See also:

• DUEL (Ital. duello, Lat. duellum—old form of bellum-from duo, two)

DUEL (Ital. duello, See also:

• LAT

Lat. duellum—old See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of bellum-from duo, two)  , a prearranged encounter between two persons, with deadly weapons, in accordance with conventional rules, with the See also:

• OBJECT

object of voiding a See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel or of deciding a point of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour . The first recorded instance of the word occurs in Coryate's Crudities (1611), but See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare has duello in this sense, and uses " duellist " of Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet . In its earlier meaning of a judicial combat we find the word latinized in the See also:

• STATUTE

Statute of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales (Edw . I., See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act 12), " Placita de terris in partibus istis non habent terminari per duellum." Duels in the See also:

• MODERN

modern sense were unknown to the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• WORLD

world, and their origin must be sought in the feudal See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . The single combats recorded in See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• HISTORY

history and See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend, of See also:

• HECTOR

Hector and See also:

• ACHILLES
• ACHILLES (Gr. 'AxtXXeus)

Achilles, See also:

• AENEAS

Aeneas and Turnus, the See also:

• HORATII

Horatii and Curiatii, were incidents in See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• WARS

wars and have nothing in See also:

• COMMON

common with the modern See also:

• DUEL (Ital. duello, Lat. duellum—old form of bellum-from duo, two)

duel . It is, however, noteworthy that in See also:

• TACITUS, CORNELIUS (c. 55-120)
• TACITUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS

Tacitus (Germania, cap. x.) we find the rudiments of the judicial duel (see See also:

• WAGER (derived, through Fr. wagier, gagier, from Lat. vadiunz, a pledge)

WAGER, for the wager of See also:

• BATTLE

battle) . Domestic See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences, he tells us, were settled by a legalized See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of combat between the disputants, and when a See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war was impending a See also:

• CAPTIVE (from Lat. capere, to take)

captive from the hostile tribe was armed and pitted against a national See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion, and the issue of the duel was accepted as an See also:

• OMEN (a Latin word, either connected with os, mouth, or more probably with auris (Gr. ois, ear; apparently, meaning " a thing heard " or " spoken ")

omen . The judicial combat was a See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic institution, and it was in fact an See also:

• APPEAL

appeal from human See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice to the See also:

• GOD

God of battles, partly a See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction of the current creed that might is right, that the brave not only will win but deserve to win . It was on these grounds that Gundobald justified, against the complaints of a See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop, the famous See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict passed at See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons (A.D . 501) which established the wager of battle as a recognized form of trial . It is God, he argued, who directs the issue of national wars, and in private quarrels we may See also:

• TRUST

trust His See also:

• PROVIDENCE

providence to favour the juster cause . Thus, as See also:

• GIBBON
• GIBBON, EDWARD (1737–1794)

Gibbon comments, the absurd and cruel practice of judicial duels, which had been See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to some tribes of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, was propagated and established in all the monarchies of Europe from See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily to the Baltic .

Yet in its See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence it may be urged that it abolished a worse evil, the See also:

• COMPURGATION (from Lat. compurgare, to purify .completely)

compurgation by See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath which put a See also:

• PREMIUM (Lat. praemium, profit, reward, prae+emere, to buy)

premium on See also:

• PERJURY (through the Anglo-Fr. perjurie, modern parjure, Lat. perjurium, a false oath, perjurare, to swear falsely)

perjury, and the See also:

• ORDEAL (O.Eng. ordal, ordael, judgment)

ordeal, or See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment of God, when the cause was decided by See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance, or more often by priestcraft . Those who are curious to observe the formalities and legal rules of a judicial combat will find them described at length in the 28th See also:

• BOOK

book of See also:

• MONTESQUIEU, CHARLES LOUIS DE SECONDAT, BARON DE LA BREDE ET DE (1689-1755)

Montesquieu's Esprit See also:

• DES

des lois . On these regulations he well remarks that, as there are an infinity of See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise things conducted in a very foolish manner, so there are some foolish things conducted in a very wise manner . For our See also:

• PRESENT

present purpose it is sufficient to observe the development of the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of personal honour from which the modern duel directly sprang . In the ancient See also:

• LAWS

laws of the Swedes we find that if any See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man shall say to another, " You are not a man equal to other men," or " You have not the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of a man," and the other shall reply, " I am a man as See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good as you," they shall meet on the See also:

• HIGHWAY

highway, and then follow the regulations for the combat . What is this but the modern See also:

• CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from calvi, to deceive, hence a false accusation, a " calumny ")

challenge ? By the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of the See also:

• LOMBARDS, or LANGOBARDI

Lombards if one man See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call another arga, the insulted party might defy the other to mortal combat . What is arga but the dummer Junger of the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German student ? See also:

• BEAUMANOIR
• BEAUMANOIR, PHILIPPE DE REMI, SIRE DE (c. 1250-1296)

Beaumanoir thus describes a legal See also:

• PROCESS

process under See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis le Debonnaire:—The appellant begins by a See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration before the See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge that the appellee is guilty of a certain See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime; if the appellee answers that his accuser lies, the judge then ordains the duel . Is not. this the modern point of honour, by which to be given the See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie is an insult which can only be wiped out by See also:

• BLOOD

blood ? From Germany the judicial combat rapidly spread to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, where it flourished greatly from the See also:

• ROTH, JUSTUS LUDWIG ADOLF (1818-1892)

roth to the r 2th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of customary law . By See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings it was welcomed as a See also:

• LIMITATION, STATUTES OF

limitation of the judicial See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of their See also:

• HALF

half See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent vassals .

It was a form of trial open to all freemen and in certain cases, as under Louis VI., the See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege was extended to See also:

• SERFS, SERROS

serfs . Even the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church resorted to it not unfrequently to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle disputes concerning church See also:

• PROPERTY

property . Abbots and priors as territorial lords and high justiciaries had their See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the ' confiscated goods of the defeated combatant, and See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas when applied to in 858 pronounced it " a just and legitimate combat." Yet only three years before the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• VALENCE

Valence had condemned the practice, imposing the severest See also:

• PENANCE (Old Fr. penance, fr. Lat. poenitentia, penitence)

penance on the See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

victor and refusing the last See also:

• RITES

rites of the church to the vanquished as to a See also:

• SUICIDE (from Lat. sui, of oneself, and cidium, from cued ere, to kill)

suicide . In 1385 a duel was fought, the result of which was so preposterous that even the most superstitious began to lose faith in the efficacy of such a judgment of God . A certain Jacques Legris was accused by the wife of See also:

• JEAN

Jean Carrouge of having introduced himself by See also:

• NIGHT

night in the See also:

• GUISE
• GUISE, HOUSE OF

guise of her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband whom she was expecting on his return from the See also:

• CRUSADES

Crusades . A duel was ordained by the See also:

• PARLEMENT (see PARLIAMENT)

parlement of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, which was fought in the presence of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles VI . Legris was defeated and hanged on the spot . Not See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long after, a criminal arrested for some other offence confessed himself to be the author of the See also:

• OUTRAGE (through O. Fr. ultrage, oltrage, oultrage, from Lat. ultra, beyond, exceeding, cf. Ital. oltraggio; the meaning has been influenced by connexion with " rage," anger)

outrage . No institution could long survive so open a confutation, and it was annulled by the parlement . Henceforward the duel in France ceases to be an appeal to See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

Heaven, and becomes merely a See also:

• SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction of wounded honour . Under Louis XII. and See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis I. we find the first vestiges of tribunals of honour . The last instance of a duel authorized by the magistrates, and conducted according to the forms of law, was the famous one between See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois de Vivonne de la Chataignerie and See also:

• GUY, THOMAS (1644–1724)

Guy See also:

• CHABOT, FRANCOIS (1757-1794)
• CHABOT, GEORGES ANTOINE
• CHABOT, PHILIPPE DE, SEIGNEUR DE BRION, COUNT OF CHARNY AND BUZANSAIS ((a 1492-1543)

Chabot de See also:

• JARNAC

Jarnac .

