See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

JOHN See also:

• DUNS

DUNS SCOTUS (1265 or 1275-1308)  , one of the foremost of the schoolmen . His birthplace has been variously given as See also:

• DUNS

Duns in See also:

• BERWICKSHIRE

Berwickshire, Dunum (Down) in See also:

• ULSTER
• ULSTER, EARLS OF

Ulster, and Dunstane in See also:

• NORTHUMBERLAND
• NORTHUMBERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN DUDLEY, VISCOUNT LISLE, EARL OF WARWICK
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN NEVILLE, EARL OF (c. 1430-1471)

Northumberland, but there is not sufficient See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle the question . He joined the Franciscan See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order in See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• LIFE

life, and studied at Merton See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, of which he is said to have been a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow . He. became remarkably proficient in all branches of learning, but especially in See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics . When his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master, See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Varron, removed to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in 1301, Duns Scotus was appointed to succeed him as See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, and his lectures attracted an immense nurnber of students . Probably in 1304 he went to Paris, in 1307 he received his See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor's degree from the university, and in the same See also:

• YEAR

year was appointed See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent of the theological school . His connexion with the university was made memorable by his See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of the Immaculate Conception, in which he displayed such dialectical ingenuity as to win for himself the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Doctor Subtilis . The doctrine See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long continued to be one of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main subjects in dispute between the Scotists and the Thomists, or, what is almost the same thing, between the See also:

• FRANCISCANS (otherwise called Friars Minor, or Minorites; also the Seraphic Order ; and in England Grey Friars, from the colour of the habit, which, however, is now brown rather than grey)

Franciscans and the See also:

• DOMINICANS

Dominicans . The university of Paris was so impressed by his arguments, that in 1387 it formally condemned the Thomist doctrine, and a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century afterwards required all who received the doctor's degree to bind themselves by an See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath to defend the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception . In 1308 Duns Scotus was sent by the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of his order to See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne, with the twofold See also:

• OBJECT

object of engaging in a controversy with the Beghards and of assisting in the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of a university; according to some, his removal was due to See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy . He was received with See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm by the inhabitants but died suddenly (it was said, of See also:

• APOPLEXY (Gr. arov n i.a, from aroaMvvew, to strike down, to stun)

apoplexy) on the 8th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November in the same year . There was also a tradition that he had been buried alive .

His philosophical position was determined, or at least very greatly influenced, by the antagonism between the Dominicans and the Franciscans . Further, while the See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius of See also:

• AQUINAS, THOMAS [Thomas of AQUIN or AQUINO], (c 1227--1274)

Aquinas was constructive, that of Duns Scotus was destructive; Aquinas was a philosopher, Duns a critic . The latter has been said to stand to the former in the relation of See also:

• KANT, IMMANUEL (1724-1804)

Kant to See also:

• LEIBNITZ (LEIBNIZ), GOTTFRIED WILHELM

Leibnitz . In the See also:

• MATTER

matter of Universals, Duns was more of a realist and less of an eclectic than Aquinas . Theologically, the Thomistic See also:

• SYSTEM

system approximates to See also:

• PANTHEISM (Gr. 7rav, all, Oeos, god)

pantheism, while that of Scotus inclines distinctly to Pelagianism . The doctrine of the Immaculate Conception was the See also:

• GREAT

great subject in dispute between the two parties; it was strenuously opposed by Aquinas, and supported by Duns Scotus, although not without reserve . There were, however, See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences of a wider and deeper See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind . In opposition to Aquinas, who maintained that See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason and See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation were two See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• SOURCES

sources of knowledge, Duns Scotus held that there was no true knowledge of anything knowable apart from See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology as based upon revelation . In conformity with this principle he denied that the existence of See also:

• GOD

God was capable of being proved, or that the nature of God was capable of being comprehended . He therefore rejected as worthless the ontological See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof offered by Aquinas . Another See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief point of difference with Aquinas was in regard to the freedom of the will, which Duns Scotus maintained absolutely . He reconciled See also:

• FREE

free-will and See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity by representing the divine See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree not as temporarily antecedent, but as immediately related to the See also:

• ACTION

action of the created will .

He maintained, in opposition to Aquinas, that the will was independent of the understanding, that only will could affect will . From this difference as to the nature of free-will followed by necessary consequence a difference with the Thomists as to the operation of divine See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace . In See also:

• ETHICS
• ETHICS, SHAFTESBURY, HOBBES

ethics the distinction he See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew between natural and theological virtues is See also:

• COMMON

common to him with the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the schoolmen . (Cf . AQUINAS.) Duns Scotus strongly upheld the authority of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, making it the ultimate authority on which that of Scripture depends . (See also See also:

• SCHOLASTICISM

SCHOLASTICISM.) The most important of his See also:

• WORKS

works consisted of questions and commentaries on the writings of See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle, and on the Sentences of Lombard, the so-called See also:

• OPUS ('O7rois)

Opus Oxoniense or Anglicanum . See also:

• COMPLETE

Complete works, edited by See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke See also:

• WADDING, LUKE (1588–1657)

Wadding (13 vols., See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons, 1639) and at Paris (26 vols., 1891-1895) . There is an edition of his De modis significandi or Grammatica speculativa, the first See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to investigate the general See also:

• LAWS

laws of See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, by F . M . See also:

• FERNANDEZ, ALVARO
• FERNANDEZ, DIEGO
• FERNANDEZ, JOHN (Joao, Joam)
• FERNANDEZ, JUAN (fl. c. 1570)
• FERNANDEZ, LUCAS

Fernandez See also:

• GARCIA
• GARCIA (DEL POPOLO VICENTO), MANOEL (1775-1832)

Garcia (Quaracchi, See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, 1902) . On Duns Scotus generally, see life by Wadding in vol. i. of the works (full, however, of legendary absurdities) ; J . See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller, Biographisches fiber Duns Scotus (progr., Cologne, 1881) ; W .

J . Townsend, The Great Schoolmen (1881); K . See also:

• WERNER, ABRAHAM GOTTLOB (1750-1817)
• WERNER, ANTON ALEXANDER VON (1843– )
• WERNER, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG ZACHARIAS (1768–1823)

Werner, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Scholastik See also:

• DES

des spdteren Mittelalters, i . (1881) ; J . M . See also:

• RIGG, JAMES HARRISON (1821-1909)

Rigg, in See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary of See also:

• NATIONAL

National See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

Biography . On his theology: C . Frassen, Scotus Academicus (1744, new edition, 1900) ; Hieronymus de Montefortino (See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome de Fortius), Scoti summa theologica (1728-1738, new edition, 1900) ; L . F . O . See also:

• BAUMGARTEN, ALEXANDER GOTTLIEB (1714-1762)
• BAUMGARTEN, MICHAEL (1812-1889)

Baumgarten-See also:

• CRUSIUS, CHRISTIAN AUGUST (1715–1775)

Crusius, De theologia Scoti (1826) ; R . Seeberg, Die Theologie des J .

Duns Scotus (1900), and in See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck, ReaZencyklopddie ffir protestantische Theologie (1898), with See also:

• BIBLIOG

bibliog. refs; F . See also:

• MORIN, JEAN (latinized JOANNES MORINUS) (1591-1659)

Morin, Dictionnaire de philosophie et de theologie scolastiques [= J . P . See also:

• MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne, Troisieme encyclopedie theologique, xxi., xxii., 1857]; C . R . See also:

• HAGENBACH, KARL RUDOLF (1801-1874)

Hagenbach, See also:

• HISTORY

History of Doctrines (Eng. tr., if., 1880) . On his philosophy: E . Pluzanski, Essai sur la philosophie de Duns See also:

• SCOT, MICHAEL (? 1175-1232)

Scot (1887) ; A . Schmid, Die Thomistische and Scotistische Gewissheitlehre (1859); M . Schneid, Die Korperlehre des J . Duns Scotus—its relation to Thomism and Atomism (1879); P . Minges, " Ist Duns Scotus Indeterminist?" in Beitrdge zur Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalters, Bd. v .

Heft 4 (1905) ; W . Kahl, Die Lehre vom Primal des Willens bei Augustinus, Duns Scotus, and See also:

• DESCARTES, RENE (1596-1650)

Descartes (1886) .