NERO1 See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

CLAUDIUS See also:

• DRUSUS, MARCUS LIVIUS
• NERO1 CLAUDIUS DRUSUS (38–9 B.C.)

DRUSUS (38–9 B.C.)  See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, son of Tiberius See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius See also:

• NERO (37-68)

Nero and Livia Drusilla, stepson of See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus and younger See also:

• BROTHER

brother of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor Tiberius . Having held the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of See also:

• QUAESTOR (from Lat. quaero, investigate)

quaestor and acted as See also:

• PRAETOR (Lat. prae-itor, " he who goes before," "a leader")

praetor for his brother during the latter's See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence in See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul, he began (in 15 B.C.) the military career which has made his name famous . In See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with Tiberius, he carried on a successful See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign against the Raeti and Vindelici, who, although repulsed from See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, continued to threaten the frontiers of Gaul . The See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit of the decisive victory, however, must be assigned to Tiberius . Two of the Odes of See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace (iv . 4 and 14) were written to glorify the exploits of the See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers . In 13 See also:

• DRUSUS, MARCUS LIVIUS
• DRUSUS, NERO1 CLAUDIUS (38–9 B.C.)

Drusus was sent as See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor to the newly organized See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of the three Gauls, where considerable discontent had been aroused by the exactions of the Roman governor See also:

• LICINIUS

Licinius . Drusus made a fresh See also:

• ASSESSMENT, (from Lat. assessare, to sit beside, to judge)

assessment for See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation purposes, and summoned the Gallic representatives to a See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting at Lugdunum to discuss their grievances . It was of See also:

• GREAT

great importance to pacify the Gauls, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to have his hands See also:

• FREE

free to See also:

• DEAL

deal with the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German tribes, one of which, the Sugambri, on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine, had seized the opportunity, during the absence of Augustus, to See also:

• CROSS

cross the See also:

• RIVER

river (12) . Drusus drove them back and pursued them through the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of the Batavi and the See also:

• LAND

land of the Usipetes (Usipes, Usipii) to their own territory, which he devastated . Sailing down the Rhine, he subdued the Frisii and, in order to facilitate operations against the Chauci, dug a See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal (Fossa Drusiana) leading from the Rhenus (Rhine) to the Isala (Yssel)2 into the lacus Flevus (Zuidersee) and the German Ocean . Making his way along the Frisian See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, he conquered the island of Burchanis (See also:

• BORKUM

Borkum), defeated the Bructeri in a See also:

• NAVAL

naval engagement on the Amisia (See also:

• EMS

Ems), and went on to the mouth of the Visurgis (See also:

• WESER (O. Ger. Visuracha, Wisura, Lat. Visurgis)

Weser) to attack the Chauci .

On the way back his vessels grounded on the shallows, and were only got off with the assistance of the Frisii . See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

Winter being See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close at See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the campaign was abandoned till the following See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring, and Drusus returned to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome with the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of having been the first Roman general to reach the German Ocean . In his second campaign (11), Drusus defeated the Usipetes, threw a See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge over the Luppia (See also:

• LIPPE

Lippe), attacked the Sugambri, and advanced through their territory and that of the Tencteri and See also:

• CHATTI

Chatti as far as the Weser, where he gained a victory over the See also:

• CHERUSCI

Cherusci . Lack of provisions, the approach of winter, and an inauspicious portent prevented him from See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the Weser . While making his way back to the Rhine he See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into an ambuscade, but the carelessness of the enemy enabled him to inflict a crushing defeat upon them . In view of future operations, he built two castles, one at the junction of the Luppia and Aliso (See also:

• ALME

Alme), the other in the territory of the Chatti on the See also:

• TAUNUS

Taunus, near Moguntiacum (See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz) . The third campaign (to) was of little importance . The Chatti had joined the Sugambri in revolt; and, after some insignificant successes, Drusus returned with Augustus and Tiberius to Rome, and was elected See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul for the following See also:

• YEAR

year . In spite of unfavourable portents at Rome, he determined to enter upon his See also:

• FOURTH

fourth and last campaign (9) without delay . He attacked and defeated the Chatti, See also:

• SUEBI, or SUEVI

Suebi, See also:

• MARCOMANNI (i.e. men of the mark, or border)

Marcomanni and Cherusci, crossed the Weser and penetrated as faras the Albis (See also:

• ELBE (the Albis of the Romans and the Labe of the Czechs)