The duel was fought on the roth of See also:

• JULY

July 1549 in the courtyard of the See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

chateau of St Germain-en-Laye, in the presence of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king and a large See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly of courtiers . It was memorable in two ways . It enriched the French See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language with a new phrase; a sly and unforeseen See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow, such as that by which de Jamac worsted La Chataignerie, has since been called a coup de Jarnac . And See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry, grieved at the See also:

• DEATH

death of his favourite, swore a See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn oath that he would never again permit a duel to be fought . This led to the first of the many royal edicts against duelling . By a See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of the council of See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent (cap. xix.) a See also:

• BAN

ban was laid on " the detestable use of duels, an invention of the See also:

• DEVIL (Gr. &a,3oXos, " slanderer," from &ctflisXX sty, to slander)

devil to See also:

• COMPASS (Fr. corn pas, ultimately from Lat. cum, with, and passus, step)

compass the destruction of souls together with a bloody death of the See also:

• BODY

body." In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, it is now generally agreed, the wager of battle did not exist before the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman See also:

• CONQUEST

Conquest . Some previous examples have been adduced, but on examination they will be seen to belong rather to the class of single combats between the champions of two opposing armies . One suchinstance is See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth quoting as a curious See also:

• ILLUSTRATION

illustration of the superstition of the time . It occurs in a rare See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract printed in See also:

• LONDON

London, a6;o, The Duello, or Single Combat . " Danish irruptions and the See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad aspects of See also:

• MARS
• MARS (MAYORS, MARMAR, MARSPITER GA MASPITER)
• MARS, MLLE [ANNE FRANCOISE HYPPOLYTE BOUTET] (1779-1847)

Mars having drencht the common See also:

• MOTHER

mother See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth with her sonnes' blood streames, under the reigne of See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund, a Saxon monarch, misso in compendium (so worthy See also:

• CAMDEN
• CAMDEN, CHARLES PRATT, 1ST EARL (1714-1794)
• CAMDEN, JOHN JEFFREYS PRATT, 2ND EARL
• CAMDEN, WILLIAM (1551-1623)

Camden expresseth it) See also:

• BELLO, ANDRES (1781–1865)

bello utriusque geniis fata Edmundo Anglorum et Canuto Danorum regibus commissa fuerunt, qui singulari certamine de summa imperij in kac insula (that is, the Eight in Glostershire) depugnarunt." By the laws of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William the Conqueror the trial by battle was only compulsory when the opposite parties were both See also:

• NORMANS

Normans, in other cases it was optional . As the two nations were gradually merged into one, this form of trial spread, and until the reign of Henry II. it was the only mode for determining a suit for the recovery of See also:

• LAND

land . The method of See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure is admirably described by Shakespeare in the opening See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene in See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard II., where Henry of See also:

• BOLINGBROKE, HENRY ST JOHN, VISCOUNT (1678-1751)

Bolingbroke, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• HEREFORD

Hereford, challenges See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas, duke of See also:

• NORFOLK
• NORFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Norfolk; in the See also:

• MOCK

mock-heroic battle between See also:

• HORNER, FRANCIS (1778–1817)
• HORNER, LEONARD (1785-1864)

Horner the Armourer and his man See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter in Henry VI.; and by See also:

• SIR

Sir W .

See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott in the See also:

• FAIR

Fair Maid of See also:

• PERTH
• PERTH, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Perth, where Henry See also:

• GOW, NIEL (1727-1807)

Gow appears before the king as the champion of Magdalen Proudfute .. The judicial duel never took See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root in England as it did in France . In See also:

• CIVIL

civil suits it was superseded by the See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• ASSIZE

assize of Henry II., and in cases of See also:

• FELONY (0. Fr. felonie, from felon, a word meaning " wicked," common to Romanic languages, cf. Italian fella, fellone, the ultimate origin of which is obscure, but is possibly connected either with Lat. fel, gall, or fallere, to deceive. The English " fel

felony by See also:

• INDICTMENT (from Anglo-Fr. enditernent, enditer, to charge; Lat. in, against, dictare, declare)

indictment at the See also:

• PROSECUTION

prosecution of the See also:

• CROWN

crown . One of the latest instances occurred in the reign of See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth, 1591, when the lists were actually prepared and the justices of the common pleas appeared at Tothill See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

Fields as umpires of the combat . Fortunately the petitioner failed to put in an See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, and was consequently nonsuited (see See also:

• SPELMAN, SIR HENRY (c. 1564-1641)

