WILHELM HEINRICH [See also:

• GUILLAUME
• GUILLAUME, JEAN BAPTISTE CLAUDE EUGENE (1822-1905)

GUILLAUME See also:

• HENRI

HENRI] See also:

• WILHELM HEINRICH [GUILLAUME HENRI] DUFOUR (1787–1875)

DUFOUR (1787–1875)  , Swiss See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• CONSTANCE
• CONSTANCE (Ger. Konstanz or Costnitz)
• CONSTANCE, COUNCIL OF
• CONSTANCE, LAKE OF (called by the Romans Lacus Brigantinus or lake of Bregenz, and now usually named in German Bodensee, as well as the " Swabian Sea ")

Constance of Genevese parents temporarily in See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile, on the 15th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1787 . In 1807 he went to the Ecole Polytechnique at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland being then under See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• RULE

rule, taking the 14oth See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place only in his entrance examination . By two years' See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close study he so greatly improved his position that he was ranked fifth in the exit examination . Immediately on leaving the school he received a See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission in the See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

engineers, and was sent to serve in See also:

• CORFU (anc. and mod. Gr. KEpKvpa or Kopiupa, Lat. Corcyra)

Corfu, which was blockaded by the See also:

• ENGLISH

English . During the See also:

• HUNDRED

Hundred Days he attained the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of captian, and was employed in raising fortifications at See also:

• GRENOBLE

Grenoble . After the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace that followed See also:

• WATERLOO

Waterloo he resumed his status as a Swiss See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen, and devoted himself to the military service of his native See also:

• LAND

land . From 1819 to 1830 he was See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief instructor in the military school of See also:

• THUN (Fr. Thoune)
• THUN, LAKE OF

Thun, which had been founded mainly through his instrumentality . Among other distinguished See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign pupils he instructed See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon, afterwards See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor of the French . In 1827 he was raised to the rank of See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel, and commanded the Federal See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army in a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field manoeuvres . In 1831 he became chief of the See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff, and soon afterwards he was appointed quartermaster-general . Two years later the See also:

• DIET

diet commissioned him to superintend the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete trigonometrical survey of Switzerland . He had already made a cadastral survey of the See also:

• CANTON
• CANTON (borrowed from the Ital. cantone, a corner or angle)
• CANTON (more correctly KWANG-CHOW Fu)
• CANTON, JOHN (1718-1772)

canton of See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva, and published a See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map of the canton on the See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale of 15 00 .

The larger See also:

• WORK

work occupied See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-two years, and was accomplished with complete success . Themap in 25 sheets on the scale of , o aaoa was published at intervals between 1842 and 1865, and is an admirable specimen of cartography . In recognition of the ability with which See also:

• DUFOUR, WILHELM HEINRICH [GUILLAUME HENRI] (1787–1875)

Dufour had carried out his task, the Federal See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council in 1868 ordered the highest See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak of See also:

• MONTE

Monte See also:

• ROSA, CARL AUGUST NICHOLAS (1843-1889)
• ROSA, MONTE
• ROSA, SALVATOR (1615-1673)

Rosa to be named Dufour Spitze . In 1847 Dufour was made general of the Federal Army, which was employed in reducing the revolted See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic cantons . The quickness and thoroughness with which he performed the painful task, and the See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise moderation with which he treated his vanquished See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-countrymen, were acknowledged by a See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift of 6o,000 francs from the diet and various honours from different cities and cantons of the confederaton . In politics he belonged to the moderate conservative party, and he consequently lost a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• DEAL

deal of his popularity in 1848 . In 1864 he presided over the See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference which framed the Geneva See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention as to the treatment of the wounded in See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, &c . He died on the 14th of See also:

• JULY

July 1875 . His De la fortification permanente (185o) is an important and See also:

• ORIGINAL

original contribution to the See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science of fortification, and he was also the author of a Memoire sur l'artillerie See also:

• DES

des anciens et sur See also:

• CELLE

celle du moyen dge (184o), See also:

• MANUEL, EUGENE (1823–1901)
• MANUEL, JACQUES ANTOINE (1775-1827)
• MANUEL, LOUIS PIERRE (1751-1793)

Manuel de tactique pour See also:

• LES

les officiers de toutes acmes (1842), and various other See also:

• WORKS

works in military science . His memoir, La Campagne du Sonderbund (Paris, 1876), is prefaced by a See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

biographical See also:

• NOTICE

notice . An equestrian statue of General Dufour was erected after his See also:

• DEATH

death at Geneva by See also:

• NATIONAL

national subscription . DUFR$See also:

• NOY, WILLIAM (1577-1634)

NOY, OURS See also:

• PIERRE

PIERRE ARMAND See also:

• PETIT, SIR DINSHAW MANECKJI, BART

PETIT (1792–1857), French geologist and mineralogist, was born at Sevran, in the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

Seine-et-See also:

• OISE

Oise, in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, on the 5th of September 1792 .

After leaving the Imperial See also:

• LYCEUM

Lyceum, in 1811, he studied till 1813 at the Ecole Polytechnique, and then entered the See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

Corps des Mines . He subsequently assisted in the management of the Dcole des Mines, of which he was See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• MINERALOGY

mineralogy and afterwards director . He was also professor of See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology at the 1 See also:

• COLE, SIR HENRY (1808–1882)
• COLE, THOMAS (1801–1848)
• COLE, TIMOTHY (1852– )
• COLE, VICAT (1833–1893)

cole des Ponts et Chausses . In See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with See also:

• ELIE

Elie de See also:

• BEAUMONT
• BEAUMONT, BELMONT, or BELLOMONT
• BEAUMONT, CHRISTOPHE DE (1703-1781)
• BEAUMONT, SIR JOHN (1583–1627)

Beaumont he in 1841 published a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological map of France, the result of investigations carried on during thirteen years (r823–1836) . Five years (1836–1841) were spent in See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text to accompany the map, the publication of the work with two See also:

• QUARTO

quarto vols. of text extending from 1841–1848; a third See also:

• VOLUME

volume was issued in 1873 . The two authors had already together published Voyage metallurgique en Angleterre (1827, 2nd ed . 1837-1839),Memoires pour servir d une description geologique de la France, in four vols . (183o-1838), and a Memoire on See also:

• CANTAL

Cantal and Mont-See also:

• DORE, LOUIS AUGUSTE GUSTAVE (1832-1883)

Dore (1833) . Other See also:

• LITERARY

literary productions of Dufrenoy are an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron mines of the eastern See also:

• PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees (1834), and a See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on mineralogy (3 vols. and See also:

• ATLAS

atlas, 1844–1845; 2nd ed., 4 vols. and atlas, 1856–1859), in which the geological relations as well as the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical and chemical properties of minerals were dealt with; he likewise contributed numerous papers to the Annales des mines and other scientific publications, one of the most interesting of which is entitled Des terrains volcaniques des environs de See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples . Dufrenoy was a member of the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Sciences, a See also:

• COMMANDER

commander of the See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

Legion of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

Honour, and an inspector-general of mines . He died in Paris on the loth of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1857 .