JOHANN MAIER See also:

• JOHANN MAIER ECK (1486-1543)

ECK (1486-1543)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German theologian, the most indefatigable and important opponent of See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 13th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1486 at See also:

• ECK, JOHANN MAIER (1486-1543)

Eck in See also:

• SWABIA, SUABIA

Swabia, from which See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place he derived his additional surname, which he himself, after 1505, always modified into Eckius or Eccius, i.e . " of Eck." His See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael Maier, was a See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant and See also:

• BAILIFF

bailiff (Amtmann) of the See also:

• VILLAGE

village . The boy's See also:

• EDUCATION

education was undertaken by his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle Martin Maier, See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest at Rothenburg on the See also:

• NECKAR

Neckar, who sent him at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twelve to the university of See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg, and subsequently to those of See also:

• TUBINGEN

Tubingen, See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne and See also:

• FREIBURG

Freiburg in the See also:

• BREISGAU

Breisgau . His See also:

• ACADEMIC

academic career was so rapidly successful that at the age of twenty-four he was already See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor and See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology . During this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period he was distinguished for his opposition to the scholastic See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy; and, though he did not go to all lengths with the " modernists (See also:

• MODERN

Modern) of his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, his first See also:

• WORK

work—Logices exercitamenta (1507)—was distinctly on their See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side . This attitude brought him into conflict with the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate of the university, a conflict which Eck's masterful See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper, increased by an extreme self-confidence perhaps natural in one so See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young and so successful, did not serve to allay . His position in Freiburg becoming intolerable, he accepted in 1510 an invitation from the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria to fill the theological See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair at See also:

• INGOLSTADT

Ingolstadt, where he was destined for See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years to exercise a profound See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence as teacher and See also:

• VICE

vice-See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor (Prokanzler) . A ducal See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission, appointed to find a means for ending the interminable strife between the See also:

• RIVAL

rival academic parties, entrusted Eck with the preparation of fresh commentaries on See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle and Petrus Hispanus . He had a marvellous capacity for work, and between 1516 and 1520, in addition to all his other duties, he published commentaries on the Summulae of Petrus Hispanus, and on the Dialectics, Physics and lesser scientific See also:

• WORKS

works of Aristotle, which became the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text-books of the university . During these See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early years Eck was still reckoned among the " modernists," and his commentaries are inspired with much of the scientific spirit of the New Learning . His aim, however, had been to find a via See also:

• MEDIA

media between the old and new; his temper was essentially conservative, his See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination held See also:

• CAPTIVE (from Lat. capere, to take)

captive by the splendid traditions of the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, and he had no sympathy with the revolutionary attitude of the Reformers . See also:

• PERSONAL

Personal ambition, too, a See also:

• DESIRE

desire to be conspicuous in the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• WORLD

world of affairs, may have helped to throw him into public opposition to Luther .

He had won laurels in a public disputation at See also:

• AUGSBURG
• AUGSBURG, CONFESSION OF
• AUGSBURG, WAR OF THE LEAGUE OF

Augsburg in 1514, when he had defended the lawfulness of putting out See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital at See also:

• INTEREST

interest; again at See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna in 1515, on the same subject and on the question of See also:

• PREDESTINATION (from Late Lat. praedestinare, to deter-mine beforehand; from the root sta, as in stare, stand)

predestination; and these triumphs had been repeated at See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna in 1516 . By these successes he gained the patronage of the Fuggers, and found himself fairly launched as the recognized apologist of the established See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order in church and See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . Distinguished humanists might sneer at him as " a garrulous sophist "; but from this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time his ambition was not only to be the greatest scientific authority in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany but also the See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion of the papacy and of the traditional church order . The first-fruits of this new resolve were a quite gratuitous attack on his old friend, the distinguished humanist and jurist See also:

• ULRICH

Ulrich Zasius (1461—1536), for a See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine proclaimed ten years before, and a simultaneous See also:

• ASSAULT (from Lat. ad, to or on, and saltare, to leap)

assault on See also:

• ERASMUS, DESIDERIUS (1466–1536)

Erasmus's Annotationes in Novum Testamentum . It is, however, by his controversy with Luther and the other reformers that Eck is best remembered . Luther, who had some personal acquaintance with Eck, sent him in 1517 copies of his celebrated 95 theses . Eck made no public reply; but in 1518 he circulated, privately at first, his Obelisci, in which Luther was branded as a Hussite . Luther entrusted his See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence to See also:

• CARLSTADT, KARLSTADT

Carlstadt, who, besides answering the insinuations of Eck in 400 distinct theses, declared his readiness to meet him in a public disputation . The See also:

• CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from calvi, to deceive, hence a false accusation, a " calumny ")

challenge was accepted, and the disputation took place at See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig in See also:

• JUNE

June and See also:

• JULY

July 1519 . On June 27 and 28 and on July 1 and 3 Eck disputed with Carlstadt on the subjects of See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace, See also:

• FREE

free will and See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good works, ably defending the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Semipelagian standpoint . From July 4 to 14 he engaged with Luther on the See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute supremacy of the papacy, See also:

• PURGATORY (Late Lat. purgatorium, from purgare, to purge)

purgatory, See also:

• PENANCE (Old Fr. penance, fr. Lat. poenitentia, penitence)

penance, &c., showing a brilliant display of patristic and conciliar learning against the reformer's appeals to Scripture . The arbitrators declined to give a See also:

• VERDICT (O. Fr. verdit, Lat. vere dictum, truly said, used in Late Latin in one word with its present significance)

verdict, but the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general impression was that victory rested with Eck .

He did, indeed, succeed in making Luther admit that there was some truth in the Hussite opinions and declare himself against the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope, but this success only embittered his animosity against his opponents, and from that time his whole efforts were devoted to Luther's overthrow . He induced the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities of Cologne and See also:

• LOUVAIN (Flem. Leuven)

Louvain to condemn the reformer's writings, but failed to enlist the German princes, and in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1520 went to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome to obtain strict regulations against those whom he called " See also:

• LUTHERANS

Lutherans." He was created a protonotary apostolic, and in July returned to Germany, as papal See also:

• NUNCIO

nuncio, with the celebrated See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull Exsurge Domine directed against Luther's writings . He now believed himself in a position to crush not only the Lutheran heretics, but also his humanist critics . The effect of the publication of the bull, however,soon undeceived him . Bishops, universities and humanists were at one in denunciation of the See also:

• OUTRAGE (through O. Fr. ultrage, oltrage, oultrage, from Lat. ultra, beyond, exceeding, cf. Ital. oltraggio; the meaning has been influenced by connexion with " rage," anger)

outrage; and as for the attitude of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, Eck was glad to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony with a whole skin . In his wrath he appealed to force, and his Epistola ad Carolum V . (See also:

• FEBRUARY

February ,8, 1521) called on the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor to take See also:

• MEASURES

measures against Luther, a demand soon to be responded to in the See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict of See also:

• WORMS

Worms . In 1521 and 1522 Eck was again in Rome, See also:

• REPORTING

reporting on the results of his nunciature . On his return from his second visit he was the See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime mover in the promulgation of the Bavarian religious edict of 1522, which practically established the senate of the university of Ingolstadt as a tribunal of the See also:

• INQUISITION, THE (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)

Inquisition, and led to years of persecution . In return for this See also:

• ACTION

action of the duke, who had at first been opposed to the policy of repression, Eck obtained for him, during a third visit to Rome in 1523, valuable ecclesiastical concessions . Mean-while he continued unabated in his zeal against the reformers, See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing eight considerable works between 1522 and 1526 . His controversial ardour was, indeed, somewhat damped by Luther's refusal to See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer his arguments, and with a view to earning fresh laurels he turned his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland and the Zwinglians .

At See also:

• BADEN
• BADEN, GRAND DUCHY OF

Baden-in-See also:

• AARGAU (Fr. Argovie)

Aargau in May and June 1526 a public disputation on the doctrine of See also:

• TRANSUBSTANTIATION

transubstantiation was held, in which Eck and See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• MURNER, THOMAS (1475-1537 ?)

Murner were pitted against Johann See also:

• OECOLAMPADIUS, JOHN (1482-1531)

Oecolampadius . Though Eck claimed the victory in See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument, the only result was to strengthen the Swiss in their memorial view of the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord's Supper, and so to diverge them further from Luther . At the Augsburg See also:

• DIET

diet in 1530 Eck was charged by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V. to draw up, in See also:

• CONCERT (through the French from Lat. con-, with, and certare, to strive)

concert with twenty other theologians, the refutation of the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

Confession, but was obliged to rewrite it five times before it suited the emperor . He was at the colloquy of Worms in 1540 and at the diet of See also:

• REGENSBURG (RATISBON)

Regensburg (Ratisbon) in 1541 . At Worms he showed some signs of a willingness to See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise, but at Regensburg his old violence reasserted itself in opposing all efforts at reconciliation and persuading the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic princes to reject the See also:

• INTERIM

Interim . Eck died at Ingolstadt on the loth of February 1543, fighting to the last and worn out before his time . He was undoubtedly the most conspicuous champion produced by the old See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion in the age of the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation, but his great gifts were marred by greater faults . His vast learning was the result of a powerful memory and unwearied See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, and he lacked the creative imagination necessary to See also:

• MOULD

mould this material into new forms . He was a powerful debater, but his victories were those of a dialectician rather than a convincing reasoner, and in him See also:

• DEPTH

depth of insight and conviction were See also:

• ILL

ill replaced by the controversial violence characteristic of the age . Moreover, even after discounting the See also:

• BIAS
• BIAS (from the Fr. biais, of unknown origin; the derivation from Lat. bifax, two-faced, is wrong)

bias of his enemies, there is See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence to prove that his championship of the Church was not the outcome of his zeal for See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity; for he was notoriously drunken, unchaste, avaricious and almost insanely ambitious . His See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief work was De primatu Petri (1519); his Enchiridion locorum communium adversus Lutherum ran through 46 See also:

• EDITIONS

editions between 1525 and 1576 . In 153o—1535 he published a collection of his writings against Luther, See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

Opera contra Ludderum, in 4 vols .

See T . See also:

• WIEDEMANN, GUSTAV HEINRICH (1826-1899)

Wiedemann, Dr Johann Eck (Regensburg, 1865) .