Spelman, Glossary, s.v . " Campus ") . As See also:

• LATE

late as r819 See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• ELLENBOROUGH, EDWARD LAW, 1ST BARON (1750-1818)
• ELLENBOROUGH, EDWARD LAW, EARL OF (1790-1871)

Ellenborough, in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of See also:

• THORNTON, HENRY (1760—1815)
• THORNTON, ROBERT (1623-1678)
• THORNTON, WILLIAM THOMAS (1813-188o)

Thornton v . See also:

• ASHFORD

Ashford, pronounced that " the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general law of the land is that there shall be a trial by battle in cases of appeal unless the party brings himself within some of the exceptions." Thornton was accused of murdering See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary Ashford, and claimed his right to challenge the appellant, the See also:

• BROTHER

brother of the murdered girl, to wager of battle . His suit was allowed, and, the challenge being refused, the accused escaped . Next See also:

• YEAR

year the law was abolished (59 Geo . III., c . 46) .

In sketching the history of the judicial combat we have traced the parentage of the modern duel . See also:

• STRIP

Strip the former of its legality, and divest it of its religious sanction, and the latter remains . We are justified, then, in dating ofh./ fhonoar . the commencement of duelling from the abolition of the wager of battle . To pursue its history we must return to France, the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country where it first arose, and the See also:

• SOIL

soil on which it has most flourished . The causes which made it indigenous to France are sufficiently explained by the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of society and the national See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . As See also:

• BUCKLE, HENRY THOMAS (1821–1862)

Buckle has pointed out, duelling is a See also:

• SPECIAL

special development of See also:

• CHIVALRY (O. Fr. chevalerie, from Late Lat. caballerius)

chivalry, and chivalry is one of the phases of the protective spirit which was predominant In France. in France up to the time of the Revolution . Add to this the keen sense of personal honour, the susceptibility and the pugnacity which distinguish the French See also:

• RACE

race . See also:

• MONTAIGNE, MICHEL DE (1533-1592)

Montaigne, when touching on this subject in his essays, says, " Put three Frenchmen together on the plains of See also:

• LIBYA

Libya, and they will not be a See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month in See also:

• COMPANY

company without scratching one another's eyes out." The third See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter of d'Audiguier's Ancien usage des duels is headed, " Pourquoi See also:

• LES

les seuls See also:

• FRANCAIS, ANTOINE, COUNT (1756-1836)

Francais se battent en duel." See also:

• ENGLISH

English literature abounds with allusions to this characteristic of the French nation . Lord See also:

• HERBERT (FAMILY)
• HERBERT, GEORGE (1593-1633)
• HERBERT, HENRY WILLIAM
• HERBERT, SIR THOMAS (1606-1682)

Herbert of Cherbury, who was See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador at the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of Louis XIII., says, " There is scarce a Frenchman worth looking on who has not killed his man in a duel." See also:

• BEN (from Old Eng. bennan, within)

Ben See also:

• JONSON

Jonson, in his . Magnetic See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady, makes Compass, the See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar and soldier, thus describe France, " that See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden of humanity" : " There every See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman professing arms Thinks he is See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound in honour to embrace The bearing of a challenge for another, Without or questioning the cause or asking Least See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour of a See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason." Duels were not common before the 16th century . See also:

• HALLAM
• HALLAM, ROBERT (d. 1417)

Hallam The Judicial combat .

attributes their prevalence to the barbarous See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of wearing swords as a See also:

• PART

part of domestic See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress, a See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion which was not introduced till the later part of the 15th century . In i56o the states-general at See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans supplicated Charles IX, to put a stop to duelling . Hence the famous See also:

• ORDINANCE
• ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

ordinance of 1566, See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up by the See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor de 1'H6pital, which served as the basis of the successive ordinances of the following kings . Under the frivolous and sanguinary reign of Henry III., " who was as eager for excitement as a woman," the rage for duels spread till it became almost an epidemic . In 16oz the combined remonstrances of the church and the magistrates extorted from the king an edict condemning to death whoever should give or accept a challenge or act as second . But public See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion was revolted by such rigour, and the statue remained a dead See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter . A duel forms a See also:

• FIT

fit conclusion to the reign . A See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair-brained youth named L'Isle See also:

• MARIVAUX, PIERRE CARLET DE CHAMBLAIN DE (1688-1763)

Marivaux swore that he would not survive his beloved king, and threw his cartel into the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air . It was at once picked up, and Marivaux soon obtained the death he had courted . Henry IV, began his reign by an edict against duels, but he was known in private to favour them; and, when de Crequi asked leave to fight See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip of See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy, he is reported to have said, " Go, and if I were not a king I would be your second." Fontenay-Mareuil says, in his Memoires, that in the eight years between 16or and 16og, 2000 men of See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell in duels . In 1609 a more effective measure was taken at the instance of See also:

• SULLY, JAMES (1842– )
• SULLY, MAXIMILIEN DE BETHUNE
• SULLY, THOMAS (1783—1872)

Sully by the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of a court of honour . The edict decrees that all aggrieved persons shall address themselves to the king, either directly or through the See also:

• MEDIUM

medium of the constables, marshals, &c.; that the king shall decide, whether, if an See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation could not be effected, permission to fight should be given; that the aggressor, if pronounced in the wrong, shall in any case be suspended from any public See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office or employment, and be mulcted of one-third of his See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue till he has satisfied the aggrieved party; that any one giving or receiving a challenge shall forfeit all right of reparation and all his offices; that any one who kills his adversary in an unauthorized duel shall suffer death without See also:

• BURIAL

burial, and his See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children shall be reduced to villanage; that seconds, if they take part in a duel, shall suffer death, if not, shall be degraded from the profession of arms .

This edict has been pronounced by See also:

• HENRI

Henri See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin " the wisest decree of the ancient See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy on a See also:

• MATTER

matter which involves so many delicate and profound questions of morals, politics, and See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion touching civil rights " (Histoire de France, x . 466) . In the succeeding reign the See also:

• MANIA

mania for duels revived . See also:

• ROSTAND, EDMOND (1869- )

Rostand's Cyrano is a See also:

• LIFE

life-like modern See also:

• PORTRAITURE

portraiture of French bloods in the first half of the i7th century . De See also:

• HOUSSAYE, ARSINE (1815-1896)

Houssaye tells us that in Paris when See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends met the first question was, " Who fought yesterday? who is to fight to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day ? " They fought by night and day, by moonlight and by See also:

• TORCH (O. Fr. torche, from Med. Lat. tortia, derived from tortus, twisted, torquere, to twist)

torch-See also:

• LIGHT

light, in the public streets and squares . A hasty word, a misconceived gesture, a question about the colour of a riband or an embroidered letter, such were the commonest pretexts for a duel . The slighter and more frivolous the dispute, the less were they inclined to submit them to the king for See also:

• ADJUDICATION (Lat. adjudicatio; adjudicare, to award)

adjudication . Often, like See also:

• GLADIATORS (from Lat. gladius, sword)

gladiators or See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize-fighters, they fought for the pure love of fighting . A misunderstanding is cleared up on the ground . " N'importe," cry the principals, " puisque nous sommes See also:

• ICI

ici, battons-nous." Seconds, as Montaigne tells us, are no longer witnesses, but must take part themselves unless they would be thought wanting ih See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection or courage; and he goes on to complain that men are no longer contented with a single second, " c'etait ancionnement des duels, ce sont a See also:

• CETTE

cette heure.rencontres et batailles." There is no more striking instance of See also:

• RICHELIEU, ARMAND EMMANUEL SOPHIE SEPTEMANIE DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, ARMAND JEAN DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, LOUIS FRANCOIS ARMAND DU PLESSIS

Richelieu's firmness and See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power as a statesman than his conduct in the matter of duelling . In his Testament politique he has assigned his reasons for disapproving it as a statesman and ecclesiastic .

