See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

ALEXANDER See also:

• ALEXANDER DUFF (1806-1878)

DUFF (1806-1878)  , Scottish missionary in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 26th of See also:

• APRIL

April 18o6, at Auchnahyle in the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish of See also:

• MOULIN (Fr. moulin, a mill)

Moulin, See also:

• PERTHSHIRE

Perthshire . At St See also:

• ANDREWS, JAMES PETTIT (c. 1737–1797)
• ANDREWS, THOMAS (1813–1885)

Andrews University he came under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Dr See also:

• CHALMERS, ALEXANDER (1759-1834)
• CHALMERS, GEORGE (1742-1825)
• CHALMERS, GEORGE PAUL (1836-1878)
• CHALMERS, JAMES (1841-1901)
• CHALMERS, THOMAS (1780-1847)

Chalmers . He then accepted an offer made by the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• MISSION

mission See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly to become their first missionary to India . He was ordained in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1829, and started at once for India, but was twice shipwrecked before he reached See also:

• CALCUTTA

Calcutta in May 1830, and lost all his books and other See also:

• PROPERTY

property . Making Calcutta the See also:

• BASE

base of his operations, he at once identified himself with a policy which had far-reaching results . Up to this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions in India had been successful only in reaching See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low-See also:

• CASTE (through the Fr. from Span. and Port. casta, lineage, Lat. cast us, pure)

caste and outcaste peoples, particularly in Tinevelly and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• TRAVANCORE

Travancore . The See also:

• HINDU

Hindu and See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan communities had been practically untouched . See also:

• DUFF, ALEXANDER (1806-1878)

Duff saw that, to reach these communities, educational must take the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of evangelizing methods, and he devised the policy of an educational mission . The success of his See also:

• WORK

work had the effect (r) of altering the policy of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of India in matters of See also:

• EDUCATION

education, (2) of securing the recognition of education as a missionary agency by See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian churches at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, and (3) of securing entrance for Christian ideas into the minds of high-caste See also:

• HINDUS

Hindus . He first opened an See also:

• ENGLISH

English school in which the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible was the centre of the school work, and Along with it all kinds of See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular knowledge were taught from the rudiments upwards to a university See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard . The English See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language was used on the ground that it was destined to be the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument of higher education in India, and also as giving the Hindu the See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key of Western knowledge . The school soon began to expand into a missionary See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college, and a government See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute was adopted on the 7th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1835, to the effect that in higher education the See also:

• OBJECT

object of the See also:

• BRITISH

British government should be the promotion of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science and literature among the natives of India, and that all funds appropriated for purposes of education would be best employed on English education alone .

Duff wrote a pamphlet on the question, entitled " A New Era of the English Language and Literature in India." He returned home in 1834 broken in See also:

• HEALTH

health, but succeeded in securing the approval of his See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church for his educational plans, and also in arousing much See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the work of foreign missions . In 1840 he returned to India . In the previous See also:

• YEAR

year the See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• AUCKLAND
• AUCKLAND, GEORGE EDEN, EARL OF (1784-1849)
• AUCKLAND, WILLIAM EDEN, 1ST BARON (1745-1814)

Auckland, See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor-general, had yielded to the " Orientalists " who opposed Duff, and adopted a policy which was a See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise between the two . At the Disruption of 1843 Duff sided with the See also:

• FREE

Free Church, gave up the college buildings, with all their effects, and with unabated courage set to work to provide a new institution . He had the support of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• OUTRAM, SIR JAMES (1803—1863)

Outram and Sir See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• LAWRENCE
• LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
• LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
• LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
• LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
• LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
• LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
• LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
• LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)

Lawrence, and the encouragement of seeing a new See also:

• BAND

band of converts, including several See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young men of high caste . In 1844 See also:

• VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

Viscount See also:

• HARDINGE, HENRY HARDINGE, VISCOUNT (1785-1856)

Hardinge opened government appointments to all who had studied in institutions similar to Duff's See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation . In the same year Duff took See also:

• PART

part in See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding the Calcutta See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review, of which from 1845 to 1849 he was editor . In 1849 he returned home . He was See also:

• MODERATOR (from Lat. moderare, to impose a modus, limit)

moderator of the Free Church assembly in 1851 . He gave See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence before various See also:

• INDIAN

Indian committees of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament on matters of education . This led to an important See also:

• DES

des-patch by Viscount See also:

• HALIFAX
• HALIFAX, CHARLES MONTAGUE, EARL OF (1661–1715)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE MONTAGU DUNK, 2ND EARL OF (1716-1771)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE SAVILE, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1633-1695)

Halifax, See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control, to the See also:

• MARQUESS (1760-1842)
• MARQUESS, or MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " count of the March ")

marquess of See also:

• DALHOUSIE, FOX MAULE RAMSAY
• DALHOUSIE, JAMES ANDREW BROUN RAMSAY, 1ST MARQUESS

Dalhousie, the governor-general, authorizing an educational advance in See also:

• PRIMARY

primary and secondary See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, the See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision of technical and scientific teaching, and the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of schools for girls . In i854 Duff visited the See also:

• UNITED

United States, where what is now New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York University gave him the degree of LL.D.; he was already D.D. of See also:

• ABERDEEN
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE GORDON, 1ST EARL O (1637-1720)
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE HAMILTON GORDON, 4TH EARL

Aberdeen .

In '856. he returned to India, where the See also:

• MUTINY
• MUTINY (from an old verb " mutine," O. Fr. mutin, meutin, a sedition; cf. mod. Fr. emeute; the original is the Late Lat. mota, commotion, from movere, to move)

mutiny soon See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out; his descriptive letters were collected in a See also:

• VOLUME

volume entitled The Indian Mutiny, its Causes and Results (1858) . Duff gave much thought and time to the university of Calcutta, which owes its examination See also:

• SYSTEM

system and the prominence given to See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical sciences to his influence . In 1863 Sir See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Trevelyan offered him the See also:

• POST

post of See also:

• VICE

vice-See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of the University, but his health compelled him to leave India . As a memorial of his work the Duff See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall was erected in the centre of the educational buildings of Calcutta; and a fund of £ri,000 was raised for his disposal, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of which was afterwards to be used for invalided missionaries of his own church . In 1864 Duff visited South See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, and on his return became convener of the foreign missions committee of the Free Church . He raised 'o,000 to endow a missionary See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair at New College, See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, and himself became first See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor . Among other missionary labours of his later years, he helped the Free Church mission on See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Nyassa, travelled to See also:

• SYRIA

Syria to inspect a mission at See also:

• LEBANON
• LEBANON (from Semitic laban, " to be white," or " whitish," probably referring not to snow, but to the bare white walls ofchalk or limestone which form the characteristic feature of the whole range)

Lebanon, and assisted See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady Aberdeen and LordPolwarth to establish the See also:

• GORDON
• GORDON, ADAM LINDSAY (1833—1870)
• GORDON, ALEXANDER (c. 1692—c. 1754)
• GORDON, CHARLES GEORGE (1833-'885)
• GORDON, LEON
• GORDON, LORD GEORGE (1751-1793)
• GORDON, PATRICK (1635–1699)
• GORDON, SIR JOHN WATSON (1788—1864)

Gordon Memorial Mission in See also:

• NATAL

Natal . In 1873 the Free Church was threatened with a See also:

• SCHISM

schism owing to negotiations for See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union with the United Presbyterian Church . Duff was called to the chair, and guided the church happily through this crisis . He also took part in forming the See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance, of Reformed Churches holding the Presbyterian system . He died on the 12th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1878 . By his will he devoted his See also:

• PERSONAL

personal property to found a lectureship on foreign missions on the See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of the See also:

• BAMPTON, JOHN (c. 169o-1751)

Bampton Lectures .

See his See also:

• LIFE

Life, by See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith (2 vols.) . (D .