See also:

• DRUSES
• DRUSES, or DRUZES (Arab. Druz)

DRUSES, or DRUZES (Arab. Druz)  , a See also:

• PEOPLE

people of See also:

• MID

mid-See also:

• SYRIA

Syria (for the derivation of the name see See also:

• HISTORY

History See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section below), distributed nowadays into three isolated See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups, of which the most numerous inhabits See also:

• JEBEL (plur. jibed)

Jebel Hauran (Jebel Druz), E. of See also:

• JORDAN (the down-comer; Arab. esh-Sheri'a, the watering-place)
• JORDAN, CAMILLE (1771—1821)
• JORDAN, DOROTHEA (1762—1816)
• JORDAN, THOMAS (1612 ?–1685)
• JORDAN, WILHELM (1819–1904)

Jordan (about 55,000); the second, the cazas of Shuf and Metn in See also:

• LEBANON
• LEBANON (from Semitic laban, " to be white," or " whitish," probably referring not to snow, but to the bare white walls ofchalk or limestone which form the characteristic feature of the whole range)

Lebanon (about 50,000); the third, the cazas of See also:

• HASBEYA, or HASBEIYA

Hasbeya, Rasheya, W. al Ajem, Horns, Hamadiyeh and Selimiyeh in See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

Anti-Lebanon and See also:

• HERMON

Hermon (about 45,000) . The first See also:

• GROUP

group, which has been greatly increased by migrants from the second, since the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the privileged Lebanon See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province (1861) under See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian auspices, lives apart from other peoples in semi-See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence . The second is now confined to the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Lebanon, and even there is greatly outnumbered by See also:

• MARONITES (Arab. Mawarina)

Maronites, who, in the whole " See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

Mountain," stand to See also:

• DRUSES
• DRUSES, or DRUZES (Arab. Druz)

Druses as 9 to 2 . The third is counterbalanced everywhere by a large See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of Moslem and Orthodox Syrians . The Hauran, therefore, has become the stronghold of the Druses, offering nowadays the best See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field for studying their See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar customs and See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion; and the group there still increases at the expense of the other groups, despite efforts on the See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• OTTOMAN

Ottoman See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to check Druse See also:

• MIGRATION

migration by both conciliatory and repressive See also:

• MEASURES

measures . The actual distinction of the Druses, as a racial unity, despite their See also:

• DISPERSION
• DISPERSION (from Lat. dispergere, to scatter)

dispersion, depends so exclusively on the peculiarity of their See also:

• COMMON

common religion, that it will be well at once to give an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of Druse creed and practice as they are understood to stand at the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . How this religion may have grown up and come to be theirs will be considered later . Religion.—Druse religion is a See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret faith, and the following account is given with all reserves . There are many indications that a more See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive cult, containing elements of Nature See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship, preceded it, and still survives in the popular practices of the more remote Druse districts, e.g. in the eastern Hauran . The Muwahhidin (Unitarians), as the Druses See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call themselves, believe that there is one and only one See also:

• GOD

God, indefinable, incomprehensible, ineffable, passionless . He has made himself known to men by successive incarnations, of which the last was Hakim, the See also:

• SIXTH

sixth Fatimit'e See also:

• CALIPH, CALIF

caliph . How many these incarnations have been is stated variously; but seventy, one for each See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the See also:

• WORLD

world, seems the best-attested number .

Jesus appears to be accepted as one such incarnation, but not See also:

• MAHOMET (strictly MUHAMMAD, commonly also MOHAMMED)

Mahomet, although it is agreed that, in his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, the " Universal Intelligence " (see later) was made flesh, in the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of Mikdad al-Aswad . No further incarnation can now take See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place: in Hakim a final See also:

• APPEAL

appeal was made to mankind, and after the See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door of See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy had stood open to all for twenty-six years, it was finally and for ever closed . When the tribulation of the faithful has reached its height, Hakim will reappear to conquer the world and render his religion supreme . Druses, believed to be dispersed in See also:

• CHINA

China, will return to Syria . The combined See also:

• BODY

body of the Faithful will take See also:

• MECCA (Arab. Makkah)

Mecca, and finally See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem, and all the world will accept the Faith . The first of the creatures of God is the Universal Intelligence or Spirit, impersonated in Hamza, Hakim's See also:

• VIZIER

vizier . This Spirit was the creator of all subordinate beings, and alone has immediate communion with the Deity . Next in See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, and equally supporting the See also:

• THRONE

throne of the Almighty, are four Ministering See also:

• SPIRITS

Spirits, the Soul, the Word, the Right Wing and the See also:

• LEFT

Left Wing, who, in Hakim's time, were embodied respectively in Ismael Darazi, Mahommed See also:

• IBN

ibn Wahab, Selama ibn Abd al-Wahal and Baha ud-Din; and beneath these again are spiritual agents of various ranks . The material world is an See also:

• EMANATION (Lat. emanatio, from e-, out, manare, to flow)

emanation from, and a " See also:

• MIRROR (through O. Fr. mirour, mod. miroir, from a sup-posed Late Lat. miratorium, from mirari, to admire)

mirror " of, the Divine Intelligence . The number of human beings admits neither of increase nor of decrease, and a See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• PROCESS

process of See also:

• METEMPSYCHOSIS (Gr. µF El.4/1Xco rts)

metempsychosis goes on continually . The souls of the virtuous pass after See also:

• DEATH

death into ever new incarnations of greater perfection, till at last they reach a point at which they can be re-absorbed into the Deity itself; those of the wicked may be degraded to the level of camels or See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs . All previous religions are See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere types of the true, and their sacred books and observances are to be interpreted allegorically .

The See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel and the See also:

• KORAN

Koran are both regarded as inspired books, but not as religious guides . The latter See also:

• FUNCTION

function is performed solely by the Druse Scriptures . As the See also:

• ADMISSION

admission of converts is no longer permitted, the faithful are enjoined to keep their See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine secret from the profane; and in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order that their See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance may not bring them into danger, they are allowed (like See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian mystics) to make outward profession of whatever religion is dominant around them . To this latter See also:

• INDULGENCE (Lat. indulgentia, indulgere, to grant, concede)

indulgence is to be attributed the apparent indifferentism' which leads to their joining Moslems in prayers and ablutions, or sprinkling themselves with See also:

• HOLY

holy See also:

• WATER

water in Maronite churches . Obedience is required to the seven commandments of Hamza, the first and greatest of which enjoins truth in words (but only those of Druse speaking with Druse); the second, watchfulness over the safety of the brethren; the third, See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute renunciation of every other religion; the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth, See also:

• COMPLETE

complete separation from all who are in See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error; the fifth, recognition of the unity of " Our See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord " in all ages; the sixth, complete resignation to his will; and the seventh, complete obedience to Ms orders . See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

Prayer, however, is regarded as an impertinent interference with the Creator; while, at the same time, instead of the fatalistic See also:

• PREDESTINATION (from Late Lat. praedestinare, to deter-mine beforehand; from the root sta, as in stare, stand)

predestination of Mahommedanism, the freedom of the human will is distinctly maintained . Not only is the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of secrecy rigidly obeyed in regard to the See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien world, but full See also:

• INITIATION (Lat. inilium, beginning, entrance, from mire, to go in)

initiation into the deeper mysteries of the creed is permitted only to a See also:

• SPECIAL

special' class designated Akils, (Arabic `Akl, intelligence), in contradistinction from whom all other members of the Druse community, whatever may be their position or attainments, are called Jahel, the Ignorant . About 15 % of the adult population belong to the order of Akils . Admission is granted to any Druse of either See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex who expresses willingness to conform to the See also:

• LAWS

laws of the society, and during a See also:

• YEAR

year of See also:

• PROBATION

probation gives sufficient See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of sincerity and stability of purpose . There appears to be no formal distinction of rank among the various members; and though the See also:

• AMIR, or AMEER (an Arabic word meaning " commander," from the root amr, " commanding ")

amir, Beshir Shehab, used to appoint a See also:

• SHEIKH, or SHAIKH

sheikh of the Akils, the person thus distinguished obtained no primacy over his See also:

• FELLOWS, SIR CHARLES (1799-1860)

fellows . Exceptional See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence depends upon exceptional sanctity or ability . All are required to abstain from See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco and See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine; the See also:

• WOMEN

women used not to be allowed to See also:

• WEAR

wear See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold or See also:

• SILVER

silver, or See also:

• SILK

silk or See also:

• BROCADE

brocade, but this See also:

• RULE

rule is commonly broken now; and although neither See also:

• CELIBACY (Lat. caelibatus, from caelebs, unmarried)

celibacy nor retirement from the affairs of the world is either imperative or customary, unusual respect is shown to those who voluntarily submit themselves to ascetic discipline .

