See also:

• DUMFRIES (Gaelic, " the fort in the copse ")

DUMFRIES (Gaelic, " the fort in the copse ")  , a royal and See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary See also:

• BURGH [BOURKE, BURKE]
• BURGH, HUBERT DE (d. 1243)

burgh and See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, See also:

• DUMFRIESSHIRE

Dumfriesshire, See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland . It lies on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the Nith, about 8 m. from the Solway See also:

• FIRTH, CHARLES HARDING (1857– )
• FIRTH, MARK (1819-1880)

Firth and 81 m . S.E. of See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow by the Glasgow & South_Western railway . Pop . (1891) 16,675; (1901) 17,079 . See also:

• DUMFRIES (Gaelic, " the fort in the copse ")

Dumfries is beautifully situated and is one of the handsomest county towns in Scotland . The churches and chapels of the Presbyterian and other communions are, many of them, See also:

• FINE

fine buildings . St See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael's (1746), a stately See also:

• PILE

pile, was the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church which See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• BURNS, JOHN (1858– )
• BURNS, ROBERT (1759-1796)
• BURNS, SIR GEORGE

Burns attended, and in its See also:

• CHURCHYARD
• CHURCHYARD, THOMAS (c. 152o-16o4)

churchyard he was buried, his remains being transferred in 1815 to the magnificent See also:

• MAUSOLEUM

mausoleum erected in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east corner, where also See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie his wife, See also:

• JEAN

Jean See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

Armour, and several members of his See also:

• FAMILY

family . The See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic church of Greyfriars (1866–1867) occupies the site partly of a Franciscan monastery and partly of the old See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of the See also:

• TOWN

town . On the site of St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary's (1837–1839), also Gothic, stood the small See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel raised by Christiana, See also:

• SISTER

sister of Robert See also:

• BRUCE
• BRUCE, ALEXANDER BALMAIN (1831-1899)
• BRUCE, JAMES (1930-1794)
• BRUCE, MICHAEL (1746-1767)

Bruce, to the memory of her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband, See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

Christopher See also:

• SETON (Family)

Seton, who had been executed on the spot by See also:

• EDWARD

Edward I . St See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew's (1811–1813), in the Romanesque See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, is a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic church, which also serves as the See also:

• PRO

pro-See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of See also:

• GALLOWAY
• GALLOWAY, JOSEPH (1731-1803)
• GALLOWAY, THOMAS (1796-1851)

Galloway . Besides numerous See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, there is an admirably equipped See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy .

The old infirmary See also:

• BUILDING

building is now occupied by St See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph's See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, a commercial academy of the Marist See also:

• BROTHER

Brother-See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood, in connexion with which there is a novitiate for the training of members of the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order for missionary service at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home or abroad . In the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place stands the old town See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, with red See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower and See also:

• CUPOLA (Ital., from Lat. cupula, small cask or vault, cupa, tub)

cupola, known from its situation as the See also:

• MID

Mid See also:

• STEEPLE (akin to " steep")

Steeple, built by Tobias Bachup of See also:

• ALLOA

Alloa (1708) . The new town hall and See also:

• POST

post-See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office are near the uppermost See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge . The county buildings, in See also:

• BUCCLEUCH, DUKES OF

Buccleuch See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street, are an imposing example of the Scots Baronial style . To Mr Andrew See also:

• CARNEGIE
• CARNEGIE, ANDREW (1837– )

Carnegie and Mr and Mrs M'Kie of See also:

• MOAT

Moat See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House was due the See also:

• FREE

free library . The charitable institutions include See also:

• MOORHEAD

Moorhead's See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital (1753) for reduced householders; the Dumfriesshire and Galloway royal infirmary, dating from 1778, but now housed in a fine edifice in the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian style; the See also:

• CRICHTON, JAMES (156o-? 1582)

Crichton royal institution for the insane, founded by Dr See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James Crichton of Friars Carse, and supplemented in 1848 by the See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern Counties See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum; the new infirmary, a handsome building ; the contagious diseases hospital, the See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial home for See also:

• ORPHAN

orphan and destitute girls and a nurses' home . The See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

Theatre Royal, reconstructed in 1876, datesfrom 1787 . Burns composed several prologues and epilogues for some of its actors and actresses . Among other public buildings are the See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly rooms, St See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George's hall, the volunteer See also:

• DRILL

drill hall, and the Crichton Institution chapel, completed at a cost of £30,000 . The See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation owns the See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply, public See also:

• BATHS

baths and See also:

• WASH, THE

wash-houses and the gasworks . In front of Greyfriars church stands a See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble statue of Burns, unveiled in 1882, and there is also a See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument to See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles, third See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• QUEENSBERRY, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF

Queensberry . The Nith is crossed by three See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges and the railway viaduct .

The bridge, which is used for vehicular See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic, See also:

• DATES

dates from 1790–1794 . Devorgilla's bridge, below it, built of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone in 128o, originally consisted of nine See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches (now reduced to three), and is reserved in spite of its massive See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance for See also:

• FOOT

foot passengers only, as is also the suspension bridge opened in 1875 . Dumfries, See also:

• ANNAN

Annan, See also:

• KIRKCUDBRIGHT (pron. Ker-k4-bri)

Kirkcudbright, Lochmaben and Sanquharthe " Five Carlins " of Burns's See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

Election See also:

• BALLADS

Ballads—combine to return one member to See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

Parliament . As a parliamentary burgh Dumfries includes See also:

• MAXWELLTOWN

Maxwelltown, on the opposite See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the See also:

• RIVER

river, which otherwise belongs to See also:

• KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE (also known as the STEWARTRY OF KIRKCUDBRIGHT and EAST GALLOWAY)

Kirkcudbrightshire . The leading See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries comprise manufactures of tweeds, See also:

• HOSIERY

hosiery, clogs, baskets and See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather, besides the See also:

• TIMBER

timber See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, nursery gardening and the making of machinery and See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron implements . Dumfries markets for See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, held weekly, and for horses, held five times annually, have always ranked with the best, and there is also a weekly market for pork during the five months beginning with See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November . The See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne trade is small compared with what it was before the railway came . Although Dumfries was the site of a See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp of the Selgovian Britons, nothing is known of its See also:

• HISTORY

history until See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long after the withdrawal of the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans . See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William the See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

Lion (d . 1214) made it a royal burgh, but the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest existing See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter was granted by Robert II. in 1395 . The town became embroiled in the struggles that ended in the See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of Scotland . It favoured the claims to the See also:

• THRONE

throne, first of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• BALIOL
• BALIOL, JOHN DE (1249–1315)

Baliol—whose See also:

• MOTHER

mother Devorgilla, daughter of Alan, See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of Galloway, had done much to promote its prosperity by building the stone bridge over the Nith —and then of the Red See also:

• COMYN, JOHN (d. c. 1300)

Comyn, as against those of Robert Bruce, who See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew his support from Annandale .

When Edward I. besieged Carlaverock Castle in 1300 he lodged in the Franciscan monastery, which, six years later (loth of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1306), was the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the See also:

• MURDER

murder of Comyn (see ROBERT THE BRUCE) . From this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to nearly the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the burgh was exposed to frequent raids, both from freebooters on the See also:

• ENGLISH

English side and from partisans of the turbulent chiefs—Douglases, Maxwells, Johnstones . The Scottish sovereigns, however, did not wholly neglect Dumfries . James IV., James V., Mary and her son each visited it . James VI. was royally entertained on the 3rd of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1617, and afterwards presented the seven incorporated trades with a See also:

• SILVER

silver See also:

• GUN

gun to encourage the craftsmen in the practice of musketry . The competition for this See also:

• CANNON (a word common to Romance languages, from the Lat. canna, a reed, tube, with the addition of the augmentative termination -on, -one)

cannon-shaped See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube, now preserved in the old town hall, took place annually—with a See also:

• GREAT

great festival every seven years—until 1831 . John See also:

• MAYNE, JASPER (1604-1672)

Mayne (1759–1836), a native of Dumfries, commemorated the gathering in an excellent humorous poem called " The Siller Gun." Though in sympathy with the See also:

• COVENANTERS

Covenanters, the town was the scene of few incidents comparable to those which took place in the northern parts of the See also:

• SHIRE

shire . The See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union with See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England was so unpopular that not only did the See also:

• PROVOST (through O. Fr. prevost, mod. prevot, Lat. praepositus, set over, from praeponere, to place in front)

provost See also:

• VOTE

vote against the measure in the Scottish parliament, but the articles were burned (loth of November 1706) at the Market See also:

• CROSS

Cross by a See also:

• BODY

body of See also:

• CAMERONIANS

Cameronians, amidst the approving cheers of the inhabitants . In both 1715 and 1745 Dumfries remained apathetic . See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince Charles Edward indeed occupied the town, holding his See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court in a building afterwards known as the Commercial Hotel, levying £2000 See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute See also:

• MONEY

money and requisitioning r000 pairs of shoes for his Highlanders, by way of punishing its See also:

• CONTUMACY (Lat. contumacia, obstinacy; derived from the root tem-, as in temnere,' t'o_despise, or possibly from the root tum-, as in tumere, to swell, with anger, &c.)

contumacy . But, in a false alarm, the See also:

• JACOBITES (from Lat. Jacobus, James)

Jacobites suddenly retreated, and a few years later the town was reimbursed by the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State for the Pretender's extortions . The most interesting event in the history of Dumfries is its connexion with Burns, for the poet resided here from See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1791 till his See also:

• DEATH

death on the 21st of See also:

• JULY

July 1796 .

The house in which he died is still See also:

• STANDING

standing . The picturesque ruins of Carlaverock Castle—the " Ellangowan " of See also:

• GUY, THOMAS (1644–1724)

Guy Mannering—are 8 m. to the south . Above the entrance are the arms of the Maxwells, earls of See also:

• NITHSDALE, WILLIAM MAXWELL, 5TH EARL OF (1676-1744)

Nithsdale, to whose descendant, the duchess of See also:

• NORFOLK
• NORFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Norfolk, it belongs . The castle, which is in an excellent state of preservation, is built of red See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone, on the site of a fortress supposed to have been erected in the 6th century, of which nothing now remains . In See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan it is a triangle, protected by a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double moat, and has See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round towers at the angles . See also:

• PART

Part of the See also:

• PRESENT

present structure is believed to date from 1220 and once sheltered William See also:

• WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL (1823— )
• WALLACE, LEWIS [LEW] (1827—1905)
• WALLACE, SIR RICHARD
• WALLACE, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1270-1305)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1768-1843)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1844-1897)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM VINCENT (1814-1865)

Wallace . It withstood Edward I.'s See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege in 1300 for two days, although garrisoned by only sixty men . In the troublous times that followed it often changed hands . In 1570 it See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into disrepair, but was restored, and in 1641 was besieged for the last time by the Covenanters . A mile and a See also:

• HALF

half to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of Dumfries lies Lincluden See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

Abbey, " an old ruin," says Burns, " in a sweet situation at the confluence of the Cluden and the Nith." Originally the abbey was a See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent, founded in the 12th century, but converted two centuries later into a collegiate church by See also:

• ARCHIBALD, 5TH EARL OF DOUGLAS (c. 1391–1439)

Archibald, See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• DOUGLAS
• DOUGLAS, GAVIN (1474?-1522)
• DOUGLAS, JOHN (1721—1807.)
• DOUGLAS, SIR CHARLES
• DOUGLAS, SIR HOWARD
• DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD (18,3–1861)

Douglas . The remains of the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir and south See also:

• TRANSEPT (from Lat. trans, across, and septum, enclosure; synonymous terms in other languages are Fr. croisee, nef transversee; Ital. crociata; Ger. Querbau, Quersch&)

transept disclose See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• WORK

work of the Decorated style .