See also:

• JEAN

JEAN See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

VICTOR See also:

• JEAN VICTOR DURUY (1811—1894)

DURUY (1811—1894)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French historian and statesman, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris on the xrth of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1811 . The son of a workman at the factory of the Gobelins, he was at first intended for his See also:

• FATHER

father's See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, but succeeded in passing brilliantly through the Lcole Normale Superieure, where he studied under See also:

• MICHELET, JULES (1798-1874)

Michelet, whom he accompanied as secretary in his travels through See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, supplying for him at the Ecole Normale in 1836, when only twenty-four . See also:

• ILL

Ill-See also:

• HEALTH

health forced him to resign, and poverty drove him to undertake that extensive See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of school textbooks which first brought him into public See also:

• NOTICE

notice . He devoted himself with ardour to secondary school See also:

• EDUCATION

education, holding his See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair in the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College See also:

• HENRI

Henri IV. at Paris for over a See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . Already known as a historian by his Histoire See also:

• DES

des Romains et des peuples soumis a leur domination (2 vols., 1843–1844), he was chosen by See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon III. to assist him in his See also:

• LIFE

life of See also:

• JULIUS

Julius See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar, and his abilities being thus brought under the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor's notice, he was in 1863 appointed See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of education . In this position he displayed incessant activity, and a See also:

• DESIRE

desire for broad and liberal reform which aroused the See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter hostility of the clerical party . Among his See also:

• MEASURES

measures may be cited his organization of higher education (" enseignement See also:

• SPECIAL

special "), his See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the " conferences publiques," which have now become universal throughout France, and of a course of secondary education for girls by See also:

• LAY

lay teachers, and his introduction of See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• HISTORY

history and modern See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages into the curriculum both of the lycees and of the colleges . He greatly improved the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of See also:

• PRIMARY

primary education in France, and proposed to make it compulsory and gratuitous, but was not supported in this project by the emperor . In the new See also:

• CABINET

cabinet that followed the elections of 1869, See also:

• DURUY, JEAN VICTOR (1811—1894)

Duruy was replaced by See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis See also:

• OLIVIER, JUSTE DANIEL (1807-1876)

Olivier Bourbeau, and was made a senator . After the fall of the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire he took no See also:

• PART

part in politics, except for an unsuccessful candidature for the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate in 1876 . From 1881 to 1886 he served as a member of the Conseil Superieur de 1'Instruction Publique . In 1884 he was elected to the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to See also:

• MIGNET, FRANCOIS AUGUSTE ALEXIS (1796–1884)

Mignet .

He died in Paris on the 25th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1894 . As a historian Duruy aimed in his earlier See also:

• WORKS

works at a graphic and picturesque narrative which should make his subject popular . His fame, however, rests mainly on the revised edition of his See also:

• ROMAN

Roman history, which appeared in a greatly enlarged See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form in 7 vols. under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Histoire des Romains depuis See also:

• LES

les temps les plus recules jusqu'a la mart de Theodose (1879–1885), a really See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• WORK

work; a magnificent illustrated edition was published from 1879 to 1885 (See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation by W . J . See also:

• CLARKE, ADAM (1762?—1832)
• CLARKE, CHARLES COWDEN (1787-1877)
• CLARKE, EDWARD DANIEL (1769–1822)
• CLARKE, JAMES FREEMAN (1810–1888)
• CLARKE, JOHN SLEEPER (1833–1899)
• CLARKE, MARCUS ANDREW HISLOP (1846–1881)
• CLARKE, MARY ANNE (c.1776–1852)
• CLARKE, SAMUEL (1675–1729)
• CLARKE, SIR ANDREW (1824-1902)
• CLARKE, SIR EDWARD GEORGE (1841– )
• CLARKE, THOMAS SHIELDS (1866- )
• CLARKE, WILLIAM BRANWHITE (1798-1878)

Clarke, in 6 vols., 1883–1886) . His Histoire des Grecs, similarly illustrated, appeared in 3 vols. from 1886 to 1891 (English translation in 4 vols., 1892) . He was the editor, from its commencement in 1846, of the Histoire universelle, publiee See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par une societe de professeurs et de savants, for which he himself wrote a " Histoire sainte d'apres la See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible," " Histoire grecque," " Histoire romaine," " Histoire du moyen See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age," " Histoire des temps modernes," and " Abrege de 1'histoire de France." His other works include See also:

• ATLAS

Atlas historique de la France accompagne d'un See also:

• VOLUME

volume de texte (1849); Histoire de France de 1453 a 1815 (1856), of which an See also:

• EXPANDED

expanded and illustrated edition appeared as Histoire de France depuis l'invasion des barbares clans la Gaule romaine jusqu'a nos jours (1892); Histoire populaire de la France (1862–1863); Histoire populaire contemporaine de la France (1864–1866); Causeries de voyage (1864); and Introduction generale a l'histoire de France (1865) . A memoir by Ernest See also:

• LAVISSE, ERNEST (1842– )

Lavisse appeared in 1895 under the title of Un Ministre: See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor Duruy . See also tlae notice by Jules See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon (1895), and Portraits et souvenirs by S . See also:

• MONOD, ADOLPHE (1802–1856)
• MONOD, GABRIEL (1844– )

Monod (1897) . DU RYER, See also:

• PIERRE

PIERRE (1606-1658), French dramatist, was born in Paris in 1606 . His earlier comedies are in the loose See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of See also:

• ALEXANDRE, NOEL (NATALIS ALEXANDER) (1639-1724)

Alexandre See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

Hardy, but after the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of the See also:

• CID, THE

Cid (1636) he copied the manner of See also:

• CORNEILLE, PIERRE (1606–1684)
• CORNEILLE, THOMAS (1625-1709)

Corneille, and produced his masterpiece See also:

• SAVOIE

Savoie, probably in 1644 (the date generally given is 1646) .

Alcionee (1638) was so popular that the See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

abbe d' See also:

• AUBIGNAC, FRANCOIS HEDELIN, ABBE

Aubignac knew it by See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart, and See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• CHRISTINA (1626–1689)
• CHRISTINA [MARIA CHRISTINA HENRIETTA DESIREE FELICITE RENIERE]

Christina is said to have had it read to her three times in one See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . Du Ryer was a prolific dramatist . Among his other works may be mentioned Said (printed 1642), and a See also:

• COMEDY

comedy, Les Vendanges de Suresnes (1635 or 1636) . He died in Paris on the 6th of November 1658 .