See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete See also:

• ARLES
• ARLES, KINGDOM OF

arles or erles, adapted from See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the See also:

• ADJECTIVE (from the Lat. adjectives, added)

adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. See also:

• ERNST, HEINRICH WILHELM (1814–1865)

ernst)  , the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of a sum of See also:

• MONEY

money by the buyer of goods to the seller on the conclusion of a bargain as a See also:

• PLEDGE

pledge for its due performance . It is almost similar to the arrha of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, which may be traced back in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of legal institutions to a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period when the validity of a See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract depended not so much upon the real intention of the parties, as upon the due observance of a prescribed ceremony . But See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest was never See also:

• PART

part payment, which arrha might have been . Apart from its survival as a See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom, its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief importance in See also:

• ENGLISH

English law is its recognition by the See also:

• STATUTE

Statute of Frauds as giving validity to contracts for the See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of goods of a value exceeding £ro (see SALE OF GOODS) . It is in that statute clearly distinguished from part payment, consequently any sum, however small, would be sufficient as earnest, being given as a token that the contract is binding and should be expressly stated so by the giver . The giving of earnest, or See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand-money, as it is sometimes called, has now fallen into very See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general disuse . See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

EAR-See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

RING, an See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament worn pendent from the ear, and generally suspended (especially among the more civilized races) by means of a ring or See also:

• HOOK, JAMES CLARKE (1819-1907)
• HOOK, THEODORE EDWARD (1788-1841)
• HOOK, WALTER FARQUHAR (1798-1875)

hook passing through the pendulous See also:

• LOBE

lobe of the ear . Among See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage races the impulse to decorate, or at any See also:

• RATE

rate to modify the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of the ear, is almost universal . With such peoples the ear appendage is chiefly remarkable for its extravagant dimensions . Many examples may be seen in the ethnographic galleries of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum . The Berawan See also:

• PEOPLE

people of See also:

• BORNEO

Borneo use plugs through the lobe of the ear 3; in. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter . More extraordinary still is an example of a See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone ear-plug worn by a See also:

• MASAI

Masai, 41 in. in diameter and weighing 2 lb 14 oz .

(See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man, 1905, p . 22) . It is stated that according to the Masai See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion, the lobes of the ears should be enlarged so as to be capable of See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting above the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head . Among the See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior races, though ear ornaments of extravagant See also:

• SIZE

size and elaboration are not unknown, moderation in size is commonly observed, and greater See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention is paid to workmanship and fineness of material . The general usage appears to have been to have ear-rings worn in pairs, the two ornaments in all respects resembling each other; in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient times, or more recently among See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental races, a single ear-ring has sometimes been worn . The use of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of ornament, which constantly was of See also:

• GREAT

great value, See also:

• DATES

dates from the remotest See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical antiquity, the earliest mention of ear-rings occurring in the See also:

• BOOK

book of See also:

• GENESIS
• GENESIS (Gr. 'ybeo-es, becoming; the term being used in English as a synonym for origin or process of coming into being)

Genesis . It appears probable that the ear-rings of See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob's See also:

• FAMILY

family, which he buried with his See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange idols at See also:

• BETHEL (Heb. " House of God ")

Bethel, were regarded as amulets or talismans, such unquestionably being the estimation in which some ornaments of this class have been held from a very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early period, as they still are held in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East . Thus in New See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand ear-rings are decorated with the See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth of enemies, and with talismanic sharks' teeth . Among all the Oriental races of whom we have any accurate knowledge, the See also:

• HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO THE

Hebrews and Egyptians excepted, ear-rings always have been in general use by both sexes; while in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West, as well as by the Hebrews and Egyptians, as a general See also:

• RULE

rule they have been considered exclusively See also:

• FEMALE

female ornaments . By the Greeks and See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans also ear-rings were worn only by See also:

• WOMEN

women, and the wearing of them by a man is often spoken of as distinctively oriental . In archaic See also:

• ART

art, ear-rings are frequently represented or their traces are See also:

• LEFT

left in the perforated ear lobes of early statues . After the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century such perforations occur seldom .

In one instance, a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek inscription records the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of the detachable See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold ornaments on a statue, among which a pair of ear-rings is included . Ear-rings of characteristic See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form are frequently discovered by excavation . In See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of pendent chains is found See also:

• HANGING

hanging from a disk . In See also:

• ASSYRIA

Assyria the decoration consists of pendants or knobs attached to a rigid ring . In the early See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization represented by Dr See also:

• SCHLIEMANN, HEINRICH (1822-1890)

Schliemann's Trojan investigations, pieces of gold See also:

• PLATE

plate are suspended by parallel chains . In the Mycenaean period, ear-rings are infrequent in See also:

• GREECE

Greece, but have been found in abundance in the Mycenaean finds of Enkomi (See also:

• CYPRUS
• CYPRUS, CHURCH OF

Cyprus) in the form of pendent bulls'-heads, or of decorative forms based on the See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull's head . In the tombs of the Greek settlers in the See also:

• CRIMEA (ancient Tauris or Tauric Chersonese, called by the Russians by the Tatar name Krym or Crim)

Crimea (4th century B.C.), ear-rings are found of marvellous complexity and beauty . The lexicographer See also:

• POLLUX, JULIUS
• POLLUX, or POLLUCITE

Pollux, speaking of the names given to ear-rings, derived from their forms, mentions caryatids, hippocamps and centauresses . Jewels of the same class, of exquisite beauty and of workmanship that is truly wonderful, have been rescued from the sepulchres of ancient See also:

• ETRURIA

Etruria . Ear-rings of comparatively See also:

• SIMPLE

simple forms, but set with pearls and other stones, were the mode in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . In some instances, the stones were of fabulous value . During the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine period they once more attained an extravagant size .

Researches among the See also:

• BURIAL

burial places of Anglo-Saxon See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain have led to the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of jewels in considerable See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, which among their varieties include ear-rings executed in a See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style that proves the Anglo-See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons to have made no inconsiderable advances in the arts of civilization . These same ornaments, which never have fallen into disuse, enjoy at the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day a considerable degree of favour, and the See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide of fashion has set towards their increased use . Like all other See also:

• MODERN

modern jewels, however, the ear-rings of our own times as See also:

• WORKS

works of art can claim no historical attributes, because they consist as well of reproductions from all past ages and of every See also:

• RACE

race as of fanciful productions that certainly can be assigned to no style of art whatever . As one of the curiosities of the subject it may be mentioned that Antonia, wife of See also:

• DRUSUS, MARCUS LIVIUS
• DRUSUS, NERO1 CLAUDIUS (38–9 B.C.)

Drusus, is said by See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny to have attached a pair of ear-rings to her pet See also:

• LAMPREY

lamprey .