While the Akils mingle frankly with the common people, and are remarkably See also:

• FREE

free from clerical pretension, they are none the less careful to maintain their privileges . They are distinguished by the wearing of a See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• TURBAN

turban, emblematic of the purity of their See also:

• LIFE

life . Their See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food must be See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased with See also:

• MONEY

money lawfully acquired; and lest they should unwittingly partake of any that is ceremonially unclean, they require those Jahels, whose hospitality they See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share, to See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply their wants from a See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store set apart for their exclusive use . The ideal Akil is See also:

• GRAVE

grave, See also:

• CALM

calm and dignified, with an See also:

• INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

infinite capacity of keeping a secret, and a devotion that knows no limits to the interests of his creed . On See also:

• THURSDAY

Thursday evening, the commencement of the weekly day of See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, the members of the order meet together in the various districts, probably for the See also:

• READING

reading of their sacred books and consultation on matters of ecclesiastical or See also:

• POLITICAL

political importance . Their See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-houses, khalwas, are See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, unornamented edifices . These have See also:

• PROPERTY

property attached to them, the revenues of which are consecrated to the See also:

• RELIEF

relief of the poor and the demands of hospitality . In the eastern Hauran, there are See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill-See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top shrines containing each a See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, on which rugs, &c., are hung, and these seem to perpetuate features of pre-Islamic Arabian cult, including the See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice of animals, e.g. goats . They are held in reverence by the See also:

• BEDOUINS (Ahl Bedu, " dwellers in the open land," or Ahl el beit, " people of the tent," as they call themselves)

Bedouins . The women assemble in the khalwas at the same time as the men, a part of the space being fenced off for them by a semi-transparent black See also:

• VEIL (O.Fr. veile, mod. voile, from Lat. velum, cloth, awning, sail)

veil . Even while the Akils are assembled, strangers are readily enough admitted to the khalwas; but as See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as these are present the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary ceremonies are neglected, and the Koran takes the place of the Druse Scriptures . It has been frequently asserted that the See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image of a See also:

• CALF
• CALF, THE GOLDEN

calf is kept in a See also:

• NICHE (through Fr. niche from Ital. nicchia, nicchio, shell; possibly from Lat. mitulus, a sea-mussel; cf. " napkin " from mappa)

niche, and traces of phallic and gynaecocratic worship have been vaguely suspected; but there is no See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information in support of either statement .

The calf, if calf there be, is probably a See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol of the execrable See also:

• HERESY

heresy of Darazi, who is frequently styled the calf by his Orthodox opponents . See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

Ignorance is the See also:

• MOTHER

mother of suspicion as well as of superstition; and accordingly the Christian in-habitants of the Lebanon have long been persuaded that the Druses in their secret assemblies are guilty of the most nefarious practices . For this allegation, so frequently repeated by See also:

• EUROPEAN

European writers, there seems to be little See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence; and it is certain that the sacred books of the religion contain moral teaching of a high order on the whole . As a formulated creed, the Druse See also:

• SYSTEM

system is not a thousand years old . In the year A.U . 996 (386 A.H.) Hakim Biamrillahi (i.e. he who See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges by the command of God), sixth of the Fatimite caliphs (third in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt), began to reign; and during the next twenty-five years he indulged in a tyranny at once so terrible and so fantastic that little doubt can be entertained of his See also:

• INSANITY (from Lat. in, not, and sanus, sound)

insanity . He believed that he held See also:

• DIRECT

direct intercourse with the deity, or even that he was an incarnation of the divine intelligence; and in A.D. ioz6 (407 A.H.) his claims were made known in the See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque at See also:

• CAIRO
• CAIRO (Arabic Misr-al-Kahira, or simply Misr)

Cairo, and supported by the testimony of Ismael Darazi . The people showed such See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter hostility to the new gospel that Darazi was compelled to seek safety in See also:

• FLIGHT

flight; but even in See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence he was faithful to his god, and succeeded inwinning over certain ignorant inhabitants of Lebanon . According to the Druses, this See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion took place in A.D . 1019 (410 A.H.) . Meanwhile the endeavours of the caliph to get his divinity acknowledged by the people of Cairo continued . The advocacy of See also:

• HASAN

Hasan ibn Haidara Fergani was without avail; but in 1017 (408 A.H.) the new religion found a more successful apostle in the person of Hamza ibn See also:

• ALI

Ali ibn Ahmed, a Persian mystic, See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt-maker by See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, who became Hakim's vizier, gave See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form and substance to his creed, and by an ingenious See also:

• ADAPTATION (from Lat. adaptare. to fit to)

adaptation of its various dogmas to the prejudices of existing sects, finally enlisted an extensive body of adherents .

In 1020 (411 A.H.) the caliph was assassinated by contrivance of his See also:

• SISTER

sister Sitt ul-Mulk; but it was given out by Hamza that he had only withdrawn for a.See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season, and his followers were encouraged to look forward with confidence to his triumphant return . Darazi, who had acted independently in his apostolate, was branded by Hamza as a heretic, and thus, by a curious See also:

• ANOMALY (from Gr. lwvw)

anomaly, he is actually held in detestation by the very See also:

• SECT

sect which perhaps bears his name . The See also:

• PROPAGATION

propagation of the faith in accordance with Hamza's initiation was undertaken by Ismael ibn Mahommed Tamimi, Mahommed ibn Wahab, Abul-Khair Selama ibn Abd al-Wahal ibn Samurri, and Moktana Baha ud-Din, the last of whom became known by his writings from See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople to the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India . In two letters addressed to the emperors See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine VIII. and See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael the Paphlagonian he endeavoured to prove that the Christian See also:

• MESSIAH (Dan. x. 25, 26)

Messiah reappeared in the person of Hamza . It is possible, even probable, that the segregation of the Druses as a people See also:

• DATES

dates only from the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of Hamza's creed . But when it is recalled that other inhabitants of the same mountain system, e.g. the Maronites, the Ansarieh, the Metawali and the " Isma`ilites," also profess See also:

• CREEDS (Lat. credo, I believe), or CONFESSIONS OF FAITH

creeds which, like the Druse system, differ from Sunni See also:

• ISLAM

Islam in the important feature of admitting incarnations of the Deity, it is impossible not to suspect that Hamza's emissaries only gave See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition and form to beliefs long established in this part of the world . Many of the fundamental ideas of Druse See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology belong to a common See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic stock; but the peculiar history of the Mountain is no doubt responsible for beliefs, held elsewhere by different peoples, being combined there in a single creed . Some See also:

• ALLOWANCE (from "allow,' derived through 0. Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of "assigning with approval")

allowance, too, must be made for the See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability that Hamza's system owed something to doctrines Christian and other, with which the See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan position of Cairo brought Fatimite society into contact . History — There is See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good reasonto regard the Druses as, racially, a mixture of refugee See also:

• STOCKS

stocks, in which the Arab largely predominates, grafted on to an See also:

• ORIGINAL

original mountain population of Aramaic See also:

• BLOOD

blood and Incarnationist tendencies . The latter is represented more purely by the Maronites (q.v.) . The native tradition regards an See also:

• IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

immigration of See also:

• HIRA

Hira See also:

• ARABS

Arabs into S . Lebanon, under Khalid ibn Walid in the 9th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, as the beginning of Druse distinctiveness and See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power; but it also accepts See also:

• TURKOMAN

Turkoman and Kurdish elements in the original Druse See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state .

