DRESDEN  , a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony, 71 M . E.S.E. from See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig and 111 m . S. from See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin by railway . It lies at an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of 402 ft. above the Baltic, in a broad and pleasant valley on both See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the See also:

• ELBE (the Albis of the Romans and the Labe of the Czechs)

Elbe . The prospect of the city with its cupolas, towers, See also:

• SPIRES (Ger. Speyer or Speier)

spires and the See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green See also:

• ROOFS

roofs of its palaces, as seen from the distance, is one of striking beauty . On the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• RIVER

river are the Altstadt (old See also:

• TOWN

town) with four old suburbs and numerous new suburbs, and the Friedrichstadt (separated from the Altstadt by a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long railway viaduct); on the right, the See also:

• NEUSTADT (Polish, Prudnik)

Neustadt (new town), Antonstadt, and the See also:

• MODERN

modern military suburb Alberstadt . Five See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges connect the Altstadt and Neustadt . The beautiful central See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge—the Alte or Augustusbrucke—with 16 See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches, built in 1727-1731, and 1420 ft. long, has been demolished (1906) and replaced by a wider structure . Up-stream are the two modern See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert and Konigin Carola bridges, and, down-stream, the Marien and the Eisenbahn (railway) bridges . The streets of the Alstadt are mostly narrow and somewhat gloomy, those of the Neustadt more spacious and See also:

• REGULAR

regular . On See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of its delightful situation and the many See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of See also:

• INTEREST

interest it contains, Dresden is often called " See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence," a name first applied to it by the poet See also:

• HERDER, JOHANN GOTTFRIED VON (1744-1803)

Herder . The richness of its See also:

• ART

art treasures, the educational advantages it offers, and its attractive surroundings render it a favourite resort of See also:

• PEOPLE

people with private means .

There are a large number of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign residents, notably Austro-Hungarians and Russians, and also a considerable See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of See also:

• ENGLISH

English and Americans, the latter amounting to about 1500 . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of the city on the 1st of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1905 was 516,996, of whom 358,776 lived on the left bank (Altstadt) and 158,220 on the right (Neustadt) . The royal See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house belongs to the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession, but the bulk of the inhabitants are Lutheran Protestants . Dresden is the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, the seat of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government for the kingdom of Saxony, and the headquarters of the XII . (Saxon) See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

Army See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

Corps . Within two decades (1880-1900) the capital almost at a single See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound advanced into the front See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of German commercial and See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial towns; but while gaining in prosperity it has lost much of its See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval aspect . Old buildings in the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of the Altstadt have been swept away, and their See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place occupied by modern business houses and new streets . Among the public squares in the Altstadt must be mentioned the magnificent Theaterplatz, with a fine equestrian statue of King See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, by Schilling; the Altmarkt, with a See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument commemorative of the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of 1870-71; the Neumarkt, with a See also:

• BRONZE

bronze statue of King See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus II.,by E . J . Hahnel; the Postplatz, adorned by a See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

fountain, by See also:

• SEMPER, GOTTFRIED (1803–1879)

Semper; and the Bismarckplatz in the Anglo-See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter . In the Neustadt are the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market square, with a bronze equestrian statue of Augustus the Strong; the Kaiser Wilhelmplatz; and the Albertplatz . The continuous Schloss-, See- and Prager-Strasse, and the Wilsdruffer- and See also:

• KONIG, KARL RUDOLPH (1832-1901)

Konig Johann-Strasse are the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main streets in the Altstadt, and the Hauptstrasse in the Neustadt .

The most imposing churches include the Roman Catholic Hofkirche, built (1739–1751) by C . Chiaveri, in See also:

• ROCOCO, or ROCAILLE

rococo See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, with a See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower 300 ft. high . It contains a fine See also:

• ORGAN

organ by Silbermann and pictures by See also:

• RAPHAEL (Hebrew smm, " God heals ")

Raphael See also:

• MENGS, ANTONY RAPHAEL (1728-1779)

Mengs and other artists, the outside being adorned with 59 statues by Mattielli . On the Neumarkt is the Frauenkirche, with a See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone See also:

• CUPOLA (Ital., from Lat. cupula, small cask or vault, cupa, tub)

cupola rising to the height of 311 ft.; See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the Altmarkt, the Kreuzkirche, rebuilt after destruction by See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire in 1897, also with a lofty tower surmounted by a cupola; and near the Postplatz the Sophienkirche, with twin spires . In the Neustadt is the Dreikonigskirche (dating from the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century) with a high pinnacled tower . Among more modern churches may be mentioned: in the Altstadt, the Johanneskirche, with a richly decorated interior; the Lukaskirche; and the Trinitatiskirche; and in the Neustadt, the See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther-Kirche and the new See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church . Apart from the chapels in the royal palaces, Dresden contains in all 32 churches, viz . 21 Evangelical, 6 Roman Catholic, a Reformed, a See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian, an English(erected byGilbert See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott) with a graceful See also:

• SPIRE

spire, a Scottish (Presbyterian), and an American (Episcopal) church, the last a handsome See also:

• BUILDING

building, with a See also:

• PRETTY

pretty parsonage attached . Of See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular buildings, the most noteworthy are grouped in the Altstadt near the river . The royal See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, built in 1530-1535 by See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George (and thus called Georgenschloss), was thoroughly restored, and in some measure rebuilt between 1890 and 1902, in German See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance style, and is now an exceedingly handsome structure . The Georgentor has been widened, and through it, and beneath the royal apartments, vehicular See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic from the centre of the town is directed to the Augustusbrucke . The whole is surmounted by a lofty tower—387 ft.—the highest in Dresden .

The interior is splendidly decorated . In the palace See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel are pictures by See also:

• REMBRANDT (1606-1669)

Rembrandt, See also:

• NICOLAS
• NICOLAS, SIR NICHOLAS HARRIS (1799–1848)

Nicolas Poussin, Guido Reni and Annibale See also:

• CARACCI, LODOVICO, AGOSTINO

Caracci . The adjoining Prinzen-Palais on the Taschenberg, built in 1715, has a fine chapel, in which are various See also:

• WORKS

works of S . Torelli; it has also a library of 20,000 volumes . The Zwinger, begun in 1711, and built in the rococo style, forms an enclosure, within which is a statue of King Frederick Augustus I . It was intended to be the See also:

• VESTIBULE (from Lat. vestibulum)

vestibule to a palace, but now contains a number of collections of See also:

• GREAT

great value . Until 1846 it was open at the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side; but this space has since been occupied by the museum, a beautiful Renaissance building, the exterior of which is adorned by statues of See also:

• MICHELANGELO (MICHELAGNIOLO BUONARROTI) (1475-1564)

Michelangelo, Raphael, See also:

• GIOTTO

Giotto, See also:

• DANTE

Dante, See also:

• GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON (1749-1832)

Goethe and other artists and poets by See also:

• RIETSCHEL, ERNST

Rietschel and Hahnel, and it contains the famous picture See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery . The See also:

• BRUHL
• BRUHL, HEINRICH, COUNT VON (1700-1763)

Bruhl palace, built in 1737 by See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Bruhl, the See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of Augustus II., has been in some measure demolished to make See also:

• ROOM

room for the new Standehaus (See also:

• DIET

diet house), with its main See also:

• FACADE

facade facing the Hofkirche; before the main entrance there is an equestrian statue (1906? of King Albert . Close by is the Briihl See also:

• TERRACE (Fr. terrace, terrasse, from It. terraccia, terrazzo, Lat. terra, earth)

Terrace, approached by a fine See also:

• FLIGHT

flight of steps, on which are See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups, by Schilling, representing See also:

• MORNING

Morning, Evening, See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

Day and See also:

• NIGHT

Night . The terrace commands a view of the Elbe and the distant heights of Loschwitz and the Weisser See also:

• HIRSCH, MAURICE DE, BARON HIRSCH AUF GEREUTH
• HIRSCH, SAMSON RAPHAEL (r8o8-1888)

Hirsch, but the prospect has of See also:

• LATE

late years become somewhat marred, owing to the See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the town up the river and .to the two new up-stream bridges . The See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese palace in the Neustadt, built in 1715 as a summer residence for Augustus II., receives its name from certain See also:

• ORIENTAL

oriental figures with which it is decorated; it is sometimes called the Augusteum and contains the royal library . Among other buildings of See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note is the See also:

• HOF

Hof See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, a magnificent edifice in the Renaissance style, built after the designs of Semper, to replace the theatre burnt in 1869, and completed in 1878 .

