See also:

• DYEING (0. Eng. dedgian, dealt ; Mid. Eng. deyen)

DYEING (0. Eng. dedgian, dealt ; See also:

• MID

Mid. Eng. deyen)  , the See also:

• ART

art of colouring textile and other materials in such a manner that the See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours will not be readily removed by those influences to which they are likely to be submitted—e.g. washing, rubbing, See also:

• LIGHT

light, &c . The materials usually dyed are those made from the textile See also:

• FIBRES
• FIBRES (or FIBERS, in American spelling; from Lat. fibra, apparently connected either with filum, thread, or findere, to split)

fibres, See also:

• SILK

silk, See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, &c., and intended for clothing or decoration; but in addition to these may be mentioned See also:

• STRAW

straw, See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur, See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, &c . The art of See also:

• DYEING (0. Eng. dedgian, dealt ; Mid. Eng. deyen)

dyeing See also:

• DATES

dates from prehistoric times, and its practice probably began with the first See also:

• DAWN (the 16th-century form of the earlier " Jawing " or " dawning," from an old verb " daw," O. Eng. dagian, to become day; cf. Dutch dagen, and Ger. tagen)

dawn of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization . Although we See also:

• HISTORICAL

Historical cannot trace the successive stages of its development See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch. from the beginning, we may suppose they were some- what similar to those witnessed among certain uncivilized tribes to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day—e.g. the Maoris of New See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand . At first the dyes were probably See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere fugitive stains obtained by means of the juices of fruits, and the decoctions of See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers, leaves, barks and roots; but in course of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time methods were discovered, with the aid of certain kinds of See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth and mud containing alumina or See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, whereby the stains could be rendered permanent, and then it was that the true art of dyeing began . There is no doubt that dyeing was, in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of its See also:

• HISTORY

history, a See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry practised by the See also:

• WOMEN

women of the See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household, along with the See also:

• SISTER

sister arts of See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning and See also:

• WEAVING

weaving, for the purpose of embellishing the materials manufactured for clothing . Historical See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence shows that already at a remote period a high See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of civilization existed in See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, and See also:

• CHINA

China, and the belief is well founded that the arts of dyeing and See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing have been practised in these countries during a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of ages . In early times the products and manufactures of India were highly prized throughout See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern See also:

• ASIA

Asia, and in due course they were introduced by Arabian merchants to See also:

• PHOENICIA

Phoenicia and See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, with which countries commercial intercourse, by way of the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian and Arabian Gulfs, seems to have existed from time immemorial . Eventually the Egyptians themselves began to practise the arts of dyeing and printing, utilizing no doubt both the knowledge and the materials derived from India . See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny the historian has See also:

• LEFT

left us a brief See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of the methods employed in Egypt during the first See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, as well as of the Tyrian See also:

• PURPLE

purple dye celebrated already moo B.C., while the chemical examination of See also:

• MUMMY (from the Persian mumiai, pitch or asphalt)

mummy cloths by See also:

• THOMSON, JAMES (1822-1892)
• THOMSON, JAMES (1834-1882)
• THOMSON, JAMES (r700-1748)
• THOMSON, JOHN (1778-184o)
• THOMSON, JOSEPH (1858-1895)
• THOMSON, SIR CHARLES WYVILLE (1830-1882)
• THOMSON, THOMAS (1773-1852)
• THOMSON, WILLIAM (1819-189o)

Thomson and Schunck testifies to the use by the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian dyers of See also:

• INDIGO (earlier indico, from Lat. indicum, the Indian sub-stance or dye; the Sans. name was niti, from nila, dark blue, and this through Arab. al-nil, annil, gives " aniline ")

indigo and See also:

• MADDER

madder . The Phoenician and Alexandrian merchants imported drugs and dyestuffs into See also:

• GREECE

Greece, but we know little or nothing of the methods of dyeing pursued bythe Greeks and See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, and such knowledge as they possessed seems to have been almost entirely lost during the stormy period of barbarism reigning in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe during the 5th and succeeding centuries . In See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, however, some remnants of the art fortunately survived these troublous times, and the importation of See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental products by the Venetian merchants about the beginning of the 13th century helped to revive the industry .