About the same time, or a little later (in the reign of See also:

• SALADIN (Arab. Sala-ud-din, " Honouring the Faith ") (1138—1193)

Saladin), it believes that Hermon was colonized by a population of 15,000 Hira and Yemenite Arabs, who had sojourned awhile in Hauran . The name Druse is met with first in See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

Benjamin of See also:

• TUDELA

Tudela (c . A.D . 1170), and its origin has been much disputed . Some authorities see in it a descriptive epithet, derived from Arabic darasa (those who read the See also:

• BOOK

Book), or darisa (those in See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of Truth) or dugs (the See also:

• CLEVER

clever or initiated); but more connect it with the name of the first missionary, Ismael Darazi . As soon as we begin to know anything of the Druses they were living in a feudal state of society, as See also:

• VILLAGE

village communities under sheikhs, themselves generally subordinate to one or more amirs . In the time of the first See also:

• CRUSADES

crusades the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main power was in the hands of the Arslan See also:

• FAMILY

family, which, however, suffered so severely in See also:

• WARS

wars with the See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks, that it was superseded by the Tnuhs, who, holding See also:

• BEIRUT

Beirut and nearly all the Phoenician See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, came into conflict with the sultans of Egypt . One of these latter, Malik Ashraf, about A.D . 1300, forced outward compliance with Sunni Islam on the Mountain, after defeating the Druses at See also:

• AIN

Ain Sofar . Meanwhile, however, the Maan family, lately immigrant from N . See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia, was growing in power, and throwing in its See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot with the Osmanli invaders in the reign of See also:

• SELIM

Selim I., it was promoted to the supreme amirate about 1517 . Fakr ud-Din Maan II. increased Druse dominion until it included all the N .

Syrian region from the edge of the See also:

• ANTIOCH

Antioch plain to See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

Acre, with part of the eastern See also:

• DESERT

desert, dominated by his See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle at Tadmor (See also:

• PALMYRA

Palmyra), and the important towns of See also:

• LATAKIA (anc. Laodicea)

Latakia, See also:

• TRIPOLI
• TRIPOLI (Tarabulus el-Gharb, i.e. Tripoli of the West)
• TRIPOLI, or TARABULUS (anc. Tripolis)

Tripoli, Beirut and Saida; and forming further ambitious designs, he intrigued with Christians and See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke with the See also:

• TURKS

Turks . In 1614 the See also:

• PASHA

pasha of See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus moved against him with a large force, and compelled him to See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly from Syria . He sought the courts of See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany and See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples and tried to enlist See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

Frank sympathies, inventing (probably) the curious myth, so often credited since, that the Druses are of crusading origin and owe their name to the See also:

• COUNTS

counts of See also:

• DREUX

Dreux 1 I Sophisticated Druses still sometimes claim connexion with Rosicrucians, and a special relation to Scottish freemasons . He landed again at Saida in 1619 and recovered his old position . But in 1633 Kuchuk Ahmed Pasha was sent against him with a large See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, and succeeded in capturing him with his sons . The family was sent to Constantinople, and two years later strangled . The See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty struggled on till the end of the century, amid See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, in which the parties seem to have been divided by the earlier Arab factions of Kaisites (Qaisites) and Yemenites, the Maan belonging to the latter . The Shehab family, originally Hira Arabs, which had governed Hauran under the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early caliphs of Damascus, and thereafter held power in Hermon, intermarried with the Maan; and in the latter's day of weakness sided with the Kaisi See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction and obtained the supreme amirate of the Mountain . But it appears never to have professed the Druse creed, remaining Sunnite . Haidar Shehab, third of the See also:

• LINE

line, inflicted a notable defeat on the pasha of Saida (See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of an Ottoman eyalet since 1688) and the Yemenite Druses at Ain Dara, near Zahleh, in 1711, and proceeded to consolidate Shehab power, breaking up the old feudal society and substituting for the sheikhs mukatajis (tax-contractors), who had penal See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction . The Yemenite Druses thereupon emigrated in large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers to the Hauran, and laid the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of Druse power there . The Turks recognized the status quo, and made terms with the Shehab amir in 1748; but his power was none too well secured against the opposition of the Kurdish Jumblat family, even though he was supported by the Talhuk, Abd al-Malik and Yezbeki families; and it appears that some members of the Shehab joined the Maronite faith in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 18th century, causing a suspicion of secret See also:

• APOSTASY (aaoafiavis, in classical Greek a defection or revolt from a military commander)

apostasy to fall on all the family .

