See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

WILLIAM See also:

• DRUMMOND, HENRY (1786-r86o)
• DRUMMOND, HENRY (1851-1897)
• DRUMMOND, THOMAS (r797-1840)
• WILLIAM DRUMMOND (1585-1649)

DRUMMOND (1585-1649)  , called " of See also:

• HAWTHORN
• HAWTHORN (O. Eng. Naga-, hog-, or hege-thorn, i.e. " hedge-thorn ")

Hawthorn-den;" Scottish poet, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Hawthornden, near See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, on the 13th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1585 . His See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• DRUMMOND, HENRY (1786-r86o)
• DRUMMOND, HENRY (1851-1897)
• DRUMMOND, THOMAS (r797-1840)
• DRUMMOND, WILLIAM (1585-1649)

Drummond, was the first See also:

• LAIRD, MACGREGOR (18o8—1861)

laird of Hawthornden; and his See also:

• MOTHER

mother was Susannah See also:

• FOWLER, CHARLES (1792-1867)
• FOWLER, EDWARD (1632-1714)
• FOWLER, JOHN (1826-1864)
• FOWLER, SIR JOHN (1817-1898)
• FOWLER, WILLIAM (c. 156o-1614)

Fowler, See also:

• SISTER

sister of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Fowler (q.v.)., poet and courtier . Drummond received his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• EDUCATION

education at the high school of Edinburgh, and graduated in See also:

• JULY

July 16o5 as M.A. of the recently founded university of Edinburgh . His father was a See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman See also:

• USHER (O. Fr. ussier, uissier, mod. huissier, from Lat. ostiarius, a door-keeper, ostium, doorway, entrance, os, mouth)
• USHER (or USSHER), JAMES (1581-1656)

usher at the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court (as he had been at the Scottish court from 1590) and William, in a visit to See also:

• LONDON

London in 1606, describes the festivities in connexion with the visit of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark . Drummond spent two years at See also:

• BOURGES

Bourges and See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in the study of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law; and, in 16o9, he was again in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, where, by the See also:

• DEATH

death of his father in the following See also:

• YEAR

year, he became laird of Hawthornden at the early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twenty-four . The See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of books he read up to, this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time is preserved in his own See also:

• HANDWRITING

handwriting . It indicates a strong preference for imaginative literature, and shows that he was keenly interested in contemporary See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse . His collection (now in the library of the university of Edinburgh) contains many first See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of the most famous productions of the age . On finding himself his own See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master, Drummond naturally abandoned law for the See also:

• MUSES, THE (Gr. Mo6o-at, the thinkers)

muses; " for," says his biographer in 1711, " the delicacy of his wit always run on the pleasantness and usefulness of See also:

• HISTORY

history, and on the fame and softness of See also:

• POETRY

poetry." Ii 1612 began his See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence with See also:

• SIR

Sir William See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander of Menstrie, afterwards See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• STIRLING
• STIRLING, JAMES (1692-1770)
• STIRLING, JAMES HUTCHISON (182o-1909)
• STIRLING, MARY ANNE [FANNY] (1815-1895)
• STIRLING, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, (titular) EARL OF (1726—1783)
• STIRLING, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, EARL OF (c. 1567-1640)

Stirling (q.v.), which ripened into a See also:

• LIFE

life-See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long friendship after Drummond's visit to Menstrie in 1614: Drummond's first publication appeared in 1613, an See also:

• ELEGY

elegy on the death of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry, See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, called Teares on the Death of Meliades (Moeliades, 3rd edit . 1614) . The poem shows the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• SPENSER, EDMUND (c. 1552-1599)
• SPENSER, JOHN (1559-1614)

Spenser's and See also:

• SIDNEY
• SIDNEY (or SYDNEY), ALGERNON (1622-1683)
• SIDNEY, SIR HENRY (1529-1586)
• SIDNEY, SIR PHILIP (1554-1586)

Sidney's pastoralism . In the same year he published an See also:

• ANTHOLOGY

anthology of the elegies of See also:

• CHAPMAN (from O. Eng. ceap, and Mid. Eng. ,heap, to barter, cf. " Cheapside " in London, and Ger. Kaufmann)
• CHAPMAN, GEORGE (? 1559–1634)

Chapman, See also:

• WITHER, GEORGE (1588-1667)

Wither and others, entitled See also:

• MAUSOLEUM

Mausoleum, or The Choisest Flowres of the Epitaphs .

In 1616, the year of See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare's death, appeared Poems: Amorous, Funerall, Divine,' Pastorali: in Sonnets, Songs, Sextains, Madrigals, being substantially the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of his love for See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary See also:

• CUNNINGHAM, ALEXANDER (c.1655-173o)
• CUNNINGHAM, ALLAN (1784-1842)
• CUNNINGHAM, WILLIAM (1805-1861)

Cunningham of Barns, who was about to become his wife when she died in 1615 . The poems See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear marks of a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close study of Sidney, and of the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian poets . He sometimes translates See also:

• DIRECT

direct from the Italian, especially from See also:

• MARINI (or MARINO), GIAMBATTISTA (1569-1625)

Marini . Forth Feasting: A Panegyricke to the King's Most Excellent Majestie (1617), a poem written in heroic couplets of remarkable facility, celebrates See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James's visit to Scotland in that year . In 1618 Drummond began a correspondence with See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael See also:

• DRAYTON, MICHAEL (1563-1631)

Drayton . The two poets continued to write at intervals for thirteen years, the last See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter being dated in the year of Drayton's death . The latter had almost been persuaded by his " dear Drummond" to See also:

• PRINT

print the later books of Poly-Olbian at See also:

• HART, ALBERT BUSHNELL (1854– )
• HART, CHARLES (d. 1683)
• HART, ERNEST ABRAHAM (1835–1898)
• HART, SIR ROBERT
• HART, WILLIAM (1823–1894)

Hart's Edinburgh See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press . In the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter of 1618-1619, Drummond had included See also:

• BEN (from Old Eng. bennan, within)

Ben See also:

• JONSON

Jonson in his circle of See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, and at See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas 1618 was honoured with a visit of a fortnight or more from the dramatist . The See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of their conversations, long supposed to be lost, was discovered in the See also:

• ADVOCATES, FACULTY OF

Advocates' Library, Edinburgh, by See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David See also:

• LAING, ALEXANDER GORDON (1793–1826)
• LAING, DAVID (1793–1878)
• LAING, MALCOLM (1762-1818)
• LAING, SAMUEL (1810-1897)

Laing, and was edited for the Shakespeare Society in 1842 and printed by See also:

• GIFFORD, ROBERT SWAIN (184o—19o5)
• GIFFORD, SANDFORD ROBINSON (1823–188o)
• GIFFORD, WILLIAM (1756-1826)

Gifford & Cunningham . The conversations are full of literary See also:

• GOSSIP (from the O.E. godsibb, i.e. God, and sib, akin, standing in relation to)

gossip, and embody Ben's See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of himself and of his See also:

• HOST

host, whom he frankly told that " his verses were too much of the schooles, and were not after the fancie of the time," and again that he " was too See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good and See also:

• SIMPLE

simple, and that oft a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man's modestie made a See also:

• FOOL (O. Fr. fol, modern fou, foolish, from a Late Latin use of follis, bellows, a ball filled with air, for a stupid person, a jester, a wind-bag)

fool of his witt." But the publication of what was obviously intended merely for a private See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

journal has given Jonson an undeserved reputation for harsh judgments, a.nd has See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast blame on Drummond for blackening his See also:

• GUEST (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Gast, and Swed. gust; cognate with Lat. hostis, originally a stranger, hence enemy; cf. " host " )
• GUEST, EDWIN (1800–188o)

guest's memory . In 1623 appeared the poet's See also:

• FOURTH

fourth publication, entitled See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

Flowers of See also:

• SION [Ger. Sitten]

Sion: By William Drummond of Hawthornedenne: to which is adjoyned his Cypresse See also:

• GROVE (O.E. graf, cf. O.E. gr(efa, brushwood, later" greave "; the word does not appear in any other Teutonic language, and the New English Dictionary finds no Indo-European root to which it can be referred; Skeat considers it connected with " grave," to
• GROVE, SIR GEORGE (182o-1900)
• GROVE, SIR WILLIAM ROBERT (1811-1896)

Grove . From 1625 till 1630 Drummond was probably for the most See also:

• PART

part engaged in travelling on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

Continent .

In 1627, however, he seems to have been See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time, as, in that year, he appears in the entirely new See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the holder of a patent for the construction of military See also:

• MACHINES

machines, entitled "Litera Magistri Gulielmi Drummond de Fabrica Machinarum Militarium, See also:

• ANNO, or HANNO, SAINT (c. Toro—ro75)

Anno 1627." The same year, 1627, is the date of Drummond's munificent See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift (referred to above) of about 50o volumes to the library of the university of Edinburgh . In 163o Drummond again began to reside permanently at Hawthornden, and in 1632 he married See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth See also:

• LOGAN
• LOGAN, JOHN (1748-1788)
• LOGAN, JOHN (c. 1725-1780)
• LOGAN, JOHN ALEXANDER (1826-1886)
• LOGAN, SIR WILLIAM EDMOND (1798-1875)

Logan, by whom he had five sons and four daughters . In 1633 See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles made his See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation-visit to Scotland; and Drummond's See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen was employed in See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing congratulatory speeches and verses . As Drummond preferred See also:

• EPISCOPACY (from Late Lat. episcopatus, the office of a bishop, episcopas)

Episcopacy to See also:

• PRESBYTERY

Presbytery, and was an extremely loyal subject, he supported Charles's See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general policy, though he protested against the methods employed to enforce it . When See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• BALMERINO, JAMES ELPHINSTONE

Balmerino was put on his trial on the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of retaining in his See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession a See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition regarded as a See also:

• LIBEL

libel on the king's See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, Drummond in an energetic " Letter " (1635) urged the injustice and folly of the proceedings . About this time a claim by the earl of See also:

• MENTEITH, or MONTEITII

Menteith to the earldom of Strathearn, which was based on the assertion that See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert III., See also:

• HUSBAND

husband of Annabella Drummond, was illegitimate, roused the poet's See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride of See also:

• BLOOD

blood and prompted him to prepare an See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of his See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house . Partly to please his kinsman the earl of See also:

• PERTH
• PERTH, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Perth, and partly to satisfy his own curiosity, the poet made researches in the See also:

• GENEALOGY (from the Gr. yivos, family, and Vryos, theory)

genealogy of the See also:

• FAMILY

family . This investigation was the real See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret of Drummond's See also:

• INTEREST

interest in Scottish history; and so we find that he now began his History of Scotland during the Reigns of the Five Jameses, a See also:

• WORK

work which did not appear till 1655, and is remarkable only for its good literary See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style . His next work was called forth by the king's enforced submission to the opposition of his Scottish subjects . It is entitled See also:

• IRENE

Irene: or a Remonstrance for See also:

• CONCORD
• CONCORD, BOOK OF (Liber Concordiae)

Concord, Amity, and Love amongst His See also:

• MAJESTY (Fr. majeste; Lat. majestas, grandeur, greatness, from the base mag-, as in magnus, great, major, greater, &c.)

Majesty's Subjects (1638), and embodies Drummond's See also:

• POLITICAL

political creed of submission to authority as the only logical See also:

• REFUGE

refuge from See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

democracy, which he hated . In 1639 Drummond had to sign the See also:

• COVENANT
• COVENANT (an O. Fr. form, later convenant, from convenir, to agree, Lat. convenire)

Covenant in self-See also:

• PROTECTION

protection, but was uneasy under the See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden, as several political squibs by him testify . In 1643 he published latagaxia: or a Defence of a Petition tendered to• the Lords of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council of Scotland by certain Noblemen and Gentlemen, a political pamphlet in support of those royalists in Scotland who wished to espouse the king's cause against the English See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament .

Its burden is an invective on the intolerance of the then dominant Presbyterian See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy . His later See also:

• WORKS

works may be described briefly as royalist See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets, written with more or less caution, as the times required . Drummond took the part of See also:

• MONTROSE
• MONTROSE, JAMES GRAHAM, MARQUESS OF (1612—1650)
• MONTROSE, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF

Montrose; and a letter from the Royalist See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader in 1646 acknowledged his services . He also wrote a pamphlet, " A Vindication of the Hamiltons," supporting the claims of the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead the Scottish See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army which was to See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release Charles I . It is said that Drummond's See also:

• HEALTH

health received a severe See also:

• SHOCK, or COLLAPSE

shock when See also:

• NEWS

news was brought of the king's See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution . He died on the 4th of December 1649 . He was buried in his See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of Lasswade . Drummond's most important works are the Cypresse Grove and the poems . The Cypresse Grove exhibits See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of See also:

• ILLUSTRATION

illustration, and an extraordinary command of musical English . It is an See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay on the folly of the fear of death . " This globe of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth," says he, " which seemeth huge to us, in respect of the universe, and compared with that wide See also:

• PAVILION

pavilion of See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven; is less than little, of no sensible quantity, and but as a point." This is one of Drummond's favourite moods; and he uses constantly in his poems such phrases as " the All," " this great All." Even in such of his poems as may be called more distinctively See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian, this philosophic conception is at work . A noteworthy feature in Drummond's poetry, as in that of his courtier contemporaries Ayton (q.v.), Lord Stirling and others, is that it manifests no characteristic Scottish See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element, but owes its See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth and See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration rather to the English and Italian masters .

Drummond was essentially a follower of Spenser, but, amid all his sensuousness, and even in those lines most conspicuously beautiful, there is a dash of See also:

• MELANCHOLY (Gr. µe)tayXotia, from µEtas, black, and Xotii, bile)

melancholy thoughtfulness—a tendency deepened by the death of his first love, Mary Cunningham . Drummond was called " the Scottish See also:

• PETRARCH (1304-1374)

Petrarch "; and his sonnets, which are the expression of a genuine See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion, stand far above most of the confemporary Petrarcan imitations . A remarkable See also:

• BURLESQUE (Ital. burlesco, from burla, a joke, fun, playful trick)

burlesque poem Polemo-Middinia inter Vitarvam et Nebernam (printed anonymously in 1684) has been persistently, and with good See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, ascribed to him . It is a See also:

• MOCK

mock-heroic See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale, in See also:

• DOG

dog-Latin, of a See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country See also:

• FEUD

feud on the Fifeshire lands of his old friends the Cunninghams . Drummond's Poems, with Cypresse Grove, the History, and a few of the See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor tracts, were collected in 1656 and edited by See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• PHILLIPS
• PHILLIPS, ADELAIDE (1833-1882)
• PHILLIPS, EDWARD (163o-1696)
• PHILLIPS, JOHN (1800—1874)
• PHILLIPS, SAMUEL (1814—1854)
• PHILLIPS, STEPHEN (1868– )
• PHILLIPS, THOMAS (1770-1845)
• PHILLIPS, WENDELL (1811-1884)

Phillips, See also:

• MILTON
• MILTON, JOHN (1608–1674)

Milton's See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew . The Works of William Drummond, of Hawthornden (1711), edited by See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

Sage and See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• RUDDIMAN, THOMAS (1674–1757)

Ruddiman, contains a life by the former, and some of the poet's letters . A handsome edition of the Poems was printed by the See also:

• MAITLAND (MAITLAND OF LETHINGTON), WILLIAM
• MAITLAND, EAST
• MAITLAND, EDWARD (1824-1897)
• MAITLAND, FREDERIC WILLIAM (1850-1906)
• MAITLAND, SIR RICHARD (LORD LETHINGTON) (1496-r586)

Maitland See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

Club in 1832 . Later editions are by See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter Cunningham (1833), by William R . Turnbull in The Library of Old Authors " (1856), and by W . C . See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

Ward (1894) for " The Muses' Library." The See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography of Drummond is by David See also:

• MASSON, DAVID (1822–1907)
• MASSON, LOUIS CLAUDE FREDERIC (1847– )

Masson (1873) . Extracts from the Hawthornden See also:

• MSS

MSS. preserved in the Library of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland were printed by David Laing in A rchaeologia Scotica, vol. iv .