But this disapproval was turned to active detestation by a private cause . His See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder brother, the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, had fallen in a duel stabbed to the heart by an enemy of the See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal . Already four edicts had been published under Louis XIII. with little or no effect, when in 1626 there was published a new edict condemning to aleath any one who had killed his adversary in a duel, or hadbeen found guilty of sending a challenge a second time . Banishmentand partial See also:

• CONFISCATION (from Lat. confiscare, to consign to the fiscus, or imperial treasury)

confiscation of goods were awarded for lesser offences . But this edict differed:. from preceding ones not so much in its severity as in the fact that it was the first which was actually enforced . The cardinal began by imposing the penalties of banishment and fines, but, these proving ineffectual to stay the evil, he determined to make a terrible example . To quote his own words to the king, " Il s'agit de couper la See also:

• GORGE

gorge aux duels ouaux edits de votre Majeste." The See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count de Boutteville, a renommist who had already been engaged in twenty-one affairs of honour, determined out of pure bravado to fight a twenty-second time . The duel took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place at midday on the Place Royale . Boutteville was arrested with his second, the count de ChapelIes; they were tried by the parlement of Paris, condemned and, in spite of all the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the powerful house of Montmorenci, of which de Boutteville was a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch, they were both beheaded on the 21st of See also:

• JUNE

June 1627 . For a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time the ardour of duellists was cooled . But the See also:

• LESSON (through Fr. lecon from Lat. lectio, reading; legere, to read)

lesson soon lost its effect . Only five years later we read in the Mercure de France that two gentlemen who had killed one another in a duel were, by the cardinal's orders, hanged on a gallows, stripped and with their heads downwards, in the sight of all the See also:

• PEOPLE

people .

This was a move in the right direction, since, for fashionable vices, ridicule and ignominy is a more drastic remedy than death . It was on this principle that Caraccioli, See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• MELFI

Melfi, when See also:

• VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy of See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont, finding that his See also:

• OFFICERS

officers were being decimated by duel-See also:

• LING, PER HENRIK (1776-1839)

ling, proclaimed that all duels should be fought on the See also:

• PARAPET (Ital. parapetto, Fr. parapet, from para, imperative of Ital. porare, to cover, defend, and petto, breast, Lat. pectus; the German word is Brustwehr)

parapet of the See also:

• PONTE (Ital. for " bridge ")

Ponte Vecchio, and if one of the combatants chanced to fall into the See also:

• RIVER

river he should on no See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account be pulled out . Under the long reign of Louis XIV. many celebrated duels took place, of which the most remarkable were that between the duke of Guise and Count See also:

• COLIGNY, GASPARD DE (1519-1572)

Coligny, the last fought on the Place Royale, and that between the See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of See also:

• BEAUFORT
• BEAUFORT, FRANCOIS DE VENDOME
• BEAUFORT, HENRY (c. 1377–1447)
• BEAUFORT, LOUIS DE (d. 1795)

Beaufort and See also:

• NEMOURS
• NEMOURS, LORDS AND DUKES OF
• NEMOURS, LOUIS CHARLES PHILIPPE RAPHAEL

Nemours,, each attended by four friends . Of the ten combatants, Nemours and two others were killed on the spot, and none escaped without some See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound . No less than eleven edicts against duelling were issued under le Grand Monarque . That of 1643 established a supreme court of honour composed of the marshals of France; but the most famous was that of 1679, which See also:

• CON

con-firmed the enactments of his predecessors, Henry IV. and Louis XII . At the same time a solemn agreement was entered into by the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility that they would never engage in a duel on any pretence whatever . A See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal was struck to commemorate the occasion, and the firmness of the king, in refusing See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon to all offenders, contributed more to restrain this See also:

• SCOURGE (Ital. scoriada, from Lat. excoriare, to flay, corium, skin)

scourge of society than all the efforts of his predecessors . The subsequent, history of duelling in France may be more shortly treated . In the See also:

• PREAMBLE (Med. Lat. praeambulum, from praeambulare, to walk before)

preamble to the edict of 1704 Louis XIV. records his satisfaction at seeing under his reign an almost entire cessation of those fatal combats which by the inveterate force of custom had so long prevailed . See also:

• ADDISON, JOSEPH (1672-1719)

Addison (Spectator, 99) notes it as one of the most glorious exploits of his reign to have banished the false point of honour . Under the regency of Louis XV. there was a brief revival .

The last legislative act for the suppression of duels was passed on the See also:

• LATH (0. Eng. laett, Mid. Eng. lappe, a form possibly due to the Welsh llath; the word appears in many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch lat, Ger. Latte, and has passed into Romanic, cf. Ital. latta, Fr. latte)

lath of See also:

• A