It is said that the amir Beshir, who succeeded about 1786, was himself a crypto-Christian . This remarkable See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, who ruled the Mountain for fifty-four years, maintained his power by taking the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of one See also:

• REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel pa.sha after another, betraying each in turn, and cultivating relations with European admirals . His earliest ally was Ahmed " Jezzar," who established himself in Acre in contumacious independence See also:

• LATE

late in the 18th century . Beshir supported Jezzar against See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon in 1799 and earned the friendship of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• SIDNEY
• SIDNEY (or SYDNEY), ALGERNON (1622-1683)
• SIDNEY, SIR HENRY (1529-1586)
• SIDNEY, SIR PHILIP (1554-1586)

Sidney See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith . Falling out with Jezzar, Beshir fled to Cairo in 1805, attached himself to Mehemet Ali, and returned to take up the reins . Once more chased out by the Turks, he was again in the Mountain in 1823, allied with Abdallah, on whom Jezzar's See also:

• MANTLE

mantle had ultimately fallen at Acre, and maintaining friendly relations with the " See also:

• ENGLISH

English Princess," See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady Hester See also:

• STANHOPE, EARLS
• STANHOPE, LADY HESTER LUCY (1776-1839)

Stanhope . He now finally worsted the Jumblat . The invasion of Syria by Mehemet Ali in 1831 caused Beshir to desert Abdallah and throw in his lot with See also:

• IBRAHIM

Ibrahim Pasha; but he was not cordially followed by the Druses in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, and had good excuse for revolt in 1839, and intrigue with the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• ADMIRAL

admiral in 1840 . Ibrahim, however, by his possession of Druse hostages, restrained the amir, and after the See also:

• BOMBARDMENT

bombardment of Acre, the Turks called him to account for his See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion and treachery . He fled to See also:

• MALTA
• MALTA (or MEDITERRANEAN) FEVER

Malta on a British See also:

• SHIP

ship, but was induced to go to Constantinople, where he died in 1851 . His successor, Beshir al-Kassim, openly joined the Maronites, and instigating these against the malcontents of his own people, brought enmities, which had been growing for a century, to a See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, and initiated a devastating internecine warfare which was to continue for twenty years . The state of the Lebanon went from See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad to worse, and at last, in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1842, the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish government appointed See also:

• OMAR (c. 581-644)

Omar Pasha as See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator of the Druses and Maronites, with a See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of four chiefs from each party; but the pasha, attempting to effect a disarming, was besieged in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November in the castle of See also:

• BEIT, ALFRED (1853-1906)

Beit ed-Din by the Druses under Shibli el-See also:

• ARRIAN (FLAvrus ARRIANUS)

Arrian .

At the instigation of the European See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers he was recalled in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December, and the Druses and Maronites were placed under See also:

• SEPARATE

separate kaimakams (See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors), who, it was stipulated, were not to be of the family of Shehab . Disturbances again broke out in 1845, the native mukatajis refusing to obey the kaimakams . The Maronites flew to arms, but with the assistance of the Turks their opponents carried the day . A superficial pacification effected by Shekib See also:

• EFFENDI (a Turkish word, corrupted from the Gr. wive rjr, a lord or master)

Effendi, the Ottoman See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner, lasted only till his departure; and the See also:

• PORTE, THE SUBLIME (Arab. babi-'ali, the high gate, through the French translation la sublime porte)

Porte was obliged to despatch a force of 12,000 men to the Lebanon . See also:

• FORTY

Forty of the chiefs were seized, the people was nominally disarmed, and in 1846 a new constitution was inaugurated, by which the kaimakam was to be assisted by two Druses, two Maronites, four Greeks, two Turks and one Metawali . All, however, was in vain: the conflict was continued through 1858, 1859 and 186o; and the disturbance culminated in the famous Damascus See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre (see SYRIA) . The European powers now determined to interfere; and, by a See also:

• PROTOCOL (Fr. protocole, Late Lat. protocollum, from Gr. vrp(;rros, first, and KoXXav, to glue, i.e. originally the first sheet of a papyrus roll)

protocol of the 3rd of May 186o, it was decided that the Lebanon should be occupied by a force of 20,000 men, of whom See also:

• HALF

half were to be See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French . A body of troops was accordingly landed on the 16th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August under General See also:

• BEAUFORT
• BEAUFORT, FRANCOIS DE VENDOME
• BEAUFORT, HENRY (c. 1377–1447)
• BEAUFORT, LOUIS DE (d. 1795)

Beaufort d'Hautpoul; and Fuad Pasha, who had been appointed Turkish commissioner with full powers, proceeded to bring the leaders of the massacres to See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice . The French occupation continued till the 5th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1861, and the French and English squadrons cruised on the coast for several months after . In accordance with the recommendation of the European powers the Porte determined to appoint a Christian See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor not belonging to the See also:

• DISTRICT

district, and See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of the pasha of Beirut, to hold See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office for three years . The choice See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell on Daud Pasha, an Armenian See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic, who was installed on the 4th of See also:

• JULY

July . In spite of many difficulties, and especially the ambitious conduct of the Maronite Jussuf Karam, he succeeded in restoring order; and by the formation of a military force from the in-habitants of the Lebanon he rendered unnecessary the presence of the Turkish soldiery .

The privileged province of Lebanon (q.v.) was finally constituted by the Organic See also:

• STATUTE

Statute of the 6th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1864, and the subsequent history of the Lebanon Druses is one of See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual withdrawal from the jurisdiction of that state, in which they see their See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient independence irretrievably compromised, and their religion subordinated to Christian supremacy . Many now emigrate, when occasion offers, to See also:

• AMERICA

America . Meanwhile, the Hauran, the old seat of the Shehab family and Hermon Druses, had been steadily receiving a Druse influx, since the day of Ain Dara (see above) . Towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 18th century some 600 families left Lebanon for the Hauran, in discontent with the rule of the Shehab dynasty, and their place and property were taken by 1500 families driven out of Jebel Ansarieh by Topal All in 1811 . The Hauran Druses increased by the middle of the 19th century to 7000 souls . They had successfully resisted Ibrahim, the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian, in '839 in the Lija, and asserted complete independence of the Turks, living under a theocratic government directed by the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief Akil in Suweda . A great effort, made by Kibrisli Pasha in 1852 to subdue the Hauran, came to nothing . In 1879 the population numbered 20,000, and by a murderous See also:

• RAID

raid attracted the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of Midhat Pasha, then vali of the province of Syria . After experiencing one disaster he defeated their forces and imposed a kaimakam, at first See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from the Talhuks, but subsequently chosen from the Atrash family of Kunawat . But the Druses still refused to pay taxes, to serve in the Ottoman army, or to recognize the kaimakam, and maintained their See also:

• CONTUMACY (Lat. contumacia, obstinacy; derived from the root tem-, as in temnere,' t'o_despise, or possibly from the root tum-, as in tumere, to swell, with anger, &c.)

contumacy under the See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead of the Jumblat, till 1896; when, as the result of a military expedition under Tahir Pasha and a great defeat at Ijun, a See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise was arrived at, under which the Druses agreed to pay taxes, but to serve in their own territory only as a frontier guard . The government was put into the hands of a mutessarif See also:

• RESIDENT

resident at Sheikh Saad, under whom are kaimakams at Suweda and . Salkhad .

Since that See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch there has been See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace between the Druses and the government, largely because the latter, having learned See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom, leaves the people very much to itself, maintaining only a small See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison of regular troops, and enlisting Druse See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police for service in Jebel Druz itself . The Druses are allowed to carry on their feuds with the Bedouins of the E . Desert as they will, so long as they do not disturb western districts . With the See also:

• RECENT

recent opening out of the W . Hauran by railway, the Druse sheikhs are beginning to acquire commercial ambitions, and to See also:

• DESIRE

desire peace . The Hauran Druses are a vigorous, independent folk, with a well-deserved reputation for courage, very astute, and hospitableto Europeans, especially the British, with whom they have an old tradition of friendship . But, like most persecuted