DUSSELDORF  , a See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, in the Prussian See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the Rhine, 24 M. by See also:

• RAIL

rail N. by W. from See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne . Pop . (1885) 115,190; (1895) 175,985; (1905) 252,630 . Dusseldorf is one of the handsomest cities of western Germany . Its situation on the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• MID

mid-See also:

• EUROPEAN

European waterway and as the junction of several See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main lines of railway has largely favoured its rapid growth and See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial development . It is the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal banking centre of the Westphalian See also:

• COAL

coal and See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, and the favourite See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the leading merchants of the See also:

• LOWER

lower Rhine . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city consists of five main portions—the Altstadt, the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original town with narrow, irregular streets; the See also:

• KARLSTADT

Karlstadt, dating from 1787 and so called after the electoral See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore; the See also:

• NEUSTADT (Polish, Prudnik)

Neustadt, laid out between 1690 and 1716; and the Friedrichstadt and the Konigstadt, of See also:

• RECENT

recent formation . In addition, the former villages of Pempelfort, Oberbilk, Unterbilk, Flingern and Derendorf have been incorporated and See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the See also:

• OUTER

outer suburbs of the town proper . On the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side the town has been completely metamorphosed by the removal of the Koln-Mindner and Bergisch-Maerkisch stations to a central station lying to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east . The site thus gained was converted into new boulevards, while the railway to See also:

• NEUSS

Neuss and See also:

• AIX

Aix-la-Chapelle was diverted through the suburb of Bilk and thence across the Rhine by an iron See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge . A road bridge (completed 1898, 2087 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long), replacing the old bridge of boats, carries the electric tram-See also:

• LINE

line to See also:

• CREFELD, or KREFELD

Crefeld . The town, with the exception of the Altstadt, is regularly built, but within its See also:

• AREA

area are numerous open grounds and public squares, which prevent the regularity of its See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan degenerating into monotony: the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, with the See also:

• COLOSSAL

colossal See also:

• BRONZE

bronze statue of the elector See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William, the See also:

• PARADE (Fr. parade, an adaptation from Ital. parada; cf. Span. parada, from Lat. parade, to prepare, equip, furnish)

parade, the Allee Strasse, the Konigs Allee, and the Konigs Platz may be specially mentioned .

Of the See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-seven churches, of which twenty-six are See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic, the most noticeable are:—St See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew's, formerly the Jesuit and See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, with frescoes by J . See also:

• HUBNER, EMIL (1834-1901)
• HUBNER, JOSEPH ALEXANDER, COUNT (1811-1892)

Hubner (1806–1882), E . Deger (1809–1885), and H . Miicke (1806–1891), and the embalmedbodiesof several Rhenish See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors; St See also:

• LAMBERT [alias NICHOLSON], JOHN (d. 1538)
• LAMBERT, DANIEL (1770-1809)
• LAMBERT, FRANCIS (c 1486-153o)
• LAMBERT, JOHANN HEINRICH (1728–1777)
• LAMBERT, JOHN (1619-1694)

Lambert's, with a See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower 18o ft. high and containing a See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument to See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke William (d . 1592); Maximilians, with frescoes by J . A . N . Settegast (1813–189o); the Romanesque St See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin's, and the new See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic church of St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary . Besides the old ducal See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, laid in ruins by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French in 1794, but restored in 1846, the See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular buildings comprise the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, offices, the See also:

• POST

post-See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office in See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, the town See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall on the market square, the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law courts, the municipal See also:

• MUSIC

music hall, the municipal See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, the See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly hall of the Rhenish provincial See also:

• DIET

diet, an Italian See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance edifice erected in 1879, the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy of See also:

• ART

art (1881; in pure Renaissance), the industrial art museum (1896), the See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical museum, and the industrial art school . The town also possesses a library of 50,000 volumes, several high-grade See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, and is the seat of a great number of commercial and intellectual associations; but to nothing is it more indebted for its celebrity than to the Academy of See also:

• PAINTING

Painting . This famous institution, originally founded by the elector Charles Theodore in 1767, was re-organized by See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick William III. in 1822, and has since attained a high degree of prosperity as a centre of See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic culture . From 1822 till 1826 it was under the direction of See also:

• CORNELIUS
• CORNELIUS, CARL AUGUST PETER (1824-1874)
• CORNELIUS, PETER VON (1784–1867)

Cornelius, a native of the town, from 1826 to 1859 under See also:

• SCHADOW

Schadow, and from 1859 to 1864 under E .

Bendemann (1811–1889) . From Bendemann's resignation it continued in the hands of a See also:

• BODY

body of curators till 1873, when See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

Hermann See also:

• WISLICENUS, JOHANNES (1835-1902)

Wislicenus (1825–1899) of See also:

• WEIMAR

Weimar was chosen director . The See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble collection of paintings which formerly adorned the Disseldorf See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery was removed to See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich in 18o5, and has not since been restored; but thereis no lack of artistic treasures in the town . The academy possesses 14,000 original drawings and sketches by the great masters, 24,000 engravings, and 248 See also:

• WATER

water-See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour copies of Italian originals; the municipal gallery contains valuable specimens of the See also:

• LOCAL

local school; and the same is the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case with the Schulte collection . The principal names are Cornelius, See also:

• LESSING, GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM (1729–1781)

Lessing, the See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers Andreas and See also:

• OSWALD (c. 605—642)
• OSWALD (d. 992)

Oswald See also:

• ACHENBACH, ANDREAS (1815— )

Achenbach, A . See also:

• BAUR, FERDINAND CHRISTIAN (1792-1860)

Baur (b . 1835), A . Tidemand (1814-1876), and L . Knaus (b . 1829) . An See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition is held under the auspices of the Art See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union; and the members of the Artists' Society, or Malkasten, as they are called, have annual festivals and masquerades . The town is embellished with many handsome monuments—notably a bronze statue of Cornelius, by A .

Donndorf (b . 1835), an equestrian statue of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor William I . (1896), and a large bronze See also:

• GROUP

group in front of the assembly hall of the diet, representing the See also:

• RIVER

river Rhine and its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief tributaries . In the suburb of Bilk there are the Floragarten and Volksgarten, the astronomical See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory and the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour . Extensive quays afford See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation for vessels of deep See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught, and the trade with the Dutch cities and with See also:

• LONDON

London has been thereby greatly enhanced . Within recent years Dusseldorf has made remarkable progress as an industrial centre . The first place is occupied by the iron See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries, embracing foundries, furnaces, See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering and See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine shops, &c . Next come See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning and See also:

• WEAVING

weaving, See also:

• CALICO

calico See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing, See also:

• YARN

yarn-spinning, See also:

• DYEING (0. Eng. dedgian, dealt ; Mid. Eng. deyen)

dyeing and similar textile branches, besides a variety of other industries . A little to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of the town lies the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Diisselthal, with See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count von der Recke-Volmerstein's See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment for homeless See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children in the former Trappist monastery, and in the suburb of Pempelfort is the Jagerhof, the residence at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of Prince Frederick of See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia, and afterwards of the prince of See also:

• HOHENZOLLERN

Hohenzollern-See also:

• SIGMARINGEN

Sigmaringen . Dusseldorf, as the form of the name—the village on the Diissel —clearly indicates, was long a place of small See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration . In 1288 it was raised to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of a town by Count Adolf of See also:

• BERG (Ducatus Montensis)

Berg; from his successors it obtained various privileges, and in 1385 was chosen as their residence . After it had suffered greatly in the Thirty Years' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War and the War of the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

Succession, it recovered its prosperity under the patronage of the electoral prince John William of the See also:

• PALATINATE (Ger. Pfalz)

Palatinate, who' dwelt in the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle for many years before his See also:

• DEATH

death in 1716 .

In 1795 the town, after a violent See also:

• BOMBARDMENT

bombardment, was surrendered to the French; and after the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• LUNEVILLE

Luneville it was deprived of its fortifications . In 1805 it became the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic duchy of Berg; and in 1815 it passed with the duchy into Prussian See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession . Among its celebrities are Johann Georg and See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich Heinrich See also:

• JACOBI, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH (1743-1819)
• JACOBI, JOHANN GEORG (1740-1814)
• JACOBI, KARL GUSTAV JACOB (1804-1851)

Jacobi, Heinrich See also:

• HEINE, HEINRICH, (1797-1856)

Heine, Varnhagen von Ense, See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter von Cornelius, Wilhelm See also:

• CAMPHAUSEN, OTTO VON (1812-1896)
• CAMPHAUSEN, WILHELM (1818-1885)

Camphausen and Heinrich von See also:

• SYBEL, HEINRICH VON (1817-1895)

Sybel . See H . Ferber, Historische Wanderung durch See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die alte Stadt Dusseldorf (Dusseldorf, 1889–189o) ; Brandt, Studien zur Wirtschafts- and Verwaltungsgeschichte der Stadt Dusseldorf (Dusseldorf, 1902) ; and local See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

Guide by See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

Bone .