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WILHELM HEINRICH [GUILLAUME See also: born at See also: Constance of Genevese parents temporarily in exile, on the 15th of See also: September 1787
.
In 1807 he went to the Ecole Polytechnique at See also: Paris, See also: Switzerland being then under French See also: rule, taking the 14oth place only in his entrance examination
.
By two years' close study he so greatly improved his position that he was ranked fifth in the exit examination
.
Immediately on leaving the school he received a commission in the See also: engineers, and was sent to serve in Corfu, which was blockaded by the See also: English
.
During the See also: Hundred Days he attained the See also: rank of captian, and was employed in raising fortifications at See also: Grenoble
.
After the See also: peace that followed See also: Waterloo he resumed his status as a Swiss citizen, and devoted himself to the military service of his native See also: land
.
From 1819 to 1830 he was chief instructor in the military school of See also: Thun, which had been founded mainly through his instrumentality
.
Among other distinguished See also: foreign pupils he instructed See also: Louis
See also: Napoleon, afterwards emperor of the French
.
In 1827 he was raised to the rank of colonel, and commanded the Federal army in a series of See also: field manoeuvres
.
In 1831 he became chief of the staff, and soon afterwards he was appointed quartermaster-general
.
Two years later the
See also: diet commissioned him to superintend the execution of a See also: complete trigonometrical survey of Switzerland
.
He had already made a cadastral survey of the See also: canton of See also: Geneva, and published a map of the canton on the See also: scale of 15 00
.
The larger See also: work occupied See also: thirty-two years, and was accomplished with complete success
.
Themap in 25 sheets on the scale of , o aaoa was published at intervals between 1842 and 1865, and is an admirable specimen of cartography
.
In recognition of the ability with which Dufour had carried out his task, the Federal Council in 1868 ordered the highest See also: peak of See also: Monte Rosa to be named Dufour Spitze
.
In 1847 Dufour was made general of the Federal Army, which was employed in reducing the revolted Catholic cantons
.
The quickness and thoroughness with which he performed the painful task, and the wise moderation with which he treated his vanquished See also: fellow-countrymen, were acknowledged by a gift of 6o,000 francs from the diet and various honours from different cities and cantons of the confederaton
.
In politics he belonged to the moderate conservative party, and he consequently lost a See also: good See also: deal of his popularity in 1848
.
In 1864 he presided over the See also: international See also: conference which framed the Geneva See also: Convention as to the treatment of the wounded in See also: time of war, &c
.
He died on the 14th of See also: July 1875
.
His De la fortification permanente (185o) is an important and See also: original contribution to the science of fortification, and he was also the author of a Memoire sur l'artillerie See also: des anciens et sur See also: celle du moyen dge (184o), See also: Manuel de tactique pour See also: les officiers de toutes acmes (1842), and various other See also: works in military science
.
His memoir, La Campagne du Sonderbund (Paris, 1876), is prefaced by a See also: biographical See also: notice
.
An equestrian statue of General Dufour was erected after his See also: death at Geneva by See also: national subscription
.
DUFR$See also: NOY, OURS See also: PIERRE ARMAND See also: PETIT (1792–1857), French geologist and mineralogist, was born at Sevran, in the department of See also: Seine-et-See also: Oise, in See also: France, on the 5th of September 1792
.
After leaving the Imperial See also: Lyceum, in 1811, he studied till 1813 at the Ecole Polytechnique, and then entered the Corps des Mines
.
He subsequently assisted in the management of the Dcole des Mines, of which he was professor of See also: mineralogy and afterwards director
.
He was also professor of geology at the 1 See also: cole des Ponts et Chausses
.
In conjunction with See also: Elie de See also: Beaumont he in 1841 published a See also: great See also: geological map of France, the result of investigations carried on during thirteen years (r823–1836)
.
Five years (1836–1841) were spent in writing the text to accompany the map, the publication of the work with two See also: quarto vols. of text extending from 1841–1848; a third See also: volume was issued in 1873
.
The two authors had already together published Voyage metallurgique en Angleterre (1827, 2nd ed
.
1837-1839),Memoires pour servir d une description geologique de la France, in four vols
.
(183o-1838), and a Memoire on See also: Cantal and Mont-Dore (1833)
.
Other See also: literary productions of Dufrenoy are an account of the iron mines of the eastern Pyrenees (1834), and a See also: treatise on mineralogy (3 vols. and See also: atlas, 1844–1845; 2nd ed., 4 vols. and atlas, 1856–1859), in which the geological relations as well as the See also: physical and chemical properties of minerals were dealt with; he likewise contributed numerous papers to the Annales des mines and other scientific publications, one of the most interesting of which is entitled Des terrains volcaniques des environs de Naples
.
Dufrenoy was a member of the See also: Academy of Sciences, a See also: commander of the See also: Legion of Honour, and an inspector-general of mines
.
He died in Paris on the loth of See also: March 1857
.
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