A new town See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall of huge dimensions, also in German Renaissance, with an octagon tower 400 ft. in height, stands on the former See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern ramparts of the inner town, close to the Kreuzkirche . In the Altstadt the most striking of the newer edifices is the Kunstakademie, constructedfrom designs by K . See also:

• LIPSIUS, JUSTUS (1547-16o6)
• LIPSIUS, RICHARD ADELBERT (183o-1892)

Lipsius in the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian Renaissance style, 189o-1894 . The Albertinum, formerly the See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal, built in 1559–1563, was rebuilt 1884–1889, and fitted up as a museum of oriental and classical antiquities, and as the depository of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state archives . On the right bank of the Elbe in Neustadt stand the fine buildings of the ministries of war, of See also:

• FINANCE

finance, See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, the interior and See also:

• EDUCATION

education . The public monuments of Dresden also include the See also:

• MORITZ, KARL PHILIPP (1757-1793)

Moritz Monument, a See also:

• RELIEF

relief dedicated by the elector Augustus to his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

Maurice, a statue of See also:

• WEBER, CARL MARIA FRIEDRICH ERNEST VON (1786–1826)
• WEBER, WILHELM EDUARD (1804-1891)

Weber the composer by Rietschel, a bronze statue of Theodor Korner by Hahnel, the Rietschel monument on the Bruhl Terrace by Schilling, a bust of See also:

• GUTZKOW, KARL FERDINAND (1811-1878)

Gutzkow, and a statue of See also:

• BISMARCK
• BISMARCK, OTTO EDUARD LEOPOLD VON, PRINCE

Bismarck on the See also:

• PROMENADE

promenade . In the suburbs which encircle the old town are to be noted the vast central Hauptbahnhof (1893–1898) occupying the site of the old Bohmischer railway station, the new premises of the municipal See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital and the Ausstellungs-See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle (See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition buildings) . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure-ground of Dresden is the Grosser Garten, in which there are a summer theatre, the Reitschel museum, and a See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

chateau containing a museum of antiquities . The latter is composed chiefly of objects removed from the churches in consequence of the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation . Near the chateau is the zoological See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden, formed in 1860, and excellently arranged . A little to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of Dresden, on the left. bank of the Elbe, is the See also:

• VILLAGE

village Racknitz, in which is See also:

• MOREAU, GUSTAVE (1826-1898)
• MOREAU, HEGESIPPE (18ro-1838)
• MOREAU, JEAN VICTOR MARIE (1763-1813)

Moreau's monument, erected on the spot where he was mortally wounded in 18'3 . The mountains of Saxon See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland are seen from this neighbourhood .

Art.—Dresden owes a large See also:

• PART

part of its fame to its extensive See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic, See also:

• LITERARY

literary and scientific collections . Of these the most valuable is its splendid picture gallery, founded by Augustus I. and increased by his successors at great cost . It is in the museum, and contains about 2500 pictures, being especially See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in specimens of the Italian, Dutch and Flemish See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools . The See also:

• GEM (Lat. gemma, a bud,—from the root gen, meaning " to produce,"—or precious stone; in the latter sense the Greek term is > d>os)
• GEM, ARTIFICIAL

gem of the collection is Raphael's " Madonna di See also:

• SAN

San Sisto," for which a room is set apart . There is also a See also:

• SPECIAL

special room for the " Madonna " of the younger See also:

• HOLBEIN, HANS

Holbein . Other paintings with which the name of the gallery is generally associated are See also:

• CORREGGIO
• CORREGGIO, or COREGGIO

Correggio's " La Notte and " See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary Magdalene "; See also:

• TITIAN
• TITIAN (c. 1477-1576)

Titian's " See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

Tribute See also:

• MONEY

Money " and " See also:

• VENUS

Venus "; " The See also:

• ADORATION (Lat. ad, to, and os, mouth; i.e. " carrying to one's mouth ")

Adoration " and " The See also:

• MARRIAGE

Marriage in See also:

• CANA

Cana," by See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul Veronese; See also:

• ANDREA, GIOVANNI (1275-1348)

Andrea del Sarto's " See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham's See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

Sacrifice "; Rembrandt's " Portrait of Himself with his Wife sitting on his See also:

• KNEE (O. E. cneow, a word common to Indo-European languages, cf. Ger. Knie, Fr. genou, Span. hinojo, Lat. genu, Gr. ybvv, Sansk. janu)

Knee "; " The See also:

• JUDGMENT

Judgment of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris " and " The See also:

• BOAR (0. Eng. bar; the word is found only in W. Ger. languages, cf. Dutch beer, Ger. Eber)

Boar See also:

• HUNT, ALFRED WILLIAM (183o-1896)
• HUNT, HENRY (1i73-1835)
• HUNT, HENRY JACKSON (1819-1889)
• HUNT, JAMES HENRY LEIGH (1784-1859)
• HUNT, ROBERT (1807-1887)
• HUNT, THOMAS STERRY (1826-1892)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HENRY (1790—1864)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HOLMAN (1827-1910)
• HUNT, WILLIAM MORRIS (1824-1879)

Hunt, by See also:

• RUBENS, PETER PAUL (1577-164o)

Rubens; See also:

• VAN

Van Dyck's " See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles I., his See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen, and their See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

Children." Of modern painters, this magnificent collection contains masterpieces by Defregger, Vautier, See also:

• MAKART, HANS (1840-1884)

Makart, See also:

• MUNKACSY, MICHAEL VON (1844-1900)

Munkacsy, Fritz von See also:

• UHDE, FRITZ KARL HERMANN VON (1848– )

Uhde, See also:

• BOCKLIN, ARNOLD (1827–1901)

Bocklin, Hans See also:

• THOMA, HANS (1839- )

Thoma; portraits by See also:

• LEON
• LEON, LUIS PONCE DE (1527-1591)
• LEON, MOSES BEN SI
• LEON, or LEON DE LAS ALDAMAS

Leon Pohle, See also:

• DELAROCHE, HIPPOLYTE

Delaroche and See also:

• SARGENT, JOHN SINGER (1856– )

Sargent; landscapes by Andreas and See also:

• OSWALD (c. 605—642)
• OSWALD (d. 992)

Oswald See also:

• ACHENBACH, ANDREAS (1815— )

Achenbach and allegorical works by Sascha See also:

• SCHNEIDER, JOHANN GOTTLOB (1750-1822)
• SCHNEIDER, LOUIS (1805-1878)

Schneider . In See also:

• SEPARATE

separate compartments there are a number of See also:

• CRAYON (Fr. craie, chalk, from Lat. creta)

crayon portraits, most of them by Rosalba Carriera, and views of Dresden by Canaletto and other artists . Besides the picture gallery the museum includes a magnificent collection of engravings and drawings . There are upwards of 400,000 specimens, arranged in twelve classes, so as to See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark the great epochs in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of art . A collection of casts, likewise in the museum, is designed to display the progress of plastic art from the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the Egyptians and Assyrians to modern ages . This collection was begun by Raphael Mengs, who secured casts of the most valuable antiques in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, some of which no longer exist . The Japanese palace contains a public library of more than 400,000 volumes, with about 3000 See also:

• MSS

MSS. and 20,000 maps .

It is especially rich in the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CLASSICS

classics, and in works bearing on literary history and the history of Germany, See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland and See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . There are also a valuable See also:

• CABINET

cabinet of coins and a collection of ancient works of art: A collection of See also:

• PORCELAIN

porcelain in the " Museum Johanneum " (which once contained the picture gallery) is made up of specimens of See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese, Japanese, See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• INDIAN

Indian, Sevres and See also:

• MEISSEN

Meissen manufacture, carefully arranged in See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order . There is in the same building an excellent See also:

• HISTORICAL

Historical Museum . In the Griine Gewolbe (Green Vault) of the Royal Palace, so called from the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of its See also:

• ORIGINAL

original decorations, there is an unequalled collection of See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious stones, pearls and works of art in See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold, See also:

• SILVER

silver, See also:

• AMBER

amber and See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory . The objects, which are about 3000 in number, are arranged in eight rooms . They include the See also:

• REGALIA (Lat. regalis, royal, from rex, king)

regalia of Augustus II. as king of Poland; the electoral See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword of Saxony; a See also:

• GROUP

group by Dinglinger, in gold and See also:

• ENAMEL (formerly " amel," derived through the Fr. amail, emmll, esmail, from a Latin word smaltum, first found in a 9th-century life of Leo IV.)

enamel, representing the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of the See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• MOGUL, MOCHAL, or MIGHAL

mogul Aurungzebe, and consisting of 132 figures upon a See also:

• PLATE

plate of silver 4 ft . 4 in. square; the largest See also:

• ONYX

onyx known, 63 in. by 24 in.; a See also:

• PEARL
• PEARL, THE

pearl representing the See also:

• DWARF (A.S. dweorg, D. dwerg, Icel. dvergr)

dwarf of Charles II. of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain; and a green brilliant weighing 40 carats . The royal palace also has a gallery of arms consisting of more than 2000 weapons of artistic or historical value . In the Zwinger are the zoological and mineralogical museums and a collection of See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments used in mathematical and See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science . Among other collections is that of the Korner museum with numerous reminiscences of the Goethe-See also:

• SCHILLER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1759-18o5)

Schiller See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch, and of the See also:

• WARS

wars of liberation (1813-15), and containing valuable See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts and See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics . Founded by Hofrath Dr Emil Peschel, it has passed into the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the city . Education.—Dresden is the seat of a number of well-known scientific associations .

The educational institutions are numerous and of a high order, including a technical high school (with about 1 too students), which enjoys the See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege of conferring the degrees of See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor of See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering, doctor of technical sciences, &c., a veterinary See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college, a See also:

• POLITICAL

political-economic institution (Gehestiftung), with library, a school of architects, a royal and four municipal gymnasia, numerous See also:

• LOWER

lower grade and popular schools, the royal conservatorium for See also:

• MUSIC

music and See also:

• DRAMA (literally "action," from Gr. Snail, act or do)

drama, and a celebrated See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy of See also:

• PAINTING

painting . Dresden has several important hospitals, asylums and other charitable institutions . Music and the Theatres.—Besides the two royal theatres, Dresden possesses several See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor theatres and music halls . The See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride of place in the See also:

• WORLD

world of music is held by the See also:

• ORCHESTRA (Fr. Orchestre; Ger. Kapelle, Orchester; Ital. Orchestra)

orchestra attached to the court theatre . Founded by Augustus II., it has become famous throughout the world, owing to the masters who have from time to time been associated with it—such as See also:

• PAER, FERDINANDO (1771-1839)

Paer, Weber, Reissiger and See also:

• WAGNER, ADOLF (1835- )
• WAGNER, RUDOLPH (1805-1864)
• WAGNER, WILHELM RICHARD (1813-1883)

Wagner . See also:

• SYMPHONY

Symphony and popular concerts are held throughout the See also:

• YEAR

year in various public halls, and, during the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, concerts of church music are frequently given in the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant Kreuz- and Frauen-Kirchen, and on Sundays in the Roman Catholic church . Communications and See also:

• INDUSTRIES

Industries.—Dresden lies at the centre of an extensive railway See also:

• SYSTEM

system, which places it in communication with the chief cities of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern and central Germany as well as with See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria and the East . Here See also:

• CROSS

cross the grand See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk lines Berlin-See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, See also:

• CHEMNITZ
• CHEMNITZ (or KEMNITZ), MARTIN (1522-1586)

Chemnitz-GBrlitz-See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau . It is connected by two lines of railway with Leipzig and by See also:

• LOCAL

local lines with neighbouring smaller towns . The See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation on the Elbe has of See also:

• RECENT

recent years largely See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed, and, in addition to See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade by river with Bohemia and See also:

• MAGDEBURG

Magdeburg-See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg, there is a considerable pleasure-See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat traffic during the summer months . The communications within the city are maintained by an excellent system of electric trams, which bring the more distant suburbs into easy connexion with the business centre . A considerable business is done on the See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange, chiefly in local industrial shares, and the See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial institutions number some fifty banks, among them branches of the Reichs Bank and of the Deutsche Bank .

