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DUNDEE

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Originally appearing in Volume V08, Page 676 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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DUNDEE  , a royal, municipal and See also:

police See also:burgh, See also:county of a See also:city, and seaport of See also:Forfarshire, See also:Scotland . Pop . (1891) 153,587; (1901) 161,173 . It lies on the See also:north See also:shore of the See also:Firth of See also:Tay, 594 M . N. by E. of See also:Edinburgh by the North See also:British railway via the Forth and Tay See also:bridges . The Caledonian railway finds See also:access to the city by way of See also:Perth, which is distant about 22 M . W. by S . The See also:general disposition of the See also:town is from See also:east to See also:west, with a frontage on the See also:water of 4 M . The See also:area northwards that has already been built over varies in See also:depth from See also:half a mile to nearly 22 M . (from Esplanade Station to See also:King's See also:Cross) . The city rises gradually from the See also:river to Dundee See also:Law and Balgay See also:Hill . Since the See also:estuary to the E. of Tay See also:bridge is 11 m. wide, and the commodious docks—in immediate contact with the river at all stages of the See also:tide—are within 12 M. of the See also:sea, the position of the city eminently adapts it to be the See also:emporium of a vast See also:trade by See also:land and sea .

But its prosperity is due in a far greater measure to its manufactures of jute and See also:

linen—of which it is the See also:chief seat in the See also:United See also:Kingdom—than to its See also:shipping . Public Buildings.—The town-See also:hall, built in 1734 from the designs of See also:Robert See also:Adam, stands in High See also:Street . It is surmounted by a See also:steeple 140 ft. high, carrying a See also:good peal of bells, and beneath it is a piazza . The old Town Cross, a See also:shaft 15 it. high, bearing a See also:unicorn with the date of 1586, once stood in High Street also, but was re-erected within the enclosure on the S.W. of Town Churches (see below) . See also:Albert Square, with statues of Robert See also:Burns, See also:George Kinloch, the first member for Dundee in the Reform See also:Parliament (both by See also:Sir See also:John Steell), and See also:James See also:Carmichael (1776-1853), inventor of the See also:fan-blast (by John Hutchison, R.S.A.), contains several good buildings, among them the Royal See also:Exchange in Flemish Pointed (erected in 1853-1856), the Eastern See also:Club-See also:house, and the Albert See also:Institute, founded in memory of the See also:prince See also:consort . The last, built mainly from designs by Sir See also:Gilbert See also:Scott, is one of the most important edifices in the city, since it embraces the See also:art See also:gallery, See also:free library, reference library, museum and several halls . On the north See also:side of the See also:building is the seated figure, in See also:bronze, of See also:Queen See also:Victoria, on a polished red See also:granite See also:pedestal containing bas-reliefs of episodes in Her See also:Majesty's See also:life, the See also:work of Harry See also:Bates, A.R.A . The See also:custom house, near the docks, is in Classical See also:style and See also:dates from 1843 . The See also:Sheriff See also:Court buildings and Police See also:Chambers, a structure of Grecian See also:design, with a bold See also:portico, was erected in 1864-1865 . The' halls used for See also:great public meetings are the Volunteer See also:Drill Hall in See also:Parker Square, and Kinnaird Hall in See also:Bank Street . Of the newer streets, Commercial, Reform, See also:Whitehall, Bank and See also:Lindsay contain many buildings of good design and the See also:principal shops . In Bank Street are the offices of the Dundee Advertiser, the leading newspaper in the north-east of Scotland; and in Lindsay Street the headquarters of the Dundee See also:Courier .

In See also:

Dock Street stands the Royal See also:Arch, an effective structure, erected to commemorate the visit of Queen Victoria in 1844 . Among places of amusement are the See also:Theatre Royal, the See also:People's See also:Palace theatre, the See also:Music Hall, the See also:Circus and the Gymnasium . The See also:cattle See also:market and slaughter-houses, both on an extensive See also:scale, are in the east end of the city, not far from Camperdown Dock . Dudhope See also:Castle, once the seat of the Scrymgeours, hereditary constables of the burgh—one of whom (Sir See also:Alexander) was a See also:companion-in-arms of See also:Wallace,—was granted by James II. to John See also:Graham of Claverhouse . On his See also:death it reverted to the See also:crown, and at a later date was converted into See also:barracks . When the new barracks at Dudhope See also:Park were occupied, the Castle was transformed into an See also:industrial museum . Though Dundee was once a walled town, the only relic of its walls is the East See also:Port., the preservation of which was due to the tradition that George See also:Wishart preached from the See also:top of it during the See also:plague of 1544• Churches.—Of the many churches and chapels the most interesting is Town Churches—St See also:Mary's, St See also:Paul's and St See also:Clement's, the three under one roof—surmounted by the See also:noble square See also:tower, 156 ft. high, called the Old Steeple, once the See also:belfry of the See also:church which was erected on this spot by See also:David, See also:earl of See also:Huntingdon, as a thank-offering for his See also:escape from shipwreck on the shoals at the mouth of the Tay (1193) . The church perished, but the See also:bell-tower remained and was restored in 1871-1873 by Sir Gilbert Scott . The See also:fine See also:Roman See also:Catholic See also:pro-See also:cathedral of St See also:Andrew's is in See also:Early See also:English style, and St Paul's Episcopal church, in Decorated See also:Gothic style, with a See also:spire 211 ft. high, from designs by Sir Gilbert Scott, was due to the zeal of See also:Bishop See also:Forbes (1817-1875), who transferred the headquarters of the see of See also:Brechin to Dundee . It occupies the site of the old castle . Memorial churches commemorate the work of Robert See also:Murray McCheyne (1813-1843) and of George See also:Gilfillan (1813-1878), See also:long ministers in Dundee . John See also:Glas (1695-1773), founder of the See also:Glasites (q.v.), ministered here from 1730 to 1733 .

Cemeteries.—The See also:

ancient burying-ground in the centre of the city is called the Howff . It has long been closed, but contains several interesting monuments and epitaphs . Not far from it the New See also:Cemetery was laid out in West Bell Street; to the east of See also:Baxter Park lies the Eastern Cemetery; and the Western Cemetery was constructed in Perth Road . The most beautifully situated of all the burying-grounds, however, is the Western See also:Necropolis, which occupies the western portion of the hill of Balgay . A bridge over the See also:ravine connects it with Balgay Park . Public Parks and Open Spaces.—On the N. of the city rises Dundee Law (571 ft.), the See also:property of the See also:Corporation, a prominent landmark, on the See also:summit of which are traces of an old vitrified fort . The surrounding park covers 18 acres . Near the eastern boundary of the city lies Baxter Park, of 37 acres, presented to the town by Sir David Baxter (1793-1872), a leading manufacturer, and his sisters . It was laid out by Sir See also:Joseph See also:Paxton, and contains a statue of Sir David by Sir John Steell, erected by public subscription . In the west the finely wooded hill of Balgay was acquired in 1869 and 36 acres of the area were converted into a park . Immediately adjoining it on the north is Lochee Park, of 25 acres, given to the city in 1891 by Messrs See also:Cox See also:Brothers of Camperdown See also:Works . In the extreme north lies the park of See also:Fair See also:Muir, of 12 acres, which was secured in 189o, and nearer to the See also:heart of the town is Dudhope or Barrack Park, See also:purchased in 1893 .

Near the north end of the Tay bridge is Magdalen See also:

Green, an old See also:common of 17 acres, and along the shore of the estuary there runs for a distance of 22 M. from Magdalen Point to beyond See also:Craig See also:Pier a See also:promenade called the Esplanade . See also:Education.—University See also:College in Nethergate, founded in 188o by See also:Miss Baxter of Balgavies (d . 1884) and Dr John See also:Boyd Baxter, was opened in 1883, and united to the university of St See also:Andrews in 189o . The See also:affiliation was cancelled in 1895 owing to divergence of view in the governing See also:body, but this was over-come and the college finally incorporated in 1897 . The See also:staff consists of a principal, professors and lecturers, and the curriculum, which may be taken by students of both sexes, is especially concerned with See also:medicine and natural and applied See also:science . The endowments exceed £250,000 . Adjoining the buildings is the Technical Institute, built and endowed by Sir David Baxter and opened in 1888 . In connexion with the high school, a building in the Doric style, dating from 1833, there is a museum which was endowed in 188o by Mr See also:William See also:Harris . See also:Morgan See also:hospital, a structure in the Scots Baronial style, situated immediately to the north of Baxter Park, was founded in 1868 by John Morgan, a native of Dundee, for the See also:board and education of a See also:hundred boys, sons of indigent tradesmen, but was acquired by the school board and transformed into a secondary school . Besides a high school for girls and Roman Catholic and Episcopalian See also:schools, there are numerous efficient and thoroughly equipped board schools . Charitable Institutions.—One of the most conspicuous buildings in the city, occupying a prominent position in the centre, is the Royal Infirmary, a fine structure in the Tudor style . On the See also:southern See also:face of Balgay Hill stands the Royal Victoria hospital for incurables, opened in 1889 .

Phoenix-squares

In addition to the maternity hospital and nurses' See also:

home, there are several institutions devoted to See also:special afflictions and diseases—among them the See also:Blind and the See also:Deaf and Dumb institutions, the Royal See also:asylum, the See also:fever hospital at King's Cross, and, in the See also:parish of Mains—beyond the municipal boundary—the Baldovan asylum for imbeciles, founded in 1854 by Sir John See also:Ogilvy and said to be the earliest of its See also:kind in Scotland, besides the smallpox and See also:cholera hospital . The large Dundee hospital adjoins the poorhouse, and an epidemic hospital has been built in the Fair Muir See also:district . One of the convalescent homes is situated at Broughty See also:Ferry . Among other institutions are the Royal See also:Orphan and the Wellburn Charitable institutions, the See also:rescue home for See also:females, the sailors' home and See also:Lady Jane Ogilvy's orphanage in Mains . Trade.—See also:Hector See also:Boece, in his See also:History and Croniklis of Scotland, thus quaintly writes of the manufactures of Dundee in the opening of the 16th See also:century—" Dunde, the toun quhair we wer See also:born; quhair mony virtewus and lauborius pepill ar in, making of elaith." Jute is, See also:par excellence, the See also:industry of the city . Enormous quantities of the raw material—estimated at 300,000 tons a See also:year—are imported directly from See also:India in a See also:fleet solely devoted to this trade, and many of the factories in See also:Bengal are owned by Dundee merchants . Fabrics in jute range from the roughest sacking to carpets of almost See also:Oriental beauty . Another See also:staple industry is the linen manufacture, which is also one of the See also:oldest, although it was not till the introduction of See also:steam See also:power that headway was made . Bell See also:Mill, erected in 18o6, was the first work of any importance, and the first power-See also:loom factory dates from 1836 . Now factories and See also:mills are to be counted by the See also:score, and the jute, See also:hemp and See also:flax manufactures alone employ about 50,000 hands, while the value of the combined See also:annual output exceeds £6,000,000 . Some of the works are planned on a See also:colossal scale, and many of the buildings in respect of design and equipment are among the finest and most See also:complete in the See also:world . In the thriving See also:quarter of Lochee are situated the Camperdown Linen Works, covering an immense area and employing more than 5000 hands .

The See also:

chimney-stalk (282 ft. high), in the style of an See also:Italian campanile, built of parti-coloured bricks with See also:stone cornices, is a conspicuous feature . The chief textile products are drills, ducks, See also:canvas (for which the British See also:navy is the largest customer), See also:ropes, sheetings, sackings and carpets . Dundee is also celebrated for its See also:confectionery and preserves, especially See also:marmalade . Among other prominent See also:industries are See also:bleaching and See also:dyeing, See also:engineering, See also:shipbuilding, tanning, the making of boots and shoes and other goods in See also:leather, foundries, breweries, See also:corn and See also:flour mills, and the construction of motor-cars . Shipping.—By See also:reason of its excellent docking facilities Dundee can See also:cope with a shipping trade of the largest proportions . On the front wharves and See also:harbour works extend for 2 m., and the docks See also:cover an area of 351 acres, made up thus—Earl See also:Grey Dock, 54 acres; King William IV . Dock, 64 acres; Tidal Harbour, 44 acres; Victoria Dock, tot acres; Camperdown Dock, 81 acres . There are, besides, graving docks, the Ferry harbour and See also:timber ponds . The warehouses are capacious and the ample quays equipped with steam See also:cranes and other See also:modern appliances . In 1898 there entered and cleared 2914 vessels of 1,390,331 tons; in 1904 the See also:numbers were 2428 vessels of 1,227,429 tons . At the See also:close of 1904 the registered shipping of the port was 131 vessels of 109,885 tons . Dundee is the seat of the See also:Arctic See also:fishery, once an important and lucrative business, but now shrunk to the most meagre dimensions in consequence of the increasing scarcity of whales and See also:seals .

There is See also:

regular communication by steamer with See also:London, See also:Hull, See also:Newcastle, See also:Liverpool and See also:Leith, besides See also:Rotterdam, See also:Hamburg and other See also:continental ports . Of the See also:local excursions the two See also:hours' run to Perth is the favourite summer trip . Local See also:Government.—Dundee returns two members to parliament . The city See also:council consists of the See also:lord See also:provost, bailies and councillors . The corporation owns the See also:gas and water supplies (the latter See also:drawn from the See also:loch of Lintrathen, 18 m. to the N.W.) and the electric tramcars . History.—There appears to be some doubt as to the origin of the name of Dundee . It is extravagant to trace it to the Latin Donum Dei, " the See also:gift of See also:God," as some have done, or the See also:Celtic Dun Dhia, " the hill of God." More probably it is the Gaelic Dun Taw, " the fort of the Tay," of which the Latin Taodunum is a transliteration— the derivation pointing to the fact of a Pictish See also:settlement on the site . The earliest See also:authentic mention of the city is in a See also:deed of gift by David, earl of Huntingdon, younger See also:brother of William the See also:Lion, dated about 1200, in which it is designated as " Dunde." Shortly afterwards it was erected into a royal burgh by William the Lion . When See also:Edward I. visited it, however, as he did twice (in 1296 and 1303) with hostile See also:intent, he is said to have removed its See also:charter . Consequently Robert See also:Bruce and successive See also:kings confirmed its privileges and rights, and See also:Charles I. finally granted it its great charter . Dundee played a prominent See also:part in the See also:War of Scottish See also:Independence . Here Wallace finished his education, and here he slew See also:young See also:Selby, son of the English See also:constable, in 1291, for which deed he was outlawed .

In that year the town See also:

fell into the hands of the English, and it was whilst engaged in besieging the castle in 1297 that Wallace withdrew to fight the