See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog)  , the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of one of the highest orders of the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility, and of some See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign princes . The word " See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke," which is derived from the See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• DUX (Czech Duchcov)

dux, a See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader, or See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, through the Fr. duc (O . Fr. dust, ducs, dus), originally signified a leader, and more especially a military See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief, and in this latter sense was the See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent of the A.S. heretoga (here, an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, and teon, from togen, to draw; Ger. ziehen, zog; Goth. tiuhan; Lat. ducere) and the old Ger. herizog . In this general sense the word survived in See also:

• ENGLISH

English literature until the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, but is now obsolete . The origin of See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes is twofold . The dux first appears in the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

empire under the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

Hadrian, and by the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the Gordians has already a recognized See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• HIERARCHY (Gr. iepos, holy, and apxe.v, to rule)

hierarchy . He was the general appointed to the command of a particular expedition and his functions were purely military . In the 4th century, after the separation of the See also:

• CIVIL

civil and military administrations, there was a duke in command of the troops quartered in each of the frontier provinces of the empire, e.g. the dux Britanniarum . The number of dukes continually in-creased, and in the 6th and 7th centuries there were duces at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, See also:

• RIMINI

Rimini, See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice and See also:

• PERUGIA (anc. Perusia)

Perugia . Gradually, too, they be-came charged with civil as well as military functions, and even exercised considerable authority in ecclesiastical See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration . Under the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine, emperors they were the representatives in all causes of the central See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . The Roman title of duke was less dignified than that of See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count (comes, See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion) which implied an See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable See also:

• PERSONAL

personal relation to the emperor (see COUNT) .

Both titles were borrowed by the Merovingian See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings for the administrative machinery of the See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

Frank empire, and under them the functions of the duke remained substantially unaltered . He was a See also:

• GREAT

great civil and military official, charged to See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch, in the interests of the See also:

• CROWN

crown, over See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of several comitatus, or count-See also:

• SHIPS

ships, especially in the border provinces . The See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere of the dukes was never rigidly fixed, and their See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission was sometimes permanent, sometimes temporary . Under the See also:

• CAROLINGIANS

Carolingians the functions of the dukes remained substantially the same; but with the decay of the royal power in the loth century, both dukes and See also:

• COUNTS

counts gained in See also:

• LOCAL

local authority; the number of dukes became for the time fixed, and finally title and See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office were made hereditary, the relation to the crown being reduced to that of more or less shadowy vassalage .