DUMP  . (I) (Of obscure origin; corresponding in

form and possibly connected with the word, are the Mid . Dutch clomp, mist or haze, and the Ger. dumpf, dull or dazed), a state of wonder, perplexity or melancholy . The word thus occurs particularly in the plural, in such phrases as " doleful dumps." It was also formerly used for a tune, especially one of a mournful kind, a dirge . (2) (Connected with " dumpy," but appearing later than that word, and also of obscure origin), something short and thick, and hence used of many objects such as a lead counter or medal, of a coin formerly used in Australia, formed by punching a circular piece out of a Spanish dollar, and of a short thick bolt used in shipbuilding . (3) (Probably of Norse origin, cf . Nor. dumpa, and Dan. dumpe, meaning " to fall " suddenly, with a bump), to throw down in a heap, and hence particularly applied to the depositing of any large quantity of material, to the shooting of rubbish, or tilting a load from a cart . It is thus used of the method of disposal.of the masses of gravel, &c., disintegrated by water in the hydraulic method of gold mining . A " dump " or " dumping-ground " is thus the place where such waste material is deposited . The use of the term " dumping" in the economics of international trade has come into prominence in the tariff reform controversy in the United Kingdom . It is sometimes used loosely of the importing of foreign goods at prices below those ruling in the importing country; but strictly the term is applied to the importing, at a price below the cost of production, of the surplus of manufactures of a foreign country over and above what has been disposed of in its home market . The ability to sell such a surplus in a foreign market below the cost of production depends on the prices of the home market being artificially sustained at a sufficiently high level by a monopoly or by a tariff or by bounties .

An essential

factor in the cperation of " dumping " is the lessening of the whole cost of production by manufacture on a large scale .