Among the more notable industries may be mentioned the manufacture of See also:

• CHINA

china (see See also:

• CERAMICS, or KERAMICS (Gr. KEpapos, earthenware)

CERAMICS), of gold and silver ornaments, cigarettes, See also:

• CHOCOLATE

chocolate, coloured postcards, See also:

• PERFUMERY (Lat. per, through, and fumare, to smoke)

perfumery, See also:

• STRAW

straw-plaiting, artificial See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers, agricultural machinery, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, photographic and other scientific instruments . There are several great breweries; See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn trade is carried on, and an extensive business is done in books and objects of art . Surroundings.—The environs of the city are delightful . To the north are the See also:

• VINE

vine-clad hills of the See also:

• LOSSNITZ

Lossnitz commanding views of the valley of the Elbe from Dresden to Meissen; behind them, on an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island in a See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake, is the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Moritzburg, the See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

box of the king of Saxony . On the right bank of the Elbe, 3 M. above the city, lies the village of Loschwitz, where Schiller, in the summer of 1786, wrote the greater part of his See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don See also:

• CARLOS, DON (1545-1568)
• CARLOS, DON (1788-1855)
• CARLOS, DON (CHARLES MARIA DE LOS DOLORES JUAN ISIDOR.E JOSEPH FRANCIS QUIRIN ANTONY MICHAEL GABRIEL RAPHAEL) (1848—1909)

Carlos: above it on the fringe of the Dresdner See also:

• HEIDE

Heide, the See also:

• CLIMATIC

climatic See also:

• HEALTH

health resort Weisser-Hirsch; farther up the river towards See also:

• PIRNA

Pirna the royal summer palace See also:

• PILLNITZ

Pillnitz; to the south the Plauensche Grund, and still farther the Rabenauer Grund . History.—Dresden (Old Slav Drezga, See also:

• FOREST

forest, Drezgajan, forests dwellers), which is known to have existed in 1206, is of See also:

• SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic origin, and was originally founded on the right bank of the Elbe, on the site of the See also:

• PRESENT

present Neustadt, which is thus actually the old town . It became the capital of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry the Illustrious, See also:

• MARGRAVE (Ger. Markgraf)

margrave of Meissen, in 1270, but belonged for some time after his See also:

• DEATH

death, first to See also:

• WENCESLAUS (1361-1419)

Wenceslaus of Bohemia, and next to the margrave of See also:

• BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg . See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early in the 14th century it was restored to the margrave of Meissen . On the See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of Saxony in 1485 it See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to the Albertine See also:

• LINE

line, which has since held it . Having been burned almost to the ground in 1491, it was rebuilt; and in the 16th century the fortifications were begun and gradually extended . John George II., in the 17th century, formed the Grosser Garten, and otherwise greatly improved the town; but it was in the first See also:

• HALF

half of the 18th century, under Augustus I. and Augustus II., who were See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of Poland as well as See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors of Saxony, that Dresden assumed something like its present See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance . The Neustadt, which had been burned down in the 17th century, was founded anew by Augustus I.; he also founded Friedrichstadt .

The town suffered severely during the Seven Years' War, being bombarded in 1760 . Some damage was also inflicted on it in 1813, when See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon made it the centre of his operations; one of the buttresses and two arches of the old bridge were then blown up . The dismantling of the fortifications had been begun by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French in 181o, and was gradually completed after 1817, the space occupied by them being appropriated to gardens and promenades . Many buildings were completed or founded by King See also:

• ANTHONY, SAINT
• ANTHONY, SUSAN BROWNELL (1820-1906)

Anthony, from whom Antonstadt derives its name . Dresden again suffered severely during the revolution of 1849, but all traces of the disturbances which then took place were soon effaced . In 1866 it was occupied by the Prussians, who did not finally evacuate it until the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of the following year . Since that time numerous improvements have been carried out . See See also:

• LINDAU
• LINDAU, PAUL (1839– )

Lindau, Geschichte der See also:

• HAUPT, MORITZ (1808—1874)

Haupt- and Residenzstadt Dresden (2 vols., Dresden, 1884-1885) ; PrOlss, Geschichte See also:

• DES

des Hoftheaters in Dresden (Dresden, 1877); See also:

• SCHUMANN, ROBERT ALEXANDER (1810-1856)

Schumann, Fiihrer durch See