See also:

• DUNKIRK
• DUNKIRK (Fr. Dunkerque)

DUNKIRK (Fr. Dunkerque)  , a seaport of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of an See also:

• ARRONDISSEMENT (from arrondir, to make round)

arrondissement in the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• NORD

Nord, on the Straits of See also:

• DOVER
• DOVER, GEORGE JAMES WELBORE
• DOVER, HENRY JERMYN, EARL OF (c. 1636-1708)
• DOVER, ROBERT (1575-1641)

Dover, 53 M . N.W. of See also:

• LILLE

Lille on the Northern railway . Pop . (1906) 35,767 . See also:

• DUNKIRK
• DUNKIRK (Fr. Dunkerque)

Dunkirk is situated in the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low but fertile See also:

• DISTRICT

district of the Wateringues . It lies, amidst a network of canals . immediately to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of its See also:

• PORT

port, which disputes with See also:

• BORDEAUX

Bordeaux the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of third in importance in France . The populous suburbs of Rosendael and St Pol-sur-Mer See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie respectively to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and west of the See also:

• TOWN

town; to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-east is the bathing resort of Malo-See also:

• LES

les-Bains . The streets of Dunkirk are wide and well paved, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of them converging to the square named after See also:

• JEAN

Jean See also:

• BART, JEAN (1651-1702)

Bart (See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Dunkirk in 1651), whose statue by See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David d'See also:

• ANGERS

Angers stands at its centre . See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

Close to the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

Place Jean Bart rises the See also:

• BELFRY (Mid. Eng. berfrey, through Med. Lat. berefredus, from Teut. bergfrid or bercvrit, which, according to the New Eng. Dict., is a combination of bergen, to protect, and frida, safety or peace; the word thus meaning a shelter; the change from r to 1,—

belfry (290 ft. high) which contains a See also:

• FINE

fine peal of bells and also serves as a signalling See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower . It was once the western tower of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St See also:

• ELOI [ELIGIus], SAINT (588-659)

Eloi, from which it is now separated by a See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street . St Eloi, erected about 156o in the See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, was deprived of its first two bays in the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century; the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• FACADE

facade See also:

• DATES

dates from 1889 .

The See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel of Notre-See also:

• DAME
• DAME (through the Fr. from Lat. domina, mistress, lady, the feminine of dominus, master, lord)

Dame See also:

• DES

des See also:

• DUNES

Dunes possesses a small See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image, which is the See also:

• OBJECT

object of a well-known See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage . The chief See also:

• CIVIL

civil buildings are a large Chamber of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce, including the customs and port services, and a fine See also:

• MODERN

modern town See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall . Dunkirk is the seat of a sub-See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect; its public institutions include tribunals of first instance and of commerce, a See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade-arbitrators, an See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange, a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

• BANK

Bank of France and a communal See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college; and it has a school of See also:

• DRAWING

drawing, See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture and See also:

• MUSIC

music, a library and a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich museum of paintings . Dunkirk forms with See also:

• BERGUES

Bergues, Bourbourg and See also:

• GRAVELINES (Flem. Gravelinghe)

Gravelines a See also:

• GROUP

group of fortresses enclosed by inundations and canals . A See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of forts to the eastward is designed to facilitate the deployment of an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, concentrated within the fortified region, towards the Belgian frontier . The See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour of Dunkirk (see See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

Dome) is approached by a fine natural roadstead entered on the east and west, and protected on the north by See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand-See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks . From the roadstead, entrance is by a channel into the See also:

• OUTER

outer harbour, which communicates with seven floating basins about 115 acres in See also:

• AREA

area and is accessible to the largest vessels . The port is provided with four dry docks and a gridiron, and its quays exceed 5 M. in length . Its commerce is much facilitated by the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of canals which bring it into communication with See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium, the See also:

• COAL

coal-basins of Nord and Pasde-See also:

• CALAIS

Calais, the rich agricultural regions of See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders and See also:

• ARTOIS

Artois, and the See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial towns of Lille, See also:

• ARMENTIERES

Armentieres, See also:

• ROUBAIX

Roubaix, See also:

• TOURCOING

Tourcoing, See also:

• VALENCIENNES

Valenciennes, &c . The roadstead is indicated by See also:

• LIGHT

light-See also:

• SHIPS

ships and the entrance channel to the port by a lighthouse which, at an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of 193 ft., is visible at a distance of 19 M . Dunkirk annually despatches a See also:

• FLEET

fleet to the Icelandic See also:

• COD

cod-See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries, and takes See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• HERRING (Clupea harengus, Haring in German, le hareng in French, sill in Swedish)

herring and other fisheries . It imports See also:

• GREAT

great quantities of See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool from the See also:

• ARGENTINE

Argentine and See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia, and is in See also:

• REGULAR

regular communication with New' See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, See also:

• LONDON

London and the chief ports of the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom, See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil and the far East .

Besides wool, leading imports are jute, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, See also:

• FLAX

flax, See also:

• TIMBER

timber, See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum, coal, See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch, See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, cereals, oil-seeds and oil-cake, nitrate of soda and other chemical products, and metals . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal exports are See also:

• SUGAR

sugar, coal, cereals, wool, See also:

• FORAGE

forage, See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement, See also:

• CHALK

chalk, See also:

• PHOSPHATES

phosphates, See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel, tools and See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal-goods, See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread and vegetables . The See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• ANNUAL

annual value of the imports for the years1901—1905 was £23,926,000 (£22,287,000 for 1896—1900), of exports f6,369,000 (f4,481,000 for 1896—1900) . The See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries include the See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning of jute, flax, See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp and cotton, iron-See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding, See also:

• BREWING

brewing, and the manufacture of machinery, fishing-nets, See also:

• SAIL

sail-See also:

• CLOTH

cloth, sacks, casks, and See also:

• SOAP

soap . There are also saw-and See also:

• FLOUR

flour-See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills, petroleum refineries and oil-See also:

• WORKS

works . See also:

• SHIP

Ship-See also:

• BUILDING

building is carried on, and the preparation of See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish and cod-See also:

• LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch lever, Ger. Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and Lat. jecur)

liver oil occupies many hands . Dunkirk is said to have originated in a chapel founded by St Eloi in the 7th century, See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round which a small See also:

• VILLAGE

village speedily sprang up . In the loth century it was fortified by See also:

• BALDWIN, JAMES MARK (1861– )
• BALDWIN, ROBERT (1804–1858)

Baldwin III., See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of Flanders; together with that See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province it passed successively to See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy, See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria and See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . In the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries its See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession was disputed by See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and Spaniards . In 1658 See also:

• TURENNE, HENRI DE LA TOUR

Turenne's victory of the Dunes (q.v.) gave it into the hands of the French and it was ceded to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . After the Restoration, See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II., being in See also:

• MONEY

money difficulties, sold it to the French See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV., who fortified it . By the terms of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• UTRECHT
• UTRECHT, TREATY OF

Utrecht (1713) the fortifications were demolished and its harbour filled up, a See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice demanded by England owing to the damage inflicted on her See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping by Jean Bart and other corsairs of the port .

In 1793 it was besieged by the See also:

• ENGLISH

English under See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of York, who was compelled to retire after the defeat of Hondschoote . See A. de St Leger, La Flandre maritime et Dunkerque (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1900) .