See also:FRANK See also:DUVENECK (1848– )
, See also:American figure and portrait painter, was See also:born at See also:Covington, See also:Kentucky, on the 9th of See also:October 1848
.
He was a See also:- PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)
pupil of See also:Diez in the Royal See also:Academy of See also:Munich, and a prominent member of the See also:group of Americans who in the 'seventies overturned the traditions of the See also:Hudson See also:River School and started a new See also:art See also:movement
.
His See also:work shown in See also:Boston and elsewhere about 1875 attracted See also:great See also:attention,
' Translated into See also:English by See also:Andrew Comt in 1622 as A Buckler against Adversitie
.
DU VERGIER DE HAURANNE, See also:JEAN (1581–1643), See also:- ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
- ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
- ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
- ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
- ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)
abbot of St Cyran, See also:father of the Jansenist revival in See also:France, was born of wealthy parents at See also:Bayonne in 1581, and studied See also:theology at the Flemish university of See also:Louvain
.
After taking See also:holy orders he settled in See also:Paris, where he became known as a mine of See also:miscellaneous erudition
.
In 1609 he distinguished himself by his Question royale, an elaborate See also:answer to a problem casually thrown out by See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry IV. as to the exact circumstances under which a subject ought to give his See also:life for his See also:sovereign
.
His learning was presently diverted into a more profitable channel
.
The Louvain of his See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time was the See also:scene of many conflicts between the Jesuit party, which stood for See also:scholasticism and See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church-authority, and the followers of See also:Michael See also:Baius (q.v.), who upheld the See also:mysticism . of St See also:Augustine
.
Into this controversy Du Vergier was presently dragged by his friendship with See also:Cornelius See also:Jansen, a See also:young See also:champion of the Augustinian party, who had come to Paris to study See also:Greek
.
The two divines went off together to Du Vergier's See also:home at Bayonne, where he became a See also:canon of the See also:cathedral, and Jansen a See also:tutor in the See also:bishop's See also:seminary
.
Here they remained some years, intently studying the fathers
.
Eventually, however, Jansen went back to Louvain, while Du Vergier became confidential secretary to the bishop of See also:Poitiers, and was presently made See also:sinecure abbot of St Cyran
.
Thereafter he was generally called M. de St Cyran
.
At Poitiers he was brought into contact with See also:Richelieu —as yet unknown to See also:political fame, and simply the zealous young bishop of the neighbouring See also:diocese of Lucon
.
Western See also:Touraine being the headquarters of See also:French Protestantism, the two prelates turned St Cyran's learning against the See also:Huguenots
.
He began to See also:dream of reforming Catholicism on Augustinian lines, and thus defeating the Protestants by their own weapons
.
They appealed to See also:primitive antiquity; he answered that his Church understood antiquity better than theirs
.
They appealed to the spirit of St See also:Paul; he answered that Augustine had saved that spirit from etherealizing away, by coupling it with a high sacra-See also:mental theory of the Church
.
They flung See also:practical abuses in the See also:teeth of See also:Rome; he entered on a bold See also:campaign to bring those abuses to an end
.
Before See also:long, his reforming zeal involved him in many quarrels—so much so that he See also:left Poitiers and settled down in Paris
.
Here he became widely known as a director of consciences, forming a particular friendship with the influential See also:Arnauld See also:family
.
But his See also:general projects of reform were by no means allowed to See also:sleep, though here he worked See also:hand in hand with his old friend Jansen
.
Both traced the evils of their time to the See also:Jesuits and Schoolmen
.
Their See also:dialectic had corrupted theology; their hand-to-mouth See also:utilitarianism had played havoc with traditional church-institutions
.
Accordingly, Jansen set to work to remedy one evil by See also:writing a big See also:book on St Augustine, the great See also:master of theological method
.
St Cyran dealt with the other evil in an equally bulky See also:treatise, the Pants Aurelius (1633)
.
This indicts the Jesuits for every sort and See also:kind of See also:misdemeanour
.
It deals much with what See also:Pascal will presently See also:call their devotion aisee; but still more with crimes of a technical sort, especially their See also:defiance of episcopal authority
.
Thereby the book gained for its author's projects of reform a great See also:deal of Gallican support
.
On the other hand, it gave much annoyance to Richelieu, now the all-powerful and extremely Erastian See also:prime See also:minister
.
After failing more than once to stop St Cyran's mouth with a bishopric, he had him arrested as a disturber of ecclesiastical See also:peace (14th of See also:March 1638)
.
He remained shut up in the See also:castle of See also:Vincennes until Richelieu's See also:death (See also:December 1642)
.
Then he was at once set See also:free; but the long imprisonment had told heavily on his See also:health, and he died of a stroke of See also:apoplexy in October 1643
.
St Cyran's See also:character has been always something of a See also:puzzle
.
Many excellent contemporary See also:judges were profoundly impressed; others, as one of them said, went away bewildered by this See also:strange See also:abbe, who never argued a question out, but leapt from
one point to another in broken, incoherent phrases
.
See also:- GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
- GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )
Grace of expression, he had none; perhaps no See also:man of equal spiritual insight ever found it so hard to make his meaning clear, whether on See also:paper or by word of mouth
.
On the other hand, See also:Jansenism, considered as a practical religious revival, is altogether his work
.
He dragged the Augustinian mysticism out of the Louvain class-rooms, and made it a vital spiritual force in France
.
Without him there would have been no Pascal—no Provincial Letters, and no Pensees
.
There is an excellent life of St Cyran by his secretary, See also:Claude See also:Lancelot, published at See also:Cologne in two volumes, 1938
.
A selection of his Lettres chrestiennes was edited by his See also:disciple, See also:Robert Arnauld d'Andilly (Paris, 1645)
.
An entirely different collection of Lettres spirituelles was printed at Cologne in 1744
.
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