THE DUTCH See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

EAST See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

INDIA See also:

• COMPANY

COMPANY (Oostindische Vereenigde Maalschappij)  , a See also:

• BODY

body founded by a See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter from the Nether-lands states-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general on the zoth of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 16oz . It had a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double purpose: first to regulate and protect the already considerable See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade carried on by the Dutch in the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian Ocean, and then to help in prosecuting the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence against See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal . Before the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union between Portugal and Spain in 158o-81, the Dutch had been the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• CARRIERS

carriers of eastern produce from See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon to See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . When they were shut out from the Portuguese trade by the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king they were driven to See also:

• SAIL

sail to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to make See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good their loss . Unsuccessful attempts were made to find a route to the East by the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of Europe arid See also:

• ASIA

Asia, which would have been See also:

• FREE

free from interference from the Spaniards and Portuguese . It was only when these failed that the Dutch decided to intrude on the already well-known route by the Cape of Good See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

Hope, and to fight their way to the Spice Islands of the See also:

• MALAY

Malay See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

Archipelago . A first expedition, commanded by See also:

• CORNELIUS
• CORNELIUS, CARL AUGUST PETER (1824-1874)
• CORNELIUS, PETER VON (1784–1867)

Cornelius Houtman, a See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant long See also:

• RESIDENT

resident at Lisbon, sailed on the and of See also:

• APRIL

April 1595 . It was provided with an itinerary or See also:

• BOOK

book of sailing instructions See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up by See also:

• JAN

Jan Huyghen See also:

• VAN

van Linschoten,' a Dutchman who had visited See also:

• GOA

Goa . The voyage was marked by many disasters and losses, but the survivors who reached the Texel on their return on the zoth of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1597 brought back some valuable See also:

• CARGO (Span. for " loading," from Lat. carries, car)

cargo, and a treaty made with the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan of See also:

• BANTAM

Bantam in See also:

• JAVA

Java . These results were sufficient to encourage a See also:

• GREAT

great outburst of commercial See also:

• ADVENTURE (from Lat. res adventura, a thing about to happen)

adventure . Companies described as "Van Ferne "—that is, of the distant seas—were formed, and by 1602 from sixty to seventy Dutch vessels had sailed to Hindustan and the Indian Archipelago . On those distant seas the traders could neither be controlled nor protected by their native See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government .

They fought among themselves as well as with the natives and the Portuguese, and their competition sent up prices in the eastern markets and brought them down at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home . Largely at the See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion of Jan van See also:

• OLDENBARNEVELDT, JOHAN VAN (1547-1619)

Oldenbarneveldt, and in full accordance with the economic principles of the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, the states-general decided to combine the existing See also:

• SEPARATE

separate companies into one See also:

• UNITED

united Dutch East See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India See also:

• COMPANY

Company, which could See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge the functions of a government in those remote seas, prosecute the war with Spain and Portugal, and regulate the trade . A See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital estimated variously at a little above and a little under 6,5oo,000 florins, was raised by See also:

• NATIONAL

national subscription in shares of 3000 florins . The independence of the states which constituted the United See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands was recognized by the creation of See also:

• LOCAL

local boards at See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam, in See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand, at See also:

• DELFT

Delft and See also:

• ROTTERDAM

Rotterdam, See also:

• HOORN

Hoorn and See also:

• ENKHUIZEN

Enkhuizen . The boards directed the trade of their own districts, and were responsible to one another, but not for one another as towards the public . A general directorate of 6o members was chosen by the local boards . Amsterdam was represented by 20 See also:

• DIRECTORS

directors, Zealand by 12, Delft and Rotterdam by 14, and Hoorn and Enkhuizen also by 14 . The real governing authority was the " Collegium," or See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of 17 members, of whom 16 were chosen from the general directorate in proportion to the See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share which each local See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch had contributed to the capital or See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint stock . Amsterdam, which sub-scribed a See also:

• HALF

half, had eight representatives; Zealand, which found a See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter, had four; Delft and Rotterdam, Hoorn and Enkhuizen had two respectively, since each of the pairs had subscribed an eighth . The seventeenth member was nominated in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession by the other members of the United Netherlands . A See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee Linschoten was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• HAARLEM

Haarlem in or about 1563 . He started his travels at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of sixteen and, after some years in Spain, went with the Portuguese East India See also:

• FLEET

fleet to Goa, where he arrived in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1583, returning in 1589 .

In 1594 and 1595 he took See also:

• PART

part in the Dutch See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic voyages, and in 1598 settled at Enkhuizen, where he died on the 8th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1611 . His Navigatio ac See also:

• ITINERARIUM (i.e. road-book, from Lat. iter, road)

itinerarium (1595–1596) is a compilation based partly on his own experiences, partly on those of other travellers with whom he came in contact . It was translated into See also:

• ENGLISH

English and See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German in 1598; two Latin versions appeared in 1599 and a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation in 1610 . The famous English version was reprinted for the See also:

• HAKLUYT, RICHARD (c. 1553—1616)

Hakluyt Society in 1885 . Large selections, with an Introduction, are published in C . See also:

• RAYMOND, HENRY JARVIS (1820-1869)

Raymond Beazley's Voyages and Travels, vol. ii . (English Garner, See also:

• LONDON

London, 1903).of ten was established at the See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague to transact the business of the company with the states-general . The " collegium " of seven-teen nominated the See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors-general who were appointed after 16o8 . The charter, which was granted for twenty-one years, conferred great See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers on the company . It was endowed with a See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly of the trade with the East Indies, was allowed to import free from all See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom dues, though required to pay 3% on exports, and charged with a See also:

• RENT

rent to the states . It was authorized to maintain armed forces by See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea and See also:

• LAND

land, to erect forts and plant colonies, to make war or See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, to arrange See also:

• TREATIES

treaties in the name of the See also:

• STADTHOLDER (Du. stadhouder, a delegate or representative)

stadtholder, since eastern potentates could not be expected to understand what was meant by the states-general, and to See also:

• COIN
• COIN (older forms of the word are coyne, quoin and coign, all derived through the O. Fr. coing, and cuigne from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

coin See also:

• MONEY

money . It had full administrative, judicial and legislative authority over the whole of the See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere of operations, which extended from the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the Straits of See also:

• MAGELLAN, FERDINAND (in Sp. FERNANDO MAGALLANES, in Port. FERNAO DE MAGALHAES) (c. 1480-152I)

Magellan westward to the Cape of Good Hope .

The See also:

• HISTORY

history of the Dutch East India Company from its formation in 16oz until its See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution in 1798 is filled, until the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, with See also:

• WARS

wars and See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic relations . Its headquarters were See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early fixed at See also:

• BATAVIA

Batavia in Java . But it extended its operations far and wide . It had to See also:

• DEAL

deal diplomatic-ally with See also:

• CHINA

China and See also:

• JAPAN

Japan; to conquer its footing in the Malay Archipelago and in See also:

• CEYLON

Ceylon; to engage in rivalry with Portuguese and English; to establish posts and factories at the Cape, in the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian Gulf, on the coasts of See also:

• MALABAR

Malabar and Coromandel and in See also:

• BENGAL
• BENGAL, BAY OF

Bengal . Only the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• DATES

dates of its progress can be mentioned here . By 1619 it had founded its capital in Batavia in Java on the ruins of the native See also:

• TOWN

town of Jacatra . It expelled the Portuguese from Ceylon between 1638 and 1658, and from Malacca in 1641 . Its See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment at the Cape of Good Hope, which was its only See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony in the strict sense, began in 1652 . A treaty with the native princes established its See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power in See also:

• SUMATRA

Sumatra in 1667 . The flourishing age of the company dates from 1605 and lasted till the closing years of the century . When at the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of its prosperity in 1669 it possessed 150 trading See also:

• SHIPS

ships, 40 ships of war, ro,000 soldiers, and paid a See also:

• DIVIDEND (Lat. dividendum, a thing to be divided)

dividend of 40% . In the last years of the 17th century its fortunes began to decline .

Its decadence was due to a variety of causes . The rigid monopoly it enforced wherever it had the power provoked the anger of rivals . When Pieter Both, the first See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor-general, was sent out in 1608, his instructions from the Board of Control were to see that See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland had the entire monopoly of the trade with the East Indies, and that no other nation had any share whatever . The pursuit of this policy led the company into violent hostility with the English, who were also opening a trade with the East . Between 1613 and 1632 the Dutch drove the English from the Spice Islands and the Malay Archipelago almost entirely . The English were reduced to a See also:

• PRECARIOUS

precarious footing at Bantam in Java . One incident of this conflict, the See also:

• TORTURE (from Lat. torquere, to twist)

torture and judicial See also:

• MURDER

murder of the English factors at See also:

• AMBOYNA (Dutch Ambon)

Amboyna in 1623, caused See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter hostility in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . The success of the company in the Malay Archipelago was counterbalanced by losses elsewhere . It had in all eight governments: Amboyna, See also:

• BANDA

Banda, See also:

• TERNATE

Ternate, See also:

• MACASSAR (MAKASSAR, MANGKASAR)

Macassar, Malacca, Ceylon, Cape of Good Hope and Java . Commissioners were placed in See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of its factories or trading posts in Bengal, on the Coromandel See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, at See also:

• SURAT

Surat, and at Gambroon (or Bunder Abbas) in the Persian Gulf, and in See also:

• SIAM (known to its inhabitants as Muang Thai)

Siam . Its trade was divided into the " See also:

• GRAND

grand trade " between Europe and the East, which was conducted in convoys sailing from and returning to Amsterdam; and the " Indies to Indies " or See also:

• COASTING

coasting trade between its possessions and native ports . The rivalry and the hostilities of French and English gradually drove the Dutch from the mainland of Asia and from Ceylon .

The company suffered severely in the War of See also:

• AMERICAN

American Independence . But it extended and strengthened its hold on the great islands of the Malay Archipelago . The increase of its See also:

• POLITICAL

political and military burdens destroyed its profits . In the early 18th century it was already embarrassed, and was bankrupt when it was dissolved in 1798, though its See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit remained unshaken, largely, if its enemies are to be believed, because it concealed the truth and published false accounts . In the later stages of its history its See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue was no longer derived from trade, but from forced contributions levied on its subjects . At home, the directors, who were accused of nepotism and corruption, became unpopular at an early date . The company was subject to increasing demands and ever more severe regulation on the successive renewals of its charters at intervals of twenty-one years . The immediate causes of its destruction were the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of Holland by the French revolutionary armies, the fall of the government of the stadtholder, and the establishment of the Batavian See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic in 1798 .