Elbe) . Here trophies were set up to See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark the farthest point ever reached by a Roman See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . Various See also:

• MEASURES

measures were taken to secure the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the conquered territory: fortresses were erected along the Elbe, Weser and See also:

• MAAS, JOSEPH (1847-1886)

Maas (See also:

• MEUSE
• MEUSE (Flem. Maes, Du. Maas)

Meuse, Mosa); a flotilla was placed upon the Rhine and a See also:

• DAM

dam built upon the right See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm of its See also:

• ESTUARY (from the Lat. aestuarium, a place reached by aestus, the tide)

estuary to in-crease the flow of See also:

• WATER

water into the canal mentioned above .

Drusus was said to have been deterred from crossing the Elbe by the sudden See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of a woman of supernatural See also:

• SIZE

size, who predicted his approaching end . On his return, probably between the Elbe and the See also:

• SAALE

Saale (See also:

• SALA, GEORGE AUGUSTUS HENRY (1828-1895)

Sala), his See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse stumbled and threw him . His See also:

• LEG
• LEG (a word of Scandinavian origin, from the Old Norwegian leggr, cf. Swed. lagg, Dan. laeg; the O. Eng. word was sceanca, shank)

leg was fractured and he died See also:

• THIRTY

thirty days after the See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

accident, 1 Originally Decimus . 2 The See also:

• DISTRICT

district extending from Westervoort to -Doesborgh . on the 14th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September . Suetonius mentions an absurd rumour that he had been poisoned by order of Augustus, because he had refused to obey the order for his recall . The See also:

• BODY

body was carried to the winter quarters of the army, whence it was escorted by Tiberius to Rome, the procession being joined by Augustus at See also:

• TICINUM (mod. Pavia, q.v.)

Ticinum (See also:

• PAVIA (anc. Ticinum, q.v.)

Pavia) . Tiberius delivered an oration over the remains in the See also:

• FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

Forum, whence they were conveyed to the Campus Martins and cremated, and ashes being deposited in the See also:

• MAUSOLEUM

mausoleum of Augustus . Drusus was one of the most distinguished men of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . His agreeable See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners, handsome See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person and brilliant military talents gained him the See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection of the troops, while his sympathy with republican principles, endeared him to the See also:

• PEOPLE

people . It is not too much to say that, had he and his son lived See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long enough, they might have brought about the abolition of the See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy . Although the successes of Drusus, resulting in the subjection of the German tribes from the Rhine to the Elbe, were too rapid to be lasting, they brought See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home the fact of the existence of the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans to many who had never heard their name .

For his victories he received the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Germanicus . He married Antonia, the daughter of See also:

• MARCUS

Marcus See also:

• ANTONIUS

Antonius the triumvir, by whom he had three See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children: Germanicus, adopted by Tiberius; Claudius, afterwards emperor; and a daughter Livilla . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient authorities for the See also:

• LIFE

life of Drusus are Dio See also:

• CASSIUS
• CASSIUS, AVIDIUS (d. A.D. 175)
• CASSIUS, GAIUS

Cassius, the epitomes of See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy, Suetonius (Claudius), See also:

• TACITUS, CORNELIUS (c. 55-120)
• TACITUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS

Tacitus (portions of the See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

Annals), See also:

• FLORUS
• FLORUS, JULIUS
• FLORUS, PUBLIUS ANNIUS

Florus (whose chief source is Livy), Velleius Paterculus, and the Consolatio ad Liviam . The German See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns were described in the last books of Livy and the lost Bella Germansae of the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny . As would naturally be expected, they have produced an extensive literature in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, J . Asbach's " See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Feldzuge See also:

• DES

des Nero Claudius Drusus " (Rhein . Jahrb . Ixxxv . 14-30) being especially recommended; see also See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen's See also:

• HISTORY

History of the Roman Provinces, i.; See also:

• MERIVALE, CHARLES (1808-1893)
• MERIVALE, HERMAN (1806-1874)

Merivale, History of the Romans under the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire, ch . 36; A . See also:

• STEIN, CHARLOTTE VON (1742-1827)
• STEIN, HEINRICH FRIEDRICH KARL, BARON VOM

Stein in Pauly-Wissowa's Realencyclopddie (1899), where other authorities are given; J . C .

Tarver, Tiberius the See also:

• TYRANT (Gr. r6pavvos, master, ruler)

Tyrant (1902) .