See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

WILLIAM See also:

• DUNBAR, GEORGE (1774—1851)
• DUNBAR, PAUL LAURENCE (1872–1906)
• WILLIAM DUNBAR (c. 1460-c. 1520)

DUNBAR (c. 1460-c. 1520)  , Scottish poet, was probably a native of See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• LOTHIAN

Lothian . This is assumed from a satirical reference in the Flyting of See also:

• DUNBAR, GEORGE (1774—1851)
• DUNBAR, PAUL LAURENCE (1872–1906)
• DUNBAR, WILLIAM (c. 1460-c. 1520)

Dunbar and Kennedie, where, too, it is hinted that he was a member of the See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Dunbar . His name appears in 1477 in the See also:

• REGISTER

Register of the See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

Faculty of Arts at St See also:

• ANDREWS, JAMES PETTIT (c. 1737–1797)
• ANDREWS, THOMAS (1813–1885)

Andrews, among the Determinants or Bachelors of Arts, and in 1479 among the masters of the university . Thereafter he joined the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of Observantine See also:

• FRANCISCANS (otherwise called Friars Minor, or Minorites; also the Seraphic Order ; and in England Grey Friars, from the colour of the habit, which, however, is now brown rather than grey)

Franciscans, at St Andrews or See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, and proceeded to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France as a wandering See also:

• FRIAR (from the Lat. (rater, through the Fr. frere)

friar . He spent a few years in See also:

• PICARDY (La Picardie)

Picardy, and was still abroad when, in 1491, See also:

• BOTHWELL
• BOTHWELL, JAMES HEPBURN, 4TH EARL OF

Bothwell's See also:

• MISSION

mission to secure a See also:

• BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)

bride for the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James IV. reached the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court . There is no See also:

• DIRECT

direct See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence that he accompanied Blackadder, See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow, on a similar See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy to See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain in 1495 . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, we know that he proceeded with that See also:

• PRELATE (Lat. praelatus, set above, from praefero, prefer)

prelate to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England on his more successful mission in 1501 . Dunbar had meanwhile (about 1500) returned to See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, and had become a See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest at court, and a royal pensioner . His See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• LIFE

life begins with his See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment to James's See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household . All that is known of him from this date to his See also:

• DEATH

death about 1520 is derived from the poems or from entries in the royal registers of payments of See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension and grants of See also:

• LIVERY

livery . He is spoken of as the Rhymer of Scotland in the accounts of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English privy See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council dealing with the visit of the mission for the hand of See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret Tudor, rather because he wrote a poem in praise of See also:

• LONDON

London,than because, as has been stated, he held the See also:

• POST

post of See also:

• LAUREATE (Lat. laureatus, from laurea, the laurel tree)

laureate at the Scottish court . In 1511 he accompanied the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen to See also:

• ABERDEEN
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE GORDON, 1ST EARL O (1637-1720)
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE HAMILTON GORDON, 4TH EARL

Aberdeen and commemorated her visit in See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse .

Other pieces such as the Orisoun (" Quhen the Gouernour past in France "), apropos of the setting out of the See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent See also:

• ALBANY
• ALBANY, DUKES OF
• ALBANY, LOUISE MAXIMILIENNE CAROLINE, COUNTESS OF (1752-1824)

Albany, are of See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• INTEREST

interest, but they tell us little more than that Dunbar was alive . The date of his death is uncertain . He is named in See also:

• LYNDSAY, SIR DAVID (c. 1490-c. 1555)

Lyndsay's Testament and Complaynt of the Papyngo (1530) with poets then dead, and the reference precedes that to See also:

• DOUGLAS
• DOUGLAS, GAVIN (1474?-1522)
• DOUGLAS, JOHN (1721—1807.)
• DOUGLAS, SIR CHARLES
• DOUGLAS, SIR HOWARD
• DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD (18,3–1861)

Douglas who had died in 1522 . He certainly survived his royal See also:

• PATRON

patron . We may not be far out in saying that he died about 1520 . Dunbar's reputation among his immediate successors was considerable . By later See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism, stimulated in some measure by See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott's eulogy that he is " unrivalled by any which Scotland has produced," he has held the highest See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place among the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern makars . The praise, though it has been at times exaggerated, is on the whole just, certainly in respect of variety of See also:

• WORK

work and mastery of See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form . He belongs, with James I., See also:

• HENRYSON, ROBERT (c. 1425—c. 1500)

Henryson and Douglas, to the Scots Chaucerian school . In his allegorical poems reminiscences of the See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master's See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style and literary See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit are most frequent . Yet, even there, his discipleship shows certain limitations . His wilder See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour and greater See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat of See also:

• BLOOD

blood give him opportunities in which the Chaucerian tradition is not helpful, or even possible .

His restlessness leads us at times to a comparison with See also:

• SKELTON, JOHN (c. 1460-1529)

Skelton, not in respect of any See also:

• PARALLELISM, PSYCHOPHYSICAL

parallelism of See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea or literary craftsmanship, but in his experimental zeal in turning the diction and tuning the rhythms of the chaotic English which only See also:

• CHAUCER, GEOFFREY (? 1340-1400)

Chaucer's See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius had reduced to order . The comparison must not, however, be pushed too far . Skelton's work carries with it the interest of See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt and failure . Dunbar's command of the See also:

• MEDIUM

medium was more certain . So that while we admire the variety of his work, we also admire the competence of his effort . One See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred and one poems have been ascribed to Dunbar . Of these at least ninety are generally accepted as his: of the eleven attributed to him it would be hard to say that they should not be considered See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic . Most doubt has clung to his verse See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale The Freiris of Berwik . Dunbar's See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief allegorical poems are The Goldyn Targe and The Thrissil and the Rois . The motif of the former is the poet's futile endeavour, in a See also:

• DREAM (from a root dreug, connected with Germ. trugen, to deceive)

dream, £o See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward off the arrows of See also:

• DAME
• DAME (through the Fr. from Lat. domina, mistress, lady, the feminine of dominus, master, lord)

Dame Beautee by See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

Reason's " scheld of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold." When wounded and made prisoner, he discovers the true beauty of the See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady: when she leaves him, he is handed over to Heaviness . The See also:

• NOISE (a word of doubtful origin; O. Fr. nogse or nose; Prov. nausa, which points to Lat. nausea, sickness, as the origin; others take Lat. noxia, harm, as the source)

noise of the See also:

• SHIP

ship's guns, as the See also:

• COMPANY

company sails off, wakes the poet to the real pleasures of a May See also:

• MORNING

morning . Dunbar See also:

• WORKS

works on the same theme in a shorter poem, known as Beauty and the Prisoner .

The Thrissil and the Rois is a prothalamium in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of James IV. and Margaret Tudor, in which the heraldic See also:

• ALLEGORY (iXXos, other, and ayopeuav, to speak)

allegory is based on the See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar beast-See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament . The greater See also:

• PART

part of Dunbar's work is occasional—See also:

• PERSONAL

personal and social See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire, complaints (in the style familiar in the See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor verse of Chaucer's English successors), orisons and pieces of a humorous See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . The last type shows Dunbar at his best, and points the difference between him and Chaucer . The best specimen of this work, of which the outstanding characteristics are sheer whimsicality and topsy-turvy humour, is The Ballad of Kynd Kittok . This See also:

• STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain runs throughout many of the occasional poems, and is not wanting in See also:

• ODD (in middle English odde, from old Norwegian oddi, an angle of a triangle; the old Norwegian oddamann is used of the third man who gives a casting vote in a dispute)

odd passages in Dunbar's See also:

• CON

con-temporaries; and it has the additional interest of showing a direct historical relationship with the work of later Scottish poets, and chiefly with that of See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• BURNS, JOHN (1858– )
• BURNS, ROBERT (1759-1796)
• BURNS, SIR GEORGE

Burns . Dunbar's satire is never the See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle funning of Chaucer: more often it becomes invective . Examples of this type are The Satire on Edinburgh, The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General Satire, the See also:

• EPITAPH (Gr. it oa¢cos, sc. X/yos, from bri, upon, and ra¢os, a tomb)

Epitaph on Donald Owre, and the powerful See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision of The See also:

• DANCE
• DANCE (Fr. danse; of obscure origin, connected with Old High Ger. danson, to stretch)

Dance of the Sevin Deidlie Synnis . In the Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedie, an outstanding specimen of a favourite northern form, analogous to the See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental estrif, or tenzone, he and his See also:

• RIVAL

rival reach a height of scurrility which is certainly without parallel in English literature . This poem has the additional interest of showing the racial antipathy between the " See also:

• INGLIS, SIR JOHN EARDLEY WILMOT (1814-1862)
• INGLIS, SIR WILLIAM (1764-1835)

Inglis "-speaking inhabitants of the Lothians and the " Scots " or Gaelic-speaking folk of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . There is little in Dunbar which may be called lyrical, and little of the dramatic . His Interlud of the Droichis [See also:

• DWARF (A.S. dweorg, D. dwerg, Icel. dvergr)

Dwarf's] part of the See also:

• PLAY

Play, one of the pieces attributed to him, is supposed to be a fragment of a dramatic See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition . It is more interesting as evidence of his turn for whimsicality, already referred to, and may for that reason be safely ascribed to his See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen .

If further selection be made from the large See also:

• BODY

body of See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous poems, the comic poem on the physician Andro See also:

• KENNEDY
• KENNEDY, BENJAMIN HALL (1804-1889)
• KENNEDY, THOMAS FRANCIS (1788-1879)
• KENNEDY, WALTER (c. 1460–c. 1508)

Kennedy may stand out as one of the best contributions to See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval Goliardic literature; The Two Mariit Wemen and the Wedo, as one of the richest and most effective pastiches in the older alliterative style, then used by the Scottish Chaucerians for See also:

• BURLESQUE (Ital. burlesco, from burla, a joke, fun, playful trick)

burlesque purposes; Done is a battell on the See also:

• DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

Dragon Blak, for religious feeling expressed in melodious verse; and the well-known Lament for the Makaris . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main value of the last is historical, but it too shows Dunbar's mastery of form, even when dealing with lists of poetic predecessors . The chief authorities for the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of Dunbar's poems are:—(a) the Asloan MS . (c . 1515) ; (b) the Chepman and Myllar Prints (1508) preserved in the See also:

• ADVOCATES, FACULTY OF

Advocates' library, Edinburgh; (c) See also:

• BANNATYNE, GEORGE (1545—? 1608)

Bannatyne MS . (1568) in the same; (d) the See also:

• MAITLAND (MAITLAND OF LETHINGTON), WILLIAM
• MAITLAND, EAST
• MAITLAND, EDWARD (1824-1897)
• MAITLAND, FREDERIC WILLIAM (1850-1906)
• MAITLAND, SIR RICHARD (LORD LETHINGTON) (1496-r586)

Maitland See also:

• FOLIO (properly the ablative case of the Lat. folium, leaf, but also frequently an adaptation of the Ital. foglio)

Folio MS . (c . 157o–159o) in the Pepysian library, Magdalene See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge . Some of the poems appear in the Makculloch MS . (before 1500) in the library of the university of Edinburgh; in MS . See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

Cotton See also:

• VITELLIUS, AULUS

Vitellius A. xvi., appendix to Royal See also:

• MSS

MSS . No .

58, and See also:

• ARUNDEL
• ARUNDEL, EARLDOM OF
• ARUNDEL, EARLS OF
• ARUNDEL, THOMAS (1353-1414)

Arundel 285, in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum; in the Reidpath MS. in the university library of Cambridge; and in the Aberdeen Register of Sasines . The first See also:

• COMPLETE

complete edition was published by See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David See also:

• LAING, ALEXANDER GORDON (1793–1826)
• LAING, DAVID (1793–1878)
• LAING, MALCOLM (1762-1818)
• LAING, SAMUEL (1810-1897)

Laing (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1834) with a supplement (Edinburgh, 1865) . This has been superseded by the Scottish Text Society's edition (ed . See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Small, See also:

• AENEAS

Aeneas J . G . See also:

• MACKAY
• MACKAY, CHARLES (1814–1889)
• MACKAY, HUGH (c. 164o-169z)
• MACKAY, JOHN WILLIAM (1831–1902)

Mackay and See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter Gregor, 3 vols., Edinburgh, 1893), and by Dr Schipper's 1 vol. edition (See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna; Kais . Akad. der Wissenschaften, 1894) . The See also:

• EDITIONS

editions by James See also:

• PATERSON
• PATERSON, ROBERT (1715-1801)
• PATERSON, WILLIAM (1658-1719)

Paterson (Edinburgh, 186o) and H . B . Baildon( Cambridge, 1907) are of minor value . Selections have been frequently reprinted since See also:

• RAMSAY, ALLAN (1686-1758)
• RAMSAY, ALLAN (1713-1784)
• RAMSAY, ANDREW MICHAEL (1686-1743)
• RAMSAY, DAVID (1749—1815)
• RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM (1852– )
• RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM MITCHELL (185r– )

Ramsay's Ever-See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green (1724) and See also:

• HAILES, DAVID DALRYMPLE, LORD (1726-1792)

Hailes's See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient Scottish Poems (1817) . For See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical accounts see See also:

• IRVING, EDWARD (1792-1834)
• IRVING, SIR HENRY (1838-1905)
• IRVING, WASHINGTON (1783-18J9)

Irving's See also:

• HISTORY

History of Scottish See also:

• POETRY

Poetry, See also:

• HENDERSON
• HENDERSON, ALEXANDER (1583-1646)
• HENDERSON, EBENEZER (1784-1858)
• HENDERSON, GEORGE FRANCIS ROBERT (1854-1903)
• HENDERSON, JOHN (1747-1785)

Henderson's See also:

• VERNACULAR (Lat. verna, dim. vernaculus, a slave horn in his master's house)

Vernacular Poetry of Scotland, See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith's Transition See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

Period, J .

H . See also:

• MILLAR, ANDREW (1707-1768)

Millar's Literary History of Scotland, and the Cambridge History of English Literature, vol. ii . (1908) . See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Schipper's See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Dunbar, sein Leben and See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

seine Gedichte (with See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of several of the poems), appeared at See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin in 1884 . (G . G . S.) { DUNBAR (Gaelic, " the fort on the point "), a royal, municipal and See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police See also:

• BURGH [BOURKE, BURKE]
• BURGH, HUBERT DE (d. 1243)

burgh, and seaport of See also:

• HADDINGTONSHIRE, or EAST LOTHIAN

Haddingtonshire, Scotland . Pop . (1901) 3581 . It is situated on the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• SHORE

shore of the entrance to the See also:

• FIRTH, CHARLES HARDING (1857– )
• FIRTH, MARK (1819-1880)

Firth of Forth, 294 M . E. by N. of Edinburgh by the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North British railway . Dunbar is said to have the smallest rainfall in Scotland and is a favourite summer resort .

The ruins of the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle, and the remains of the See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

Grey Friars' monastery, founded in 1218, at the west end of the See also:

• TOWN

town, and Dunbar House in High See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street, formerly a See also:

• MANSION (through O. Fr. mansion, mod. maison, from Lat. mansio, dwelling-place, stage on a journey; manere, to remain)

mansion of the Lauderdales, but now used as See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks, are of historic interest . The See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, a See also:

• FINE

fine structure in red See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone, the massive See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower of which, 107 f t. high, is a landmark for sailors, See also:

• DATES

dates only from 1819, but occupies the site of what was probably the first collegiate church in Scotland, and contains the large See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument to See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

Home, created See also:

• EARL

earl of Dunbar and See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March by James VI. in 16o5 . Among other public buildings are the town See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly rooms, St See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine's hall, the See also:

• MECHANICS

Mechanics' See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute and library . There°are two harbours,difficult of See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access owing to the!numberof reefs and sunken rocks . Towards the cost of See also:

• BUILDING

building the eastern or older See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour See also:

• CROMWELL, HENRY (1628-1674)
• CROMWELL, OLIVER (1599-1658)
• CROMWELL, RICHARD (1626–1712)
• CROMWELL, THOMAS, EARL OF

Cromwell contributed 300 . The western or See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria harbour is a See also:

• REFUGE

refuge for vessels between See also:

• LEITH

Leith Roads and the See also:

• TYNE

Tyne . On the See also:

• ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

advent of See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam the See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping declined, and even the See also:

• HERRING (Clupea harengus, Haring in German, le hareng in French, sill in Swedish)

herring See also:

• FISHERY (LAW OF)

fishery, which fostered a large curing See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, has lost much of its prosperity . The See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries are chiefly those of agricultural-See also:

• IMPLEMENT (Lat. implementum, a filling up, from implere, to fill)

implement making, rope-making, See also:

• BREWING

brewing and distilling, but a considerable business is done in the export of potatoes . Dunbar used to form one of the See also:

• HADDINGTON
• HADDINGTON, EARL OF

Haddington See also:

• DISTRICT

district See also:

• GROUP

group of See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary burghs, but its See also:

• CONSTITUENCY (from " constituent," that which forms a necessary part of a thing; Lat. constituere, to create)

constituency was merged in that of the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county in 1885 . About 4 m . S.W. is the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of See also:

• BIEL, GABRIEL (c. 1425—1495)

Biel, where, according to some authorities, William Dunbar the poet was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born . One mile to the S.E. of the town is Broxmouth See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park (or Brocksmouth House), the first position of the English See also:

• LEFT

left wing in the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of 165o, now belonging to the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• ROXBURGHE, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Roxburghe .

The site of Dunbar is so commanding that a castle was built on the cliffs at least as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 856 . In 1070 See also:

• MALCOLM
• MALCOLM, SIR JOHN (1769-1833)

Malcolm Canmore gave it to Cospatric, earl of See also:

• NORTHUMBERLAND
• NORTHUMBERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN DUDLEY, VISCOUNT LISLE, EARL OF WARWICK
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN NEVILLE, EARL OF (c. 1430-1471)

Northumberland, ancestor of the earls of Dunbar and March . The fortress was an important See also:

• BULWARK (a word probably of Scandinavian origin, from bol or bole, a tree-trunk, and werk, work, in Ger. Bollwerk, which has also been derived from an old German bolen, to throw, and so a machine for throwing missiles)

bulwark against English invasion, and the town—which was created a royal burgh by David II.—See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up under its See also:

• PROTECTION

protection . The castle was taken by See also:

• EDWARD

Edward I., who defeated See also:

• BALIOL
• BALIOL, JOHN DE (1249–1315)

Baliol in the neighbourhood in 1296, and it afforded shelter to Edward II. after See also:

• BANNOCKBURN

Bannockburn . In 1336 it was besieged by the English under William, See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Montacute, afterwards 1st earl of See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury, but was successfully defended by See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• AGNES, SAINT

Agnes of Dunbar, countess of March, a member of the See also:

• MURRAY
• MURRAY (or MORAY), EARLS OF
• MURRAY (or MORAY), JAMES STUART, EARL OF (c. 1531-1570)
• MURRAY (or MORAY), SIR ROBERT (c. 1600-1673)
• MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART (1841-1904)
• MURRAY, DAVID (1849– )
• MURRAY, EUSTACE CLARE GRENVILLE (1824–1881)
• MURRAY, JAMES (c. 1719-1794)
• MURRAY, JOHN
• MURRAY, JOHN (1778–1820)
• MURRAY, LINDLEY (1745–1826)
• MURRAY, LORD GEORGE (1694–1760)
• MURRAY, SIR JAMES AUGUSTUS HENRY (1837– )
• MURRAY, SIR JOHN (1841– )

Murray See also:

• FAMILY

family . See also:

• JOANNA (1479-1555)

Joanna See also:

• BEAUFORT
• BEAUFORT, FRANCOIS DE VENDOME
• BEAUFORT, HENRY (c. 1377–1447)
• BEAUFORT, LOUIS DE (d. 1795)

Beaufort, widow of James 1., See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose it for her See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence, and in 1479, after his daring See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from Edinburgh Castle, the duke of Albany concealed himself within its walls, until he contrived to See also:

• SAIL

sail for France . In 1567 See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary made Bothwell keeper of the castle, and sought its shelter herself after the See also:

• MURDER

murder of See also:

• RIZZIO

Rizzio and again after her See also:

• FLIGHT

flight from Borthwick Castle . When she surrendered at Carberry See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill the stronghold See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into the hands of the regent See also:

• MORAY

Moray, by whom it was dismantled in 1568, but its ruins are still a picturesque See also:

• OBJECT

object on the hill above the harbour . The BATTLE OF DUNBAR was fought on the 3rd (13th) of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 165o between the English See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army under See also:

• OLIVER, ISAAC (c. 1566--1617)
• OLIVER, PETER (1594-1648)

Oliver Cromwell and the Scots under David See also:

• LESLIE
• LESLIE, CHARLES (1650-1722)
• LESLIE, CHARLES ROBERT (1794–1859)
• LESLIE, FRED [FREDERICK HOBSON] (1855–1892)
• LESLIE, SIR JOHN (1766-1832)
• LESLIE, THOMAS EDWARD CLIFFE (1827-1882)

Leslie, afterwards Lord See also:

• NEWARK
• NEWARK (NEWARK-UPON-TRENT)
• NEWARK, DAVID LESLIE, LORD (1601-1682)

Newark . It took place about 3 M . S.E. of the centre of the town, where between the hills and the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast there is a See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain about r m. wide, through the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of which the main road from Dunbar to See also:

• BERWICK, JAMES FITZJAMES

Berwick runs . The plain and the road are crossed at right angles by the course of the Brocksburn, or Spott See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

Burn, which at first separated the hostile armies .

Rising from the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• BROCK, SIR ISAAC (1769—1812)
• BROCK, THOMAS (1847— )

Brock is Doon Hill (65o ft.), which overlooks the See also:

• LOWER

lower course of the stream and indeed the whole See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field . For the events preceding the battle, see See also:

• GREAT

GREAT See also:

• REBELLION

REBELLION . Cromwell, after a See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of manceuvre near Edinburgh, had been compelled by want of supplies to withdraw to Dunbar; Leslie pursued and took up a position on Doon Hill, commanding the English See also:

• LINE

line of See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat on Berwick . The situation was more than difficult for Cromwell . Some See also:

• OFFICERS

officers were for withdrawing by sea, but the general chose to hold his ground, though his army was enfeebled by sickness and would have to fight on unfavourable terrain against odds of two to one . Leslie, however, who was himself in difficulties on his post among the See also:

• BARE

bare hills, and was perhaps subjected to pressure from See also:

• CIVIL

civil authorities, descended from the heights on the and of Septemter and began to edge towards his right, in order first to confront, and after-wards to surround, his opponent . The See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry of his left wing stood fast, west of Doon Hill, as a See also:

• PIVOT (Fr. pivot; probably connected with Ital. pivolo, peg, pin, diminutive of piva, pipa, pipe)

pivot of manoeuvre, the northern See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of Doon (where the ground rises from the burn at an See also:

• AVERAGE

average slope of fifteen degrees and is even steeper near the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit) he left unoccupied . The centre of See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry stood on the forward slope of the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• SPUR (A.S. spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. M.H.G. sporn, mod. Ger. Sporn)

spur. which runs east from Doon, and beyond them, practically on the plain, was the bulk of the Scottish cavalry . In the evening Cromwell See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up his army, under 1x,000 effective men, along the See also:

• RAVINE

ravine, and issued orders to attack the Scots at See also:

• DAWN (the 16th-century form of the earlier " Jawing " or " dawning," from an old verb " daw," O. Eng. dagian, to become day; cf. Dutch dagen, and Ger. tagen)

dawn of the 3rd (13th) . The left of the Scots was ineffective, as was a part of their centre of See also:

• FOOT

foot on the upper part of the hillside, and the English See also:

• COMMANDER

commander proposed to See also:

• DEAL

deal with the