See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

EAST ST  Louts, a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of St Clair See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, See also:

• ILLINOIS

Illinois, U.S.A., on the E. See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi, lies opposite St See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis, See also:

• MISSOURI

Missouri . Pop . (188o), 9185; (1890), 15,169; (1900), 29,655, of whom 3920 were See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born (mostly See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German and Irish); (1910 See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census) 58,547 . It is one of the See also:

• GREAT

great railway centres of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . Into it enter from the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east sixteen lines of railway, which See also:

• CROSS

cross to St Louis by the celebrated See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge and by the Merchants' Bridge . It is also served by three inter-See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban electric See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways . The site of East St Louis is in the " See also:

• AMERICAN

American Bottom," little above the high-See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark of the See also:

• RIVER

river . This " bottom " stretches a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long distance up and down the river, with a breadth of to or 12 m . It is intersected by manysloughs and See also:

• CRESCENT (Lat. crescens, growing)

crescent-shaped lakes which indicate former courses of the river . The manufacturing interests of East St Louis are important, among the manufactories being packing establishments, See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and steel See also:

• WORKS

works, See also:

• ROLLING

rolling-See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills and foundries, See also:

• FLOUR

flour-mills, See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass works, paint works and See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel works . By far the most important See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry is slaughtering and See also:

• MEAT

meat packing: both in 1900 and in 1905 East St Louis ranked See also:

• SIXTH

sixth among the cities of the See also:

• UNITED

United States in this industry; its product in 1900 was valued at $27,676,818 (out of a See also:

• TOTAL

total for all See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries of $32,460,957), and in 1905 the product of the slaughtering and meat-packing establishments in and near the limits of East St Louis was valued at $39,972,245, in the same See also:

• YEAR

year the total for all industries within the corporate limits being only $37,586,198 . The city has a large See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse and See also:

• MULE (Lat. mulus)

mule See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market .

East St Louis was laid out about 1818, incorporated as a See also:

• TOWN

town in 1859, and chartered as a city in 1865 . Consult the See also:

• ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Encyclopaedia of the See also:

• HISTORY

History of St Louis (4 vols., St Louis, 1899); J . T . See also:

• SCHARF, SIR GEORGE (182o—1895)

Scharf, History of St Louis City and County including See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

Biographical Sketches (2 vols., See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia, 1883); E . H . Shepherd, See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early History of St Louis and Missouri . . . 1763-1843 (St Louis, 1870) ; F . Billon, See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

Annals of St Louis . . . 1804 to 1821 (2 vols., St Louis, 1886-1888) ; G . See also:

• ANDERSON
• ANDERSON, ADAM (1692—1765)
• ANDERSON, ALEXANDER (c. 1582-1620?)
• ANDERSON, ELIZABETH GARRETT (1836— )
• ANDERSON, JAMES (1662—1728)
• ANDERSON, JAMES (1739-1808)
• ANDERSON, JOHN (1726-1796)
• ANDERSON, MARY (1859– )
• ANDERSON, RICHARD HENRY (1821–1879)
• ANDERSON, ROBERT (1750–1830)
• ANDERSON, SIR EDMUND (1530-1605)

Anderson, See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

Story of a Border City during the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War (See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, 19o8); The See also:

• ANNUAL

Annual Statement of the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

Trade and See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce of St Louis .

. . reported to the Merchants' See also:

• EXCHANGE

Exchange, by its secretary . ST LOUIS, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of See also:

• SENEGAL

Senegal, See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, with a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population (1904) of 24,070, or including the suburbs, 28,469 . St Louis, known to the natives as N'See also:

• DAR

dar, is 163 m. by See also:

• RAIL

rail N.N.E. of See also:

• DAKAR

Dakar and is situated on,an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island I I a m. above the mouth of the Senegal river, near the right bank, there separated from the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea by a narrow See also:

• STRIP

strip of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand called the Langue de Barbaric . This strip of sand is occupied by the villages of N'dar Toute and Guet N'dar . Three See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges connect the town with the villages; and the See also:

• PONT (or KYLPONT), ROBERT (1524–1606)

Pont See also:

• FAIDHERBE, LOUIS LEON CESAR (1818–1889)

Faidherbe, 2132 ft. long, affords communication with Bouetville, a suburb on the See also:

• LEFT

left bank, and the See also:

• TERMINUS

terminus of the railway to Dakar . The houses of the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter have for the most See also:

• PART

part See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat See also:

• ROOFS

roofs, balconies and terraces . Besides the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor's See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence the most prominent buildings are the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, the great See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque, the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, the See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks and military offices, and the docks . The See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round beehive huts of Guet N'dar are mainly inhabited by native fishermen . N'dar Toute consists of villas with gardens, and is a summer watering-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . There is a pleasant public See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden, and N'dar Toute is approached by a magnificent See also:

• ALLEY (from the Fr. allee, a walk)

alley of See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm-trees . The See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low-lying position of St Louis and the extreme See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat render it unhealthy, whilst the sandy nature of the See also:

• SOIL

soil causes intense inconvenience . The mouth of the Senegal being obstructed by a shifting See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar of sand, the steamships of the great European lines do not come up to St Louis; passengers embark and See also:

• LAND

land at Dakar, on the eastern See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of Cape Verde .

See also:

• SHIPS

Ships for St Louis have often to wait outside or inside the bar for days or See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks, and partial unloading is frequently necessary . From See also:

• JULY

July to the end of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September—that is during See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood-See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time—the water over the bar is, however, deep enough to enable vessels to reach St Louis without difficulty . St Louis is believed to have been the site of a European See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement since the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, but the See also:

• PRESENT

present town was founded in 1626 by See also:

• DIEPPE

Dieppe merchants known as the Compagnie normande . It is the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest colonial See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment in Africa belonging to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France (see SENEGAL) . Its See also:

• MODERN

modern development See also:

• DATES

dates from 1854 . The town, however, did not receive municipal See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government till 1872 . All citizens, irrespective of See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, can See also:

• VOTE

vote . From 1895 to 1903 St Louis was not only the capital of Senegal, but the residence of the governor-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of French West Africa . In See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November of the last-named year the governor-general removed to Dakar, Small forts defend St Louis from the land side—the surrounding country, the Cayor, being inhabited by a warlike See also:

• RACE

race, which previously to the See also:

• BUILDING

building (1882–1885) of the St Louis-Dakar railway was a continual source of trouble . The town carries on a very active trade with all the countries watered by the Senegal and the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle See also:

• NIGER
• NIGER, GAIUS PESCENNIUS

Niger . St Louis is connected with See also:

• BREST

Brest by a See also:

• DIRECT

direct See also:

• CABLE (from Late Lat. capulum, a halter, from capere, to take hold of)
• CABLE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1844– )

cable, and with See also:

• CADIZ
• CADIZ (Cadiz)
• CADIZ (in Lat. Gades, and formerly called Cales by the English)

Cadiz via the See also:

• CANARY
• CANARY (Serinus canarius)

Canary Islands . ST See also:

• LUCIA (or LucY), ST

LUCIA, the largest of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Windward Islands, West Indies, in 14° N., 61° W., 24 M .

S. of See also:

• MARTINIQUE

Martinique and 21 M . N.E. of St See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent . Its See also:

• AREA

area is 233 sq. m., length 42 m., maximum breadth 12 .m., and its See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast-See also:

• LINE

line is 15o M. long . It is considered one of the loveliest of all the West See also:

• INDIAN

Indian islands . It is a See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of mountains, rising sheer from the water, their summits bathed in perpetual mist . Impenetrable forests alternate with fertile plains, and deep ravines and frowning precipices with beautiful bays and coves . Everywhere there is luxuriant vegetation . See also:

• LES

Les Pitons (2720 and 268o ft.) are the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief natural feature—two immense pyramids of See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock rising abruptly from the sea, their slopes, inclined at an See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle of 6o°, being clad on three sides with densest verdure . No connexion has been traced between them and the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain See also:

• SYSTEM

system of the island . In the S.W. also is the See also:

• VOLCANO

volcano of Soufriere (about 4000 ft.), whose See also:

• CRATER

crater is 3 acres in See also:

• SIZE

size and covered with See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur and cinders . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is humid, the See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain-fall varying from 70 to 120 in. per annum, with an See also:

• AVERAGE

average temperature of 80° F . The soil is deep and See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich; the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main products are See also:

• SUGAR

sugar, See also:

• COCOA

cocoa, See also:

• LOGWOOD (so called from the form in which it is imported)

logwood, See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee, nutmegs, See also:

• MACE (Fr. masse, O. Fr. mace, connected with Lat.'ntateola, a mallet)

mace, See also:

• KOLA

kola-nuts and See also:

• VANILLA

vanilla, all of which are exported .

See also:

• TOBACCO

Tobacco also is grown, but not for export . The urine or central factory system is established, there being four government sugar-mills . See also:

• SNAKES

Snakes, formerly prevalent, have been almost exterminated by the introduction of the mongoose . Only about a third of the island is cultivated, the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest being See also:

• CROWN

crown land under virgin See also:

• FOREST

forest, abounding in See also:

• TIMBER

timber suitable for the finest See also:

• CABINET

cabinet See also:

• WORK

work . The main import trade up to 1904 was from Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain; since then, owing to the increased See also:

• COAL

coal imports from the United States, the imports are chiefly from other countries . The See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the exports go to the United States and to See also:

• CANADA

Canada . In the ten years 1898–1907 the imports averaged £322,000 a year; the exports £195,000 a year . Bunker coal forms a large See also:

• ITEM (a Latin adverb meaning " also," " likewise ")

item both in imports and exports . Coal, sugar, cocoa and logwood See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the chief exports . See also:

• EDUCATION

Education is denominational, assisted by government grants . The large majority of the See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools are under the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholics, to whom all the government See also:

• PRIMARY

primary schools were handed over in 1898 . There is a government agricultural school .

St Lucia is controlled by an See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator (responsible to the governor of the Windward Islands), assisted by an executive See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council . The legislature consists of the administrator and a council of nominated members . See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

Revenue and See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure in the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period 1901-1907 balanced at about foo,000 a year . The See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of the island preserves, in a modified form, the See also:

• LAWS

laws of the French See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy . Castries, the capital, on the N.W. coast, has a magnificent land-locked See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour . There is a See also:

• CONCRETE
• CONCRETE (Lat. concretes, participle of concrescere, to grow together)

concrete See also:

• WHARF

wharf 65o ft. long with a See also:

• DEPTH

depth alongside of 27 ft., and a wharf of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood 552 ft. in length . It is the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal coaling station of the British See also:

• FLEET

fleet in the West Indies, was strongly fortified, and has been the military headquarters . (The troops were removed and the military works stopped in 1905.) It is a See also:

• PORT

port of registry, and the facilities it offers as a port of See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call are widely recognized, the See also:

• TONNAGE

tonnage of ships cleared and entered rising from 1,555,000 in 1898 to 2,627,000 in 1907 . Pop . (1901) 7910 . Soufriere, in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, the only other town of any importance, had a population of 2394 . The Canbs have disappeared from the island, and the bulk of the inhabitants are negroes .

Their See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language is a French See also:

• PATOIS

patois, but See also:

• ENGLISH

English is gradually replacing it . There is a small colony of East Indian coolies, and the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white inhabitants are mostly creoles of French descent . The total population of the island (1901) is 49,833 . History.—St Lucia is supposed to have been discovered by See also:

• COLUMBUS
• COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER [in Spanish CRISTOBAL COLON] (c. 1446, or perhaps rather 1451, -15o6)

Columbus in 1502, and to have been named by the Spaniards after the See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint on whose See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day it was discovered . It was inhabited by Caribs, who killed the majority of the first white See also:

• PEOPLE

people (Englishmen) who attempted to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle on the island (16o5) . For two centuries St Lucia was claimed both by France and by See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . In 1627 the famous See also:

• CARLISLE
• CARLISLE, EARLS OF

Carlisle See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant included St Lucia among British possessions, while in 1635 the. See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of France granted it to two of his subjects . In 1638 some 130 English from St Kitts formed a settlement, but in 1641 were killed or driven away by the Caribs . The French in 1650 sent settlers from Martinique who concluded a treaty of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace with the Caribs in 166o . See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• WARNER, OLIN LEVI (1844-1896)
• WARNER, SETH (1743-1784)
• WARNER, WILLIAM (1558?-16o9)

Warner, natural son of the governor of St Kitts, attacked and overpowered the French settlers in 1663, but the peace of See also:

• BREDA

Breda (1667) restored it to France and it became nominally a dependency of Martinique . The British still claimed the island as a dependency of Barbadoes, and in 1722 See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George I. made a grant of it to the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Montague . The year following French troops from Martinique compelled the British settlers to evacuate the island .

In 1748 both France and Great Britain recognized the island as " neutral." In 1762 its inhabitants surrendered to See also:

• ADMIRAL

Admiral See also:

• RODNEY, GEORGE BRYDGES RODNEY, BARON (1718—1792)

Rodney and General Monckton . By the treaty of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris (1763), however, the British acknowledged the claims of France, and steps were taken to develop the resources of the island . French planters came from St Vincent and See also:

• GRENADA

Grenada,See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton and sugar plantations were formed, and in 1772 the island was said to have a population of 15,000, largely slaves . In 1778 it was captured by the British; itsharbours were a See also:

• RENDEZVOUS

rendezvous for the British squadrons and See also:

• GROS, ANTOINE JEAN, BARON (1771–1835)

Gros Ilet See also:

• BAY

Bay was Rodney's starting-point before his victory over the See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

Comte de See also:

• GRASSE
• GRASSE, FRANCOIS JOSEPH PAUL, MARQUIS DE GRASSETILLY, COMTE DE (1722-1788)

Grasse (See also:

• APRIL

April 1782) . The peace of See also:

• VERSAILLES

Versailles (1783) restored St Lucia to France, but in 1794 it was surrendered to Admiral Jervis (See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord St Vincent) . See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor See also:

• HUGUES, CLOVIS (1851-1907)

Hugues, a See also:

• PARTISAN, or PARTIZAN

partisan of See also:

• ROBESPIERRE, MAXIMILIEN FRANCOIS MARIE ISIDORE DE (175$-1794)

Robespierre, aided by insurgent slaves, made a strenuous resistance and recovered the island in See also:

• JUNE

June 1795 . See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• RALPH (d. 1122)

Ralph See also:

• ABERCROMBY
• ABERCROMBY, PATRICK (1656–c.-1716)
• ABERCROMBY, SIR RALPH (1734-1801)

Abercromby and Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• MOORE, A
• MOORE, ALBERT JOSEPH (1841–1893)
• MOORE, EDWARD (1712–1757)
• MOORE, GEORGE (1853– )
• MOORE, GEORGE FOOT (1851– )
• MOORE, HENRY (1831–1895)
• MOORE, JOHN (1729-1802)
• MOORE, SIR JOHN (1761-1809)
• MOORE, THOMAS (1779-1852)

Moore, at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of 12,000 troops, were sent in 1796 to reduce the island, but it was not until 1797 that the. revolutionists laid down their arms . By the treaty of See also:

• AMIENS

Amiens St Lucia was anew declared French . See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte intended to make it the capital of the See also:

• ANTILLES

Antilles, but it once more capitulated to the British (June 1803) and was finally ceded to Great Britain in 1814 . In 1834, when the slaves were emancipated, there were in St Lucia over 13,000 See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro slaves, 2600 See also:

• FREE

free men of colour and 2300 whites . The development of the island—See also:

• HALF

half ruined by the revolutionary war—has been retarded by epidemics of See also:

• CHOLERA (from the Gr. Xo)du, tile, and Map, to flow)

cholera and smallpox, by the decline of the sugar-See also:

• CANE

cane industry and other causes, such as the low level of education . The depression in the sugar trade led to the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of cocoa cultivation .

Efforts were also made to plant settlers on the crown lands—with a See also:

• FAIR

fair amount of success . The colony success-fully surmounted the See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial stringency caused by the withdrawal of the imperial troops in 1905 . See also:

• PIGEON

Pigeon Island, formerly an important military port, lies off the N.W. end of St Lucia, by Gros Ilet Bay . See Sir C . P . See also:

• LUCAS, CHARLES (1713–1771)
• LUCAS, JOHN SEYMOUR (1849– )
• LUCAS, SIR CHARLES (d. 1648)

Lucas, See also:

• HISTORICAL

Historical See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

Geography in the British Colonies, vol. ii., " The West Indies " (2nd ed. revised by C . Atchley, See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1905), and the works there cited; also the annual reports on St Lucia Issued by the Colonial See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

Office . ST See also:

• MACAIRE

MACAIRE, a town of south-western France, in the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• GIRONDE

Gironde, on the See also:

• GARONNE (Lat. Garumna)

Garonne, 29 M . S.E. of See also:

• BORDEAUX

Bordeaux by rail . Pop . (1906), 2085 . St Macaire is important for its See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval remains, which include a triple line of ramparts with old See also:

• GATE

gate-ways .

There are also several houses of the 13th and 14th centuries . The imposing See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St Sauveur (11th to 15th centuries) has a See also:

• DOORWAY (corresponding to the Gr. Iran, Lat. porte)

doorway with beautiful 13th-century See also:

• CARVING

carving and interesting mural paintings . St Macaire (anc . Ligena) owes its name to the saint whose See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics were preserved in the monastery of which the church of St Sauveur is the principal remnant . ST MAIXENT, a town of western France, in the department of Deux-Sevres, on the Sevre Niortaise, 15 M . N.E. of See also:

• NIORT

Niort by rail . Pop . (1906), 4102 . The town has a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey church built from the 12th to the 15th century, but in great part destroyed by the Protestants in the 16th century and rebuilt from 167o to 1682 in the flamboyant See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style . The chief parts anterior to this date are the See also:

• NAVE

nave, which is Romanesque, and a lofty 15th-century See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower over the west front . The See also:

• CRYPT (Lat. crypta, from the Gr. Kp&arrew, to hide)

crypt contains the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of Saint See also:

• MAXENTIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS VALERIUS

Maxentius, second See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot of the monastery, which was founded about 46o . The town has a communal See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college, a chamber of arts and manufactures, and an See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry school for non-commissioned See also:

• OFFICERS

officers preparing for the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of sub-See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant .

It was the birthplace of See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel Denfert-Rochereau, defender of See also:

• BELFORT
• BELFORT, TERRITOIRE
• BELFORT, TERRITORY OF

Belfort in 1870-1871, and has' a statue to him . The industries include See also:

• DYEING (0. Eng. dedgian, dealt ; Mid. Eng. deyen)

dyeing and the manufacture of See also:

• HOSIERY

hosiery, See also:

• MUSTARD

mustard and See also:

• PLASTER

plaster . The prosperity of the town was at its height after the promulgation of the See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict of See also:

• NANTES
• NANTES, EDICT OF

Nantes, when it numbered 12,000 inhabitants . ST MALO, a seaport of western France, capital of an See also:

• ARRONDISSEMENT (from arrondir, to make round)

arrondissement in the department of Ylle-et-Vilaine, 51 m.N.N.W. of See also:

• RENNES

Rennes by rail . Pop . (1906) town, 8727; See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune, 10,647 . St Malo is situated on the English Channel on the right bank of the See also:

• ESTUARY (from the Lat. aestuarium, a place reached by aestus, the tide)

estuary of the See also:

• RANCE, ARMAND JEAN LE BOUTHILLIER DE (1626-1700)

Rance at its mouth . It is a See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison town surrounded by ramparts which include portions dating from the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, but as a whole were rebuilt at the end of the 17th century according to See also:

• VAUBAN

Vauban's plans, and restored in the 19th century . The most important of the See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates are that of St Vincent and the Grande See also:

• PORTE, THE SUBLIME (Arab. babi-'ali, the high gate, through the French translation la sublime porte)

Porte, defended by two massive 15th-century towers: The See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite island on which St Malo stands communicates with the mainland on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-east by a See also:

• CAUSEWAY

causeway known as the " Sillon " (furrow), 65o ft. long, and at one time only 46 ft. broad, though now three times that breadth . In the sea round about See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie other granite rocks, which have been turned to See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account in the defences of the coast; on the islet of the See also:

• GRAND

Grand See also:

• BEY (a modern Turk. word, the older form being beg, cf. Pers. baig)

Bey is the tomb (1848) of See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois Auguste, vicomte de See also:

• CHATEAUBRIAND, FRANCOIS RENE, VICOMTE DE (1768–1848)

Chateaubriand, a native of the town . The rocks and See also:

• BEACH

beach are continually changing their See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, owing to the violence of the tides; See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring-tides sometimes rise 50 ft. above low-water level, and the sea sometimes washes over the ramparts . The harbour of St Malo lies south of the town in the See also:

• CREEK
• CREEK (Mid. Eng. crike or creke, common to many N. European languages)

creek separating it from the neighbouring town of St See also:

• SERVAN (or SERVANDO known as SERVANDONI), JEAN NICOLAS (1695–1766)
• SERVAN, JOSEPH MICHEL ANTOINE (1737-1807)

Servan .

Including the contiguous and connected basins belonging more especially to St Servan, it comprises an See also:

• OUTER

outer See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin, a tidal harbour, two wet-docks and an inner See also:

• RESERVOIR

reservoir, affording a total length of quayage of over 2 M . The wet-docks have a minimum depth of 13 to 15 ft. on See also:

• SILL
• SILL (O.Eng. syl, Mid. E. sylle, selle; the word appears in Icel. syll, svill, Swed. syll, and Dan. syld, and in German, as Schwelle; Skeat refers to the Teutonic root swal-, swell, the word meaning the rise or swell formed by a beam at a threshold; the L
• SILL, EDWARD ROWLAND (1841-1887)

sill, but the tidal harbour is dry at low water . The vessels entered at St Malo-St Servan in 1906 numbered 1004 of 279,217 tons; cleared 1023 of 298,720 tons . The great bulk of trade is with England, the exports comprising large quantities of See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, See also:

• DAIRY

dairy-produce, early potatoes and other vegetables and See also:

• SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

slate . The chief imports are coal and timber . The See also:

• LONDON

London and South-Western railway maintains a See also:

• REGULAR

regular service of steamers between See also:

• SOUTHAMPTON
• SOUTHAMPTON, EARL OF
• SOUTHAMPTON, HENRY WRIOTHESLEY, 3RD EARL OF (1J73—1624)

Southampton and St Malo . The port carries on See also:

• SHIPBUILDING

shipbuilding and equips a fleet for the See also:

• NEWFOUNDLAND

Newfoundland See also:

• COD

cod-See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries . The industries also include iron-and See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper-See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding and the manufacture of portable forges and other iron goods, See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement, rope and artificial See also:

• MANURES

manures . The town is the seat of a sub-See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect and has tribunals of first instance and of commerce . Communication between the quays of St Malo and St Servan is maintained by a travelling bridge . St Malo is largely frequented for sea-bathing, but not so much as See also:

• DINARD

Dinard, on the opposite side of the Rance . The town presents a tortuous