See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; See also:

• LAT

Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt ")  , a See also:

• TERM

term loosely applied to any See also:

• ACTION

action or course of action which is regarded as morally See also:

• INCUMBENT (from Lat. incumbere, to lean, lie upon)

incumbent, apart from See also:

• PERSONAL

personal likes and dislikes or any See also:

• EXTERNAL

external compulsion . Such action must be viewed in relation to a principle, which may be abstract in the highest sense (e.g. obedience to the dictates of See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

conscience) or based on See also:

• LOCAL

local and personal relations . That a See also:

• FATHER

father and his See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children have mutual duties implies that there are moral See also:

• LAWS

laws regulating their relation-See also:

• SHIP

ship; that it is the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of a servant to obey his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master within certain limits is See also:

• PART

part of a definite See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract, whereby he becomes a servant engaging to d& certain things for a specified wage . Thus it is held that it is not the duty of a servant to infringe a moral See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law even though his master should command it . For the nature of duty in the abstract, and the various criteria on which it has been based, see See also:

• ETHICS
• ETHICS, SHAFTESBURY, HOBBES

ETHICS . From the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation to serve or give something in return, involved in the conception of duty, have sprung various derivative uses of the word; thus it is used of the services performed by a See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of a See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, by a soldier, or by any employee or servant . A See also:

• SPECIAL

special application is to a tax, a See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment due to the See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue of a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, levied by force of law . Properly a " duty " differs from a " tax " in being levied on specific commodities, transactions, estates, &c., and not on individuals; thus it is right to talk of import-duties, See also:

• EXCISE (derived through the Dutch, excijs or accijs, possibly from Late Lat. accensare,—ad, to, and census, tax; the word owes something to a confusion with excisum, cut out)

excise-duties, See also:

• DEATH

death- or See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession-duties, &c., but of income-tax as being levied on a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person in proportion to his income . DU VAIR, See also:

• GUILLAUME
• GUILLAUME, JEAN BAPTISTE CLAUDE EUGENE (1822-1905)

GUILLAUME (1556—1621), See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French author and lawyer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris on the 7th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1 556 . Du Vair was in orders, and, though during the greater part of his See also:

• LIFE

life he exercised only legal functions, he was from 1617 till his death See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• LISIEUX

Lisieux . His reputation, however, is that of a lawyer, a statesman and a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of letters . He became in 1584 counsellor of the See also:

• PARLEMENT (see PARLIAMENT)

parlement of Paris, and as See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy for Paris to the Estates of the See also:

• LEAGUE

League he pronounced his most famouspolitico-legal discourse, an See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument nominally for the Salic law, but in reality directed against the See also:

• ALIENATION (from Lat. alienus, belonging to another)

alienation of the See also:

• CROWN

crown of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France to the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish infanta, which was advocated by the extreme Leaguers .

See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry IV . a tknowledged his services by entrusting him with a special See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission as See also:

• MAGISTRATE (Lat. magistratus, from magister, master, properly a public office, hence the person holding such an office)

magistrate at See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles, and made him master of See also:

• REQUESTS, COURT OF

requests . In 1595 appeared his See also:

• TREATISE

treatise De l'eloquence francaise et See also:

• DES

des raisons pour quoi elle est demeuree si basse, in which he criticizes the orators of his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, adding by way of example some See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of the speeches of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient orators, which reproduce the spirit rather than the actual words of the originals . He was sent to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in 1596 with the See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal de See also:

• BOUILLON

Bouillon to negotiate a league against See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain; in 1599 he became first See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the parlement of See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

Province (See also:

• AIX

Aix); and in 1603 was appointed to the see of Marseilles, which he soon resigned in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to resume the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency . In 1616 he received the highest promotion open to a French lawyer and became keeper of the See also:

• SEALS

seals . He died at Tonneins (See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

Lot-et-See also:

• GARONNE (Lat. Garumna)

Garonne) on the 3rd of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1621 . Both as See also:

• SPEAKER

speaker and writer he holds a very high See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, and his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character was equal to his abilities . Like other See also:

• POLITICAL

political lawyers of the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, Du Vair busied himself not a little in the study of See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy . The most celebrated of his See also:

• TREATISES

treatises are La Philosophie morale des Stoiques, translated into See also:

• ENGLISH

English (1664) by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

Cotton; De la See also:

• CONSTANCE
• CONSTANCE (Ger. Konstanz or Costnitz)
• CONSTANCE, COUNCIL OF
• CONSTANCE, LAKE OF (called by the Romans Lacus Brigantinus or lake of Bregenz, and now usually named in German Bodensee, as well as the " Swabian Sea ")

constance et See also:

• CONSOLATION (Fr. consolation, Lat. consolatio, from consolari, to assuage, comfort, console)

consolation es calamites publiques,' which was composed during the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of Paris in 1589, and applied the Stoic See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine to See also:

• PRESENT

present misfortunes; and La Sainte Philosophic, in which See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion and philosophy are intimately connected . See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre See also:

• CHARRON, PIERRE (1541-1603)

Charron See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew freely on these and other See also:

• WORKS

works of Du Vair . F. de Brunetiere points out the See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy of Du Vair's position with that afterwards See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed by See also:

• PASCAL, BLAISE (1623-1662)
• PASCAL, JACQUELINE (1625-T661)

Pascal, and See also:

• SEES

sees in him the ancestor of the Jansenists . Du Vair had a See also:

• GREAT

great indirect See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on the development of See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style in French, for in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of France he made the acquaintance of See also:

• MALHERBE, FRANCOIS DE (1555-1628)

Malherbe, who conceived a great admiration for Du Vair's writings .

The reformer of French See also:

• POETRY

poetry learned much from the treatise De l'eloquence francaise, to which the counsels of his friend were no doubt added . Du Vair's works were published in See also:

• FOLIO (properly the ablative case of the Lat. folium, leaf, but also frequently an adaptation of the Ital. foglio)

folio at Paris in 1641 . See Niceron, Memoires, vol . 43; and monographs by C . A . Sapey (1847 and 1858) .