EDINBURGH  , a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city and royal See also:

• BURGH [BOURKE, BURKE]
• BURGH, HUBERT DE (d. 1243)

burgh, and See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of itself, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, and county See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• EDINBURGHSHIRE, or MIDLOTHIAN

Edinburghshire or Midlothian, situated to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of the See also:

• FIRTH, CHARLES HARDING (1857– )
• FIRTH, MARK (1819-1880)

Firth of Forth, 396 m. by See also:

• RAIL

rail N. of See also:

• LONDON

London . The old Royal See also:

• OBSERVATORY

Observatory on Calton See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill stands in 55° 57' 23" N. and 12° 43' o5" W . Edinburgh occupies a See also:

• GROUP

group of hills of moderate height and the valleys between . In the centre is a bold See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, crowned by the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle, between which and the new town lies a See also:

• RAVINE

ravine that once contained the Nor' See also:

• LOCH, HENRY BROUGHAM LOCH, 1ST BARON (1827-1900)

Loch, but is now covered with the gardens of Princes See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street . To the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east rises Calton Hill (355 ft.) with several conspicuous monuments, the city See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison and the Calton See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery . On the south-east, beyond the Canongate limits, stands the hill of See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur's Seat (822 ft.) . Towards the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north the site of the city slopes gently to the Firth of Forth and the See also:

• PORT

port of See also:

• LEITH

Leith; while to the south, Liberton Hill, Blackford Hill, See also:

• BRAID (from the O. Eng. bregdan, to move quickly to and fro, hence to weave)

Braid Hills and Craiglockhart Hills roughly See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark the city See also:

• BOUNDS, BEATING THE

bounds, as Corstorphine Hill and the See also:

• WATER

Water of Leith do the western limits . The views of the city and environs from the castle or any of the hills are very beautiful, and it is undoubtedly one of the most picturesque capitals in the See also:

• WORLD

world . Its situation, See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan and See also:

• LITERARY

literary associations suggested a comparison that gave Edinburgh the name of " the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens "; but it has a homelier See also:

• NICKNAME

nickname of " Auld Reekie," from the See also:

• CLOUD (from the same root, if not the same word, as " clod," a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages for a mass or lump; it is first applied in the usual sense in the late 13th century; the Anglo-Saxon chid is only used in the sense of " a ma

cloud of See also:

• SMOKE (from O. Eng. smeocan, to smoke, reek, cf. Dutch meek, Ger. Schmauch, probably allied to Gr. vol9caiv)

smoke (reek) which often hangs over the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low-lying quarters .. See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

Chief Buildings.—Of the castle, the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest See also:

• BUILDING

building is St See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret's See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel, believed to be the chapel where See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen Margaret, wife of See also:

• MALCOLM
• MALCOLM, SIR JOHN (1769-1833)

Malcolm Canmore, worshipped, and belonging at latest to the reign of her youngest son, See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David I . (1124-1153) . Near it is the See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament and banqueting See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, restored (1889-'892) by the generosity of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• NELSON
• NELSON, HORATIO NELSON, VISCOUNT (1758-1805)
• NELSON, ROBERT (s656-1715)

Nelson (,817--1887) the publisher, which contains a See also:

• FINE

fine collection of Scottish See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour, weapons and regimental See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours, while, emblazoned on the windows, are the heraldic See also:

• BEARINGS

bearings.of royal and other figures distinguished in See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• HISTORY

history .

Other buildings in the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace Yard include the apartments occupied by the See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent, See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary of See also:

• GUISE
• GUISE, HOUSE OF

Guise, and her daughter Mary, queen of Scots, and the See also:

• ROOM

room in which See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James VI. was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born . Here also are deposited the Scottish See also:

• REGALIA (Lat. regalis, royal, from rex, king)

regalia (" The Honours of Scotland "), with the See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state presented to James IV. by See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• JULIUS

Julius II., and the jewels restored to Scotland on the See also:

• DEATH

death (1807) of See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, the last of the Stuarts . The See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal, a modern building on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the rock, is capable of storing 30,000 stand of arms . In the armoury is a collection of arms of various See also:

• DATES

dates; and on the See also:

• ARGYLL, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Argyll See also:

• BATTERY (Fr. batterie, from battles, to beat)

battery stands a huge piece of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery, called See also:

• MONS (Flemish Bergen)

Mons Meg, of which repeated mention is made in Scottish history . Argyll See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower, in which See also:

• ARCHIBALD, 5TH EARL OF DOUGLAS (c. 1391–1439)

Archibald, 9th See also:

• EARL

earl of Argyll, spent his last days ('685), was also restored in 1892 by Mr William Nelson . Holyrood Palace was originally an See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of canons See also:

• REGULAR

regular of the See also:

• RULE

rule of St See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine, founded by David I. in 1128, and the ruined See also:

• NAVE

nave of the abbey See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church still shows parts of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original structure . Connected with this is a See also:

• PART

part of the royal palace erected by James IV. and James V., including the apartments occupied by Queen Mary, the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the See also:

• MURDER

murder of See also:

• RIZZIO

Rizzio in 1566 . The abbey suffered repeatedly in invasions . It was sacked and burnt by the See also:

• ENGLISH

English under the earl of See also:

• HERTFORD
• HERTFORD, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Hertford in 1544, and again in 1547 . In a See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map of 1544, preserved among the See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

Cotton See also:

• MSS

MSS. in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum, the pres$nt north-west tower of the palace is shown See also:

• STANDING

standing apart, and only joined to the abbey by a low See also:

• CLOISTER (Lat. claustrum; Fr. cloitre; Ital. chiostro; Span. claustro; Ger. Kloster)

cloister . Beyond this is an irregular group of buildings, which were replaced at a later date by additions more in accordance with a royal See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence . But the whole of this latter structure was destroyed by See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire in a65o while in occupation by the soldiers of See also:

• CROMWELL, HENRY (1628-1674)
• CROMWELL, OLIVER (1599-1658)
• CROMWELL, RICHARD (1626–1712)
• CROMWELL, THOMAS, EARL OF

Cromwell; and the more modern parts were begun during the .See also:

• PROTECTORATE

Protectorate,, and completed in the reign of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II, by See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Milne, after the designs of See also:

• SIR

Sir William See also:

• BRUCE
• BRUCE, ALEXANDER BALMAIN (1831-1899)
• BRUCE, JAMES (1930-1794)
• BRUCE, MICHAEL (1746-1767)

Bruce of Kinross .

They include the picture See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery, 15o ft. in length, with 1o6 mythical portraits of Scottish See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, and a See also:

• TRIPTYCH (Gr. rpiary os, three-fold, made in three layers, TpL-, rpeis, three; arux1, a fold; 7rr(uoELv, to fold, double over)

triptych (c . 1484) containing portraits of James III. and his queen, which is believed to have formed the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar-piece of the collegiate church of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Trinity, founded by the widowed queen of James II. in 1462, demolished in 1848, and afterwards rebuilt, See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone for stone, in See also:

• JEFFREY, FRANCIS JEFFREY

Jeffrey Street . The picture gallery is associated with the festive scenes that occurred during the See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short residence of See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince Charles in 1745; and in it the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of representative peers for Scotland takes See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . Escaping from See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France at the revolution of 1789, the See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte d'See also:

• ARTOIS

Artois, afterwards Charles X. of France, had apartments granted for the use of himself and the emigrant nobles of his See also:

• SUITE (Suite de pieces; Ordre; Partita)

suite, who continued to reside in the palace till See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1799 . When driven from the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• THRONE

throne by the revolution of 183o, Charles once more found a See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home in the ancient palace of the Stuarts . See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George IV. was received there in 1822, and Queen See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria and the prince See also:

• CONSORT (Lat. consors, a companion)

consort occupied the palace for brief periods on several occasions, and in 1903 See also:

• EDWARD

Edward VII., during residence at See also:

• DALKEITH

Dalkeith Palace, held his See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court within its walls . A See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

fountain, after the original See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design of that in the quadrangle of See also:

• LINLITHGOW
• LINLITHGOW, JOHN ADRIAN LOUIS HOPE, 1ST MARQUESS

Linlithgow Palace, was erected, in front of the entrance by the prince consort . The royal vault in the Chapel Royal, which had fallen into a dilapidated See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, has been put in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order; Clockmill See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House and grounds have been added to the See also:

• AREA

area of the See also:

• PARADE (Fr. parade, an adaptation from Ital. parada; cf. Span. parada, from Lat. parade, to prepare, equip, furnish)

parade ground, and the abbey precincts generally and the approaches to the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King's See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park have been improved . With the abolition of imprisonment for See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt in 1881 the privileges of See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary came to an end . Parliament House, begun in 1632 and completed in 1640, in which the later assemblies of the Scottish estates took place until the See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of the parliament by the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union of 1707, has since been set apart as the See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-place of the supreme courts of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . The See also:

• GREAT

great hall, with its fine open-timbered See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak roof, is adorned with a splendid stained-See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass window and several statues of notable men, including one (by See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois See also:

• ROUBILIAC (more correctly ROUBILLAC), LOUIS FRANCOIS (1695-1762)

Roubiliac) of See also:

• DUNCAN
• DUNCAN, ADAM DUNCAN, 1ST VISCOUNT (1731-1804)
• DUNCAN, PETER MARTIN (1824-1891)
• DUNCAN, THOMAS (1807—1845)

Duncan See also:

• FORBES
• FORBES, ALEXANDER PENROSE (1817-1875)
• FORBES, ARCHIBALD (1838-1900)
• FORBES, DAVID (1828--1876)
• FORBES, DUNCAN
• FORBES, EDWARD (1815—1854)
• FORBES, JAMES DAVID (1809—1868)
• FORBES, SIR JOHN (1787—1861)

Forbes of See also:

• CULLODEN

Culloden, See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the, court of session (1685-,747), and now forms the ante-room for lawyers and their clients . The surrounding buildings, including the court-rooms, the See also:

• ADVOCATES, FACULTY OF

Advocates' and the Signet See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries, are all modern additions .

The Advocates' