See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

FRANK See also:

• FRANK DUVENECK (1848– )

DUVENECK (1848– )  , See also:

• AMERICAN

American figure and portrait painter, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• COVINGTON

Covington, See also:

• KENTUCKY

Kentucky, on the 9th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1848 . He was a See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of See also:

• DIEZ
• DIEZ, FRIEDRICH CHRISTIAN (1794–1876)

Diez in the Royal See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, and a prominent member of the See also:

• GROUP

group of Americans who in the 'seventies overturned the traditions of the See also:

• HUDSON
• HUDSON, GEORGE (180o-1871)
• HUDSON, HENRY
• HUDSON, JOHN (1662–1719)

Hudson See also:

• RIVER

River School and started a new See also:

• ART

art See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement . His See also:

• WORK

work shown in See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston and elsewhere about 1875 attracted See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention, ' Translated into See also:

• ENGLISH

English by See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew Comt in 1622 as A Buckler against Adversitie . DU VERGIER DE HAURANNE, See also:

• JEAN

JEAN (1581–1643), See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot of St Cyran, See also:

• FATHER

father of the Jansenist revival in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, was born of wealthy parents at See also:

• BAYONNE

Bayonne in 1581, and studied See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology at the Flemish university of See also:

• LOUVAIN (Flem. Leuven)

Louvain . After taking See also:

• HOLY

holy orders he settled in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where he became known as a mine of See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous erudition . In 1609 he distinguished himself by his Question royale, an elaborate See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to a problem casually thrown out by See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry IV. as to the exact circumstances under which a subject ought to give his See also:

• LIFE

life for his See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign . His learning was presently diverted into a more profitable channel . The Louvain of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time was the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of many conflicts between the Jesuit party, which stood for See also:

• SCHOLASTICISM

scholasticism and See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church-authority, and the followers of See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael See also:

• BAIUS, or DE BAY, MICHAEL (1513–1589)

Baius (q.v.), who upheld the See also:

• MYSTICISM (from Or. µuety, to shut the eyes; µuorrts, one initiated into the mysteries)

mysticism . of St See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine . Into this controversy Du Vergier was presently dragged by his friendship with See also:

• CORNELIUS
• CORNELIUS, CARL AUGUST PETER (1824-1874)
• CORNELIUS, PETER VON (1784–1867)

Cornelius See also:

• JANSEN, CORNELIUS (1585-1638)

Jansen, a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion of the Augustinian party, who had come to Paris to study See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek . The two divines went off together to Du Vergier's See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home at Bayonne, where he became a See also:

• CANON

canon of the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, and Jansen a See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor in the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop's See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary . Here they remained some years, intently studying the fathers . Eventually, however, Jansen went back to Louvain, while Du Vergier became confidential secretary to the bishop of See also:

• POITIERS

Poitiers, and was presently made See also:

• SINECURE (Lat. sine cura, without care)

sinecure abbot of St Cyran .

Thereafter he was generally called M. de St Cyran . At Poitiers he was brought into contact with See also:

• RICHELIEU, ARMAND EMMANUEL SOPHIE SEPTEMANIE DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, ARMAND JEAN DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, LOUIS FRANCOIS ARMAND DU PLESSIS

Richelieu —as yet unknown to See also:

• POLITICAL

political fame, and simply the zealous young bishop of the neighbouring See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of Lucon . Western See also:

• TOURAINE

Touraine being the headquarters of See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Protestantism, the two prelates turned St Cyran's learning against the See also:

• HUGUENOTS

Huguenots . He began to See also:

• DREAM (from a root dreug, connected with Germ. trugen, to deceive)

dream of reforming Catholicism on Augustinian lines, and thus defeating the Protestants by their own weapons . They appealed to See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive antiquity; he answered that his Church understood antiquity better than theirs . They appealed to the spirit of St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul; he answered that Augustine had saved that spirit from etherealizing away, by coupling it with a high sacra-See also:

• MENTAL

mental theory of the Church . They flung See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical abuses in the See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome; he entered on a bold See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign to bring those abuses to an end . Before See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, his reforming zeal involved him in many quarrels—so much so that he See also:

• LEFT

left Poitiers and settled down in Paris . Here he became widely known as a director of consciences, forming a particular friendship with the influential See also:

• ARNAULD

Arnauld See also:

• FAMILY

family . But his See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general projects of reform were by no means allowed to See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep, though here he worked See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand in hand with his old friend Jansen . Both traced the evils of their time to the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits and Schoolmen . Their See also:

• DIALECTIC, or DIALECTICS

dialectic had corrupted theology; their hand-to-mouth See also:

• UTILITARIANISM (Lat. utilis, useful)

utilitarianism had played havoc with traditional church-institutions .

Accordingly, Jansen set to work to remedy one evil by See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing a big See also:

• BOOK

book on St Augustine, the great See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of theological method . St Cyran dealt with the other evil in an equally bulky See also:

• TREATISE

treatise, the Pants Aurelius (1633) . This indicts the Jesuits for every sort and See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• MISDEMEANOUR (from O. Fr. mes- and demener, to conduct oneself ill)

misdemeanour . It deals much with what See also:

• PASCAL, BLAISE (1623-1662)
• PASCAL, JACQUELINE (1625-T661)

Pascal will presently See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call their devotion aisee; but still more with crimes of a technical sort, especially their See also:

• DEFIANCE

defiance of episcopal authority . Thereby the book gained for its author's projects of reform a great See also:

• DEAL

deal of Gallican support . On the other hand, it gave much annoyance to Richelieu, now the all-powerful and extremely Erastian See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister . After failing more than once to stop St Cyran's mouth with a bishopric, he had him arrested as a disturber of ecclesiastical See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace (14th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1638) . He remained shut up in the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of See also:

• VINCENNES

Vincennes until Richelieu's See also:

• DEATH

death (See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1642) . Then he was at once set See also:

• FREE

free; but the long imprisonment had told heavily on his See also:

• HEALTH

health, and he died of a stroke of See also:

• APOPLEXY (Gr. arov n i.a, from aroaMvvew, to strike down, to stun)

apoplexy in October 1643 . St Cyran's See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character has been always something of a See also:

• PUZZLE

puzzle . Many excellent contemporary See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges were profoundly impressed; others, as one of them said, went away bewildered by this See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

abbe, who never argued a question out, but leapt from one point to another in broken, incoherent phrases . See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

Grace of expression, he had none; perhaps no See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of equal spiritual insight ever found it so hard to make his meaning clear, whether on See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper or by word of mouth .

On the other hand, See also:

• JANSENISM

Jansenism, considered as a practical religious revival, is altogether his work . He dragged the Augustinian mysticism out of the Louvain class-rooms, and made it a vital spiritual force in France . Without him there would have been no Pascal—no Provincial Letters, and no Pensees . There is an excellent life of St Cyran by his secretary, See also:

• CLAUDE, JEAN (1619-1687)

Claude See also:

• LANCELOT (Lancelot du Lac, or Lancelot of the Lake)

Lancelot, published at See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne in two volumes, 1938 . A selection of his Lettres chrestiennes was edited by his See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple, See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Arnauld d'Andilly (Paris, 1645) . An entirely different collection of Lettres spirituelles was printed at Cologne in 1744 .