom he visited See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston in 1900 and played a See also:

• DRAWN

drawn match . In 1884 the first See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international match between England and Scotland took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, and resulted in so decisive a victory for the northerners that the contest was not renewed for ten years .

The matches played in 1894 and 1899 also went strongly in favour of the Scots, but in 1903 the Englishmen gained their first victory . In 1905 a British team visited America and defeated a See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side representing the See also:

• UNITED

United States . The See also:

• TOURNAMENT, or TOURNEY (Fr. tournement, tournoi, Med. Lat. torneamentum, from tourner, to turn)

tournament for the Scottish championship has been held annually in See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow since 1893 . The number and skill of the Scottish players have given this tournament its pre-See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence; but if the levelling up of the See also:

• STANDARDS

standards of play in Scotland and England continues, the competition which is held biennially by the English Draughts Association is likely to See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank as a serious rival to the Glasgow tourney . The English Game.—Draughts as played now in English-speaking countries is a game for two persons with a board and twenty-four men—twelve See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white and twelve See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black—which at starting are placed as follows: the black men on the squares numbered 1 to 12, and the white men on the squares numbered 21 to 32 on the See also:

• DIAGRAM

diagram below .