From this time rapid progress was made, and the dyers formed important guilds in See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice and other cities . It was about this time, too, that a Florentine named Rucellai rediscovered . the method of making the purple dye orchil from certain See also:

• LICHENS

lichens of Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor . In 1429 there was published at Venice, under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Mariegola dell' ante de tentori, the first See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• BOOK

book on dyeing, which contained a collection of the various processes in use at the time . From Italy a knowledge of dyeing gradually extended to See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders, and it was from the latter See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country that the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king See also:

• EDWARD

Edward III. procured dyers for See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, a Dyers' See also:

• COMPANY

Company being incorporated in 1472 in the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• LONDON

London . A new impetus was given to the industry of dyeing by the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of See also:

• AMERICA

America in 1492, as well as by the opening up of the way to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Indies See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the Cape of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

Hope in 1498 . A number of new dyestuffs were now introduced, and the dyewood See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade was transferred from Italy to See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal, for the East See also:

• INDIAN

Indian products now came See also:

• DIRECT

direct to Europe round the Cape instead of by the old trade routes through Persia and Asia Minor . Eastern art-fabrics were introduced in increasing quantity, and with them came also See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information as to the methods of their See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production . In Europe itself the cultivation of dye-See also:

• PLANTS

plants gradually received more and more See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention, and both See also:

• WOAD

woad and madder began to be cultivated, about 1507, in France, Germany and See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland . Under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Spain the Dutch largely See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed their See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries and made considerable progress in dyeing . The Spaniards, on their first arrival in See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico (1518), noticed the employment of the red dyestuff See also:

• COCHINEAL

cochineal by the natives, and at once imported it to Europe, where an increasing demand for the new colouring See also:

• MATTER

matter gradually developed in the course of the century . A further impetus was given to the trade by the Dutch chemist Drebbel's accidental discovery, in 1630, of the method of dyeing a brilliant See also:

• SCARLET

scarlet on wool by means of cochineal and See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin solutions . The See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret was soon communicated to other dyers, and the new scarlet was dyed as a speciality at the See also:

• GOBELIN

Gobelin dyeworks in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and some time later (1643) at a dyeworks in See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

Bow, near London .

In 1662 the newly established Royal Society in London took a useful step in advancing the art of dyeing, and in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to inform and assist See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical dyers, caused the publication of the first See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account, in the English See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, of the methods employed in dyeing, entitled " An apparatus to the history of the See also:

• COMMON

common practices of Dyeing." Ten years later the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

Minister See also:

• COLBERT, JEAN BAPTISTE (1619-1683)

Colbert sought to improve as well as See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control the operations of dyeing, by See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing a See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code of instructions for the use of the woollen dyers and manufacturers in France . From this time, too, a succession of eminent chemists were appointed by the French See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to devote some of their attention to the study of the See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial arts, including dyeing, with a view to their progress and improvement . Dufay, Hellot, Macquer, Berthollet, Roard and See also:

• CHEVREUL, MICHEL EUGENE (1786-1889)

Chevreul (1700-1825) all rendered excellent service to the art, by investigating the chemical principles of dyeing, by publishing accounts of the various processes in See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue, by examining the nature and properties of the dyestuffs employed, and by explaining the cause of the several phenomena connected with dyeing . With the See also:

• ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

advent of the 18th century, certain old prejudices against the use of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign dyewoods gradually disappeared, and very rapid progress was made owing to the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry and the discovery of several useful chemical products and processes—e.g . Prussian See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

Blue (1710), See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony Blue or Indigo See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

Extract (1740), sulphuric See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid (1774), murexide (1776), picric acid (1788), carbonate of soda (1793), See also:

• BLEACHING

bleaching See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder (1798) . Experiments on the practical See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of bleaching and dyeing were made during this period, in England by See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry, Home and See also:

• BANCROFT, GEORGE (1800—1891)
• BANCROFT, HUBERT HOWE (1832– )
• BANCROFT, RICHARD (1544–161o)
• BANCROFT, SIR SQUIRE (1841– )

Bancroft, and in France l'v Dambourney, Gonfreville and others, each of whom has left interesting records of his See also:

• WORK

work . Down to the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 19th century natural dyestuffs alone, with but few exceptions, were at the command of the See also:

• DYER, JOHN (c. 1700-1758)
• DYER, SIR EDWARD (d. 1607)
• DYER, THOMAS HENRY (1804-1888)

dyer . But already in the See also:

• YEAR

year 1834 the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German chemist Runge noticed that one of the products obtained by distilling See also:

• COAL

coal-See also:

• TAR

tar, namely, See also:

• ANILINE, PHENYLADIINE, or AMINOBENZENE, (C6H5NH2)

aniline, gave a See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright blue coloration under the influence of bleaching powder . No useful colouring matter, however, was obtained from this product, and it was reserved for the English chemist See also:

• SIR

Sir W . H . See also:

• PERKIN, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1838-1907)

Perkin to prepare the first aniline dye, namely, the purple colouring matter See also:

• MAUVE, ANTON (1838–1888)

Mauve (1856) . The discovery of other brilliant aniline dyestuffs followed in rapid succession, and the dyer was in the course of a few years furnished with See also:

• MAGENTA

Magenta, Aniline Blue, See also:

• HOFMANN, AUGUST WILHELM VON (1818-1892)
• HOFMANN, JOHANN CHRISTIAN KONRAD VON (1810—1877)
• HOFMANN, MELCHIOR (c. 1498—1543-4)

Hofmann's See also:

• VIOLET

Violet, See also:

• IODINE (symbol I, atomic weight '26.92)

Iodine See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green, See also:

• BISMARCK
• BISMARCK, OTTO EDUARD LEOPOLD VON, PRINCE

Bismarck See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

Brown, Aniline See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black, &c .

Investigation has shown that the products of the See also:

• DISTILLATION (from the Lat. distillare, more correctly destillare, to drop or trickle down)

distillation of coal-tar are very numerous, and some of them are found to be specially suitable for the preparation of colouring matters . Such, for example, are See also:

• BENZENE, C6H6

benzene, See also:

• NAPHTHALENE, C

naphthalene and See also:

• ANTHRACENE (from the Greek avOpa, coal)

anthracene, from each of which distinct See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of colouring matters are derived . In 1869 the German chemists Graebe and See also:

• LIEBERMANN, MAX (1849– )

Liebermann succeeded in preparing See also:

• ALIZARIN, or I

Alizarin, the colouring matter of the madder-See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root, from the coal-tar product anthracene, a discovery which is of the greatest historical See also:

• INTEREST

interest, since it is the first instance of the artificial production of a See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable dyestuff . Another notable discovery is that of artificial Indigo by See also:

• BAEYER, JOHANN FRIEDRICH WILHELM ADOLF VON (1835– )

Baeyer in 1878 . Since 1856, indeed, an ever-increasing number of chemists has been busily engaged in pursuing scientific investigations with the view of preparing new colouring matters from coal-tar products, and of these a few typical colours, with the dates of their discovery, may be mentioned: Cachou de See also:

• LAVAL
• LAVAL, ANDRE DE, SEIGNEUR DE LOHEAC (c. 1408-1485)

Laval (1873); Eosin (1874); Alizarin Blue (187;1; Xylidine Scarlet (1878); Biebrich Scarlet (1879); See also:

• CONGO

Congo Red (1884); See also:

• PRIMULINE

Primuline Red (1887); Rhodamine (1887); Paranitraniline Red (1889); Alizarin See also:

• BORDEAUX

Bordeaux (189o); Alizarin Green (1895) . At the See also:

• PRESENT

present time it may truly be said that the dyer is furnished with quite an embarrassing number of. coal-tar dyestuffs which are capable of producing every variety of See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour possessing the most diverse properties . Many of the colours produced are fugitive, but a considerable number are permanent and withstand various influences, so that the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general result for some years has been the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual displacement of the older natural dyestuffs by the newer coal-tar colours . During this period of discovery on the See also:

• PART

part of the chemist, the See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical engineer has been actively engaged in devising See also:

• MACHINES

machines suitable for carrying out, with a minimum of See also:

• MANUAL

manual labour, all the various operations connected with dyeing . This introduction of improved machinery into the dyeing trade has resulted in the production of better work, it has effected considerable See also:

• ECONOMY

economy, and may be regarded as an important feature in modern dyeing . The art of dyeing is a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of applied chemistry in which the dyer is continually making use of chemical and See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical principles in order to bring about a permanent See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union in this respect an intermediate position . These See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences may be to some extent due to differences of physical structure in the fibres, but they are mainly due to their different chemical See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, a given fibre, e.g. cotton, behaves quite differently in dyeing towards various colouring matters .

Some of these are not at all attracted by it, and are incapable of being used as dyestuffs for cotton . For others cotton exhibits a marked attraction, so that it is readily dyed by mere steeping in a hot See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of the colouring matter . Again, for other colouring matters cotton has little or no attraction, and cannot be dyed with them until it has been previously impregnated or prepared with a metallic See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, tannic acid or some other See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent which is capable of combining with the colouring matter and precipitating it as an insoluble coloured See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound within or upon the fibre . Such differences of behaviour are to be ascribed to differences in the chemical constitution or atomic arrangement of the various colouring matters . In the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the coal-tar colours we are, for the most part, well acquainted with their chemical constitution, and in accordance with this knowledge the chemist has arranged classifithem in the following See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups:—(1) Nitro Colours. cation of (2) See also:

• AZO (c. 1150-1230)

Azo Colours, including Amido-azo, Oxy-azo, colouring Tetrazo and Polyazo Colours . (3) See also:

• HYDRAZONE

Hydrazone Colours. masers . (4) Oxy-quinone Colours, including Quinone-oxime Colours . (5) Diphenylmethane and See also:

• TRIPHENYLMETHANE, (C6H6)3CH

Triphenylmethane Colours, including Rosaniline, Rosolic acid and Phthaleine Colours . (6) Quinoneimide Colours, including Indamine, Indophenol, Thiazime, Thiazone, Oxazime, Oxazone, Azine, Induline, Quinoxaline and Fluorindine Colours . (7) Aniline Black . (8) See also:

• QUINOLINE (Benzopyridine), C9H7N

Quinoline and See also:

• ACRIDINE, C13H9N

Acridine Colours . (9) Thiazol Colours .

(to) Oxy-ketone, See also:

• XANTHONE (dibenzo-y-pyrone, or diphenylene ketone oxide)

Xanthone, Flavone and Cumarine Colours . (11) Indigo . (12) Colours of unknown constitution . This arrangement of the colouring matters in natural chemical groups is well suited for the requirements of the chemist, but another See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification is that based on the mode of their application in dyeing . This is much simpler than the previous one, and being better adapted for the practical purposes of the dyer, as well as for explaining the various methods of dyeing, it is preferred for this See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article . According to this arrangement colouring matters are classified under the following groups:—(r) Acid Colours . (2) Basic Colours . (3) Direct Colours . (4) Developed Colours . (5) See also:

• MORDANT

Mordant Colours . (6) See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

Miscellaneous Colours . (7) See also:

• MINERAL

Mineral Colours .

It is well to state that there is no See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp See also:

• LINE

line of See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division between some of these groups, for many colours are applicable by more than one method, and might quite well be placed in two, or even three, of the above groups . This may be due either to the See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of fibre to which the colouring matter is to be applied, or to certain details in the chemical constitution of the latter which give it a twofold See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . ACIu Conouxs.—These dyestuffs are so called because they dye the See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal fibres wool and silk in an acid See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

bath; they do not dye cotton . From a chemical point of view the colouring matters themselves are of an acid character, this being due to the presence in the See also:

• MOLECULE (from mod. Lat. molecula, the diminutive of moles, a mass)

molecule of nitro (NO2) or sulphonic acid (HSO3) groups . According to their origin and constitution they may be distinguished as nitro compounds, sulphonated azo compounds and sulphonated basic colours . The acid colours are usually sold in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of their See also:

• ALKALI

alkali salts, as variously coloured powders soluble in See also:

• WATER

water . For the alkali salts in neutral or alkaline solution wool and silk have little or no See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity, but dyeing rapidly occurs if the solution is acidified with sulphuric acid whereby the colour-acid is liberated . This addition of acid, however, is necessary not only to set See also:

• FREE

free the colour-acid of the dyestuff, but also to alter partially the chemical composition of the fibre, and thus render it capable of uniting more readily with the free colour-acid . It has been shown, namely, that if wool is boiled with dilute sulphuric acid, and then thoroughly washed with boiling-water till free from acid, it acquires the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of being dyed with acid colours even in neutral solution . By this treatment a portion of the wool substance is converted into so-called lanuginic acid, which has a strong at-See also:

• TRACTION (Lat. trahere, to draw)

traction for the colour-acid of the dyestuff, with which it forms an insoluble coloured compound . For dyeing wool, the general See also:

• RULE

rule is to See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge the dyebath with the amount of dyestuff necessary to give the required colour, say from a to 2 or 6% on the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of wool employed, along with to% See also:

• SODIUM [symbol Na, from Lat. natrium; atomic weight 23.00 (0=16)]

sodium sulphate (See also:

• GLAUBER, JOHANN RUDOLF (1604-1668)

Glauber's salt) and 4% sulphuric acid (1.84 sp. gr.) . The woollen material is then General between the material to be dyed and the colouring principles .

matter applied . If cotton or wool is boiled in water containing finely powdered See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal, or other insoluble coloured powder, the material is not dyed, but merely soiled or stained . This staining is entirely due to the entanglement of the coloured powder by the rough See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the fibre, and a vigorous washing and rubbing suffices to remove all but mere traces of the colour . True dyeing can only result when the colouring matter is presented to the fibre in a soluble See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, and is then, by some means or other, rendered insoluble while it is absorbed by, or is in direct contact with, the fibre . There must always be some marked physical or chemical affinity existing between fibre and colouring matter, and this depends upon the physical and chemical properties of both . It is well known that the typical fibres, wool, silk and cotton, behave very differently towards the solution of any given colouring matter, and that the method of dyeing employed varies with each fibre . As a general rule wool has the greatest attraction for colouring matters, and dyes most readily; cotton has the least attraction, while silk occupies 746 introduced and continually handled or moved about in the solution, while the temperature of the latter is gradually raised to the boiling point in the course of ; to I See also:

• HOUR

hour; after boiling for 's to % hour longer, the operation is See also:

• COMPLETE

complete, and the material is washed and dried . In practice, modifications of this normal See also:

• PROCESS

process may be introduced, in order to ensure the dyeing of an even colour, i.e. free from such irregularities as cloudiness, streaks, &c.: which may be due to the quality of the material or to the See also:

• SPECIAL

special properties of the acid colour employed . Materials of a See also:

• FIRM

firm, See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close texture, also the existence of a strong affinity between fibre and colouring matter, do not generally lend themselves to the dyeing of even colours, or to a satisfactory penetration of the material . Some acid colours dye even colours without any difficulty; others, however, do not . The addition of sodium sulphate to the dyebath exerts a restraining See also:

• ACTION

action; the dyeing therefore proceeds more slowly and regularly, and a more equal See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution and better absorption of. the colouring matter takes See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . Other devices to obtain even colours are: the use of old dye-liquors, a diminished amount of acid, the employment of weaker acids, e.g. acetic or formic acid or ammonium acetate, and the entering of the material at a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low temperature .

oIn the application of so-called Alkali Blue the process of dyeing in an acid bath is impossible, owing to the insolubility of the colour-acid in an acid solution . Wool and silk, however, possess an affinity for the alkali salt of the colouring matter in neutral or alkaline solution, hence these fibres are dyed with the addition of about 5 %o See also:

• BORAX (sodium pyroborate or sodium biborate)

borax; the material acquires only a See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale colour, that of the alkali salt, in this dyebath, but by passing the washed material into a See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold or tepid dilute solution of sulphuric acid a full bright blue colour is developed, due to the liberation of the colour-acid within the fibre . In the case of other acid colours, e.g . Chromotrope, Chrome Brown, Chromogen, Alizarin Yellow, &c., the dyeing in an acid bath is followed by a treatment with a boiling solution of bichromate of potash, See also:

• ALUM

alum, or See also:

• CHROMIUM (symbol Cr. atomic weight 52.1)

chromium fluoride, whereby the colouring matter on the fibre is changed into insoluble oxidation products or colour-lakes . This operation of developing or fixing the colour is effected either in the same bath at the end of the dyeing peration, or in a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate bath . See also Artificial Mordant Colours . When dyeing with certain acid colours, e.g . Eosine, Phloxine and other allied bright See also:

• PINK

pink colouring matters derived from See also:

• RESORCIN (meta-dioxybenzene), C5H4(OH)2i one of the dihydric phenols. It is obtained on fusing many resins (galbanum, asafoetida, &c.)

resorcin, the use of sulphuric acid as an assistant must be avoided, since the colours would thereby be rendered paler and duller, and only acetic acid must be employed . The properties of the dyes obtained with the acid colours are extremely varied . Many are fugitive to light; on the other hand, many are satisfactorily fast, some even being very fast in this respect . As a rule, they do not withstand the operations of milling and scouring very well, hence acid colours are generally unsuitable for See also:

• TWEED

tweed yarns or for loose wool . They are largely employed, however, in dyeing other varieties of woollen See also:

• YARN

yarn, silk yarn, union fabrics, See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress materials, leather, &c .

Previous to the discovery of the coal-tar colours very few acid colours were known, the most important one being Indigo Extract . Prussian Blue as applied to wool may also be regarded as belonging to this class, also the purple dyestuff known as Orchil or Cudbear: The following See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list includes some of the more important acid colours now in use, arranged according to the colour they yield in dyeing: Red.—Wool scarlet, brilliant scarlet, erythrine, croceIn scarlet, brilliant CroceIn, violamine G, scarlet 3R, crystal scarlet, new coccine, chromotrope 2R, azo acid magenta, See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria scarlet, xylidine scarlet, See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

Palatine scarlet, Biebrich scarlet, pyrotine, orchil red, Bordeaux B, milling red, azo See also:

• CARMINE

carmine, acid magenta, fast acid violet A 2R, naphthylamine red, fast red, See also:

• CLARET (from the Fr. vin claret, mod. clairet, wine of a light clear colour, from Lat. clarus, clear)

claret red, eosine, erythrosine, See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose Bengale, phloxine, cyanosine, See also:

• CLOTH

cloth red, lanafuchsine, rosinduline, erio carmine . See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

Orange.—Diphenylamine orange, methyl orange, naphthol orange, crocein orange, brilliant orange, orange G, orange N, See also:

• MANDARIN

mandarin G R . Yellow.—Picric acid, naphthol yellow S, fast yellow, brilliant yellow S, azoflavine, metanil yellow, resorcine yellow, tartrazine, quinoline yellow, milling yellow, azo yellow, Victoria yellow, brilliant yellow S, citronine, Indian yellow . Green.—Acid green, See also:

• GUINEA

guinea green, fast green, patent green, cyanol green, erio green, brilliant acid green 6 G . Blue.—Alkali blue, soluble blue, See also:

• OPAL

opal blue, methyl blue, See also:

• HOCHST

HOchst new blue, patent blue, ketone blue, cyanine, thiocarmine, fast blue, induline, violamine 3 B, azo acid blue, wool blue, indigo extract, erio glaucine, erio cyanine, erio blue, lanacyl blue, sulphon-azurine, sulphon-cyanine . Violet.—Acid violet, red violet, See also:

• REGINA

regina violet, formyl violet, violamine B, fast violet, azo acid violet, erio violet, lanacyl violet . Brown: Fast brown, naphthylamine brown, acid brown, resorcine brown, azo brown, chrome brown, chromogene . See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

Block: Naphthol black, azo black, wool black, naphthylamine black, See also:

• JET (Fr. jais, Ger. Gagat)

jet black, See also:

• ANTHRACITE (Gr. avOpaE, coal)

anthracite black, Victoria black, azo acid black, brilliant black, union black, brilliant black B . Basic CoLouRs.—These colouring matters are the salts of organic colour-bases, their name being derived from the fact that their dyeing See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power resides entirely in the basic part of the salt . In the free state the bases are colourless and insoluble, but in combinationwith acids they form salts which are coloured and for the most part soluble in water . They are usually sold in the form of powder or crystals, the latter exhibiting frequently a beautiful metallic lustre .

Wool and silk are dyed in a neutral bath, i.e. without any addition, the material not requiring any previous preparation . During the dyeing operation the animal fibres appear to See also:

• PLAY

play the part of an acid, for they decompose the colouring matter and unite with the colour-See also:

• BASE

base to form an insoluble coloured salt or See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake, while the acid of the colouring matter is liberated and remains in solution . Although, as a rule, a neutral dyebath is employed in dyeing wool, a slight addition (2 %) of See also:

• SOAP

soap is sometimes made in order to give a brighter colour, while in other cases, e.g. with Victoria Blue, the dyebath must of See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity be made distinctly acid with acetic or sulphuric acid . Silk is usually dyed in a bath containing " boiled-off liquor " (i.e. the spent soap-liquor from the operation of scouring) neutralized or slightly acidified with acetic or tartaric acid . For a full colour use 2 or 3 % colouring matter, enter the wool at a low temperature, See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat gradually to near the boiling point in the course of a hour, and continue dyeing fora hour . Owing to the slight solubility of many basic colours, it is important to take the pre-caution of filtering the colour solution into the dyebath through a See also:

• FLANNEL

flannel See also:

• FILTER (a word common in various forms to most European languages, adapted from the medieval Lat. fi-ltrum, felt, a material used as a filtering agent)

filter, also to neutralize the alkalinity of calcareous water with a little acetic acid, to prevent decomposition of the colouring matter and precipitation of the colour-base . Unlike the animal fibres, cotton has little or no affinity for the basic colours; hence the cotton dyer makes use of the fact that cotton has a natural attraction for tannic acid, and that the latter forms insoluble lakes with the bases of basic colours . Previous to dyeing, the cotton is prepared with tannic acid by steeping in a cold solution of the latter for several See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours; cotton pieces are run at full width through a solution containing 2 to 6 oz. per See also:

• GALLON

gallon of tannic acid, and after being evenly squeezed are dried on See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam cylinders . The cotton is then worked in a solution of See also:

• TARTAR

tartar emetic or stannic chloride, so that the tannic acid absorbed by the fibre may be fixed upon it as insoluble tannate of See also:

• ANTIMONY (symbol Sb, atomic weight 120.2)

antimony or tin . Although the tannic acid is thus See also:

• UNITED

united with metallic See also:

• OXIDE

oxide, it still has the power of attracting the base of the colouring matter, and there is fixed upon the fibre an insoluble colour-lake, namely, a tannate of antimony and colour-base, which constitutes the dye . In this process the tannic acid is called the mordant, the tartar emetic acts as the fixing-agent for the tannic acid, and the cotton as finally prepared for dyeing is said to be mordanted . The proportions employed, reckoned on the weight of cotton, may vary from 2 to 10 % tannic acid, or the See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent in a decoction of See also:

• SUMACH

sumach, myrabolans, or other See also:

• TANNIN, or TANNIC ACID

tannin matter, and Z to 3 % tartar emetic .

After mordanting and fixing of the mordant, the cotton is well washed and dyed in the cold or at 6o° C. fora to I hour with the necessary colouring matter . Applied in this manner, basic colours are moderately fast to soap; but generally not to the action of light . See also:

• LINEN

Linen is dyed in the same manner as cotton . Jute is dyed without any previous preparation, since it behaves like a tannin-mordanted fibre, attracting the basic colours direct . The basic colours, to which class most of the earlier coal-tar colours belonged, are remarkable for their See also:

• GREAT

great colouring power, and in most cases for the brilliancy of the colours they yield . With the exception of certain dark colours, they are fugitive to light . It is interesting to See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note that only one vegetable colouring matter is at present recognized as belonging to this class, namely, the yellow dyestuff See also:

• BARBERRY (Berberis vulgaris)

barberry bark and root (Berberis vulgaris) which contains the See also:

• ALKALOID

alkaloid See also:

• BERBERINE, CBH17NO4

berberine . The following is a list of the more important basic colours derived from coal-tar: Red.--Magenta, See also:

• SAFRANINE

safranine, rhodamine, pyronine red, rhoduline red, •rosazein, induline scarlet . Orange.—ChrysoIdine, phosphine, acridine orange, tannin orange . Yellow.—Auramine, benzoflavine, thioflavine T, acridine yellow, homophosphine, rhoduline yellow . Green.—See also:

• MALACHITE

Malachite green, See also:

• EMERALD

emerald green, imperial green, China green, brilliant green, Victoria green, See also:

• DIAMOND

diamond green, methylene green, azine.green . Blue.—Methylene blue, new methylene blue, toluidine blue, thionine blue, indamine blue, Victoria blue, See also:

• NIGHT

night blue, See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile blue, See also:

• TURQUOISE

turquoise blue, marine blue, indoine blue, metamine blue, See also:

• CAPRI (anc. Capreae)

Capri blue, indazine, metaphenylene blue, paraphenylene blue, toluylene blue, indigene, indol blue, diphene blue, setopaline, setocyanine, setoglaucine, Helvetia blue .

Violet.—Methyl violet, crystal violet, See also:

• ETHYL

ethyl purple, methylene violet, mauve, paraphenylene violet, rhoduline violet, methylene See also:

• HELIOTROPE
• HELIOTROPE, or TURNSOLE

heliotrope . Brown.—Bismarck brown . Black.—Diazine black . See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

Grey.—Methylene grey, nigrisine, new grey .