EUGEN KARL See also:

• EUGEN KARL DUHRING (1833-1901)

DUHRING (1833-1901)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German philosopher and See also:

• POLITICAL

political economist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the r2th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1833 at See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin . After a legal See also:

• EDUCATION

education he practised at Berlin as a lawyer till 1859 . A weakness of the eyes, ending in See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• BLINDNESS

blindness, occasioned his taking up the studies with which his name is now connected . In 1864 he became docent of the university of Berlin, but, in consequence of a See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with the professoriate, was deprived of his See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence to See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach in 1874 . Among his See also:

• WORKS

works are Kapital and Arbeit (1865); Der Wert See also:

• DES

des Lebens (1865); Natiirliche Dialektik (1865); Kritische Geschichte der Philosophie (1869); Kritische Geschichte der allgemeinen Principien der Mechanik (1872)—one of his most successful works; Kursus der See also:

• NATIONAL

National- and Sozialokonomie (1873); Kursus der Philosophie (1875), entitled in a later edition Wirklichkeitsphilosophie; Logik and Wissenschaftstheorie (1878); Der Ersatz der See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

Religion durch Vollkommeneres (1883) . He published his autobiography in 1882 under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Sache, Leben and Feinde; the mention of " Feinde " (enemies) is characteristic . See also:

• DUHRING, EUGEN KARL (1833-1901)

Duhring's See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy claims to be emphatically the philosophy of reality . He is passionate in his denunciation of everything which, like See also:

• MYSTICISM (from Or. µuety, to shut the eyes; µuorrts, one initiated into the mysteries)

mysticism, tries to See also:

• VEIL (O.Fr. veile, mod. voile, from Lat. velum, cloth, awning, sail)

veil reality . He is almost Lucretian in his anger against religion which would withdraw the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret of the universe from our See also:

• DIRECT

direct gaze . His " substitute for religion " is a doctrinein many points akin to See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

Comte and See also:

• FEUERBACH, ANSELM (1829-188o)
• FEUERBACH, LUDWIG ANDREAS (1804—1872)
• FEUERBACH, PAUL JOHANN ANSELM, RITTER VON (1775-1833)

Feuerbach, the former of whom he resembles in his sentimentalism . Duhring's opinions changed considerably after his first See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance as a writer . His earlier See also:

• WORK

work, Natitrliche Dialektik, in See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form and See also:

• MATTER

matter not the worst of his writings, is entirely in the spirit of the See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

Critical Philosophy .

Later, in his See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement towards See also:

• POSITIVISM (derived from ponere, whence positus, that which is laid down, certain)

Positivism, he strongly repudiates See also:

• KANT, IMMANUEL (1724-1804)

Kant's separation of phenomenon from See also:

• NOUMENON (Gr. voouµevov, a thing known, from voeiv)

noumenon, and affirms that our See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect is capable of grasping the whole reality . This adequacy of thought to things is due to the fact that the universe contains but one reality, i.e. matter . It is to matter that we must look for the explanation both of conscious and of See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical states . But matter is not, in his See also:

• SYSTEM

system, to be understood with the See also:

• COMMON

common meaning, but with a deeper sense as the substratum of all conscious and physical existence; and thus the See also:

• LAWS

laws of being are identified with the laws of thought . In this materialistic or quasi-materialistic system Duhring finds See also:

• ROOM

room for See also:

• TELEOLOGY (Gr. Taos, end)

teleology; the end of Nature, he holds, is the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of a See also:

• RACE

race of conscious beings . From his belief in teleology he is not deterred by the See also:

• ENIGMA (Gr. aTvcyµa)

enigma of See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain; he is a determined optimist . Pain exists to throw See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure into conscious See also:

• RELIEF

relief . In See also:

• ETHICS
• ETHICS, SHAFTESBURY, HOBBES

ethics Duhring follows Comte in making sympathy the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of morality . In political philosophy he teaches an ethical See also:

• COMMUNISM

communism, and attacks the Darwinian principle of struggle for existence . It See also:

• ECONOMICS

economics he is best known by his vindication of the See also:

• AMERICAN

American writer H . C . See also:

• CAREY, HENRY (d. 1743)
• CAREY, HENRY CHARLES (1793-1879)
• CAREY, WILLIAM (1761-1834)

Carey, who attracts him both by his theory of value, which suggests an ultimate See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony of the interests of capitalist and labourer, and also by his See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of " national " political See also:

• ECONOMY

economy, which See also:

• ADVOCATES, FACULTY OF

advocates See also:

• PROTECTION

protection on the ground that the morals and culture of a See also:

• PEOPLE

people are promoted by having its whole system of See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry See also:

• COMPLETE

complete within its own See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders .

His patriotism is fervent, but narrow and exclusive . He idolized See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick the See also:

• GREAT

Great, and denounced See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews, Greeks, and the See also:

• COSMOPOLITAN (Gr. Kbvµos, world, and IroXirgs, citizen)

cosmopolitan See also:

• GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON (1749-1832)

Goethe.• Duhring's clear, incisive See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing is disfigured by arrogance and See also:

• ILL

ill-See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper, failings which may be extenuated on the ground of his physical affliction . He died in 1901 . See H . Druskowitz, Eugen Duhring (See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg, 1888) ; E . See also:

• DOLL

Doll, Eugen Duhring (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1892) ; F . Engels, Eugen D.'s Umwalzung der Wissenschaft (3rd ed., See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1894) ; H . Vaihinger, See also:

• HARTMANN, KARL ROBERT EDUARD VON (1842–1906)
• HARTMANN, MORITZ (1821–1872)

Hartmann, Diihring and See also:

• LANGE, ANNE FRANCOISE ELIZABETH (1772—1816)
• LANGE, ERNST PHILIPP KARL (1813—1899)
• LANGE, FRIEDRICH ALBERT (1828—1875)
• LANGE, JOHANN PETER (1802-1884)

Lange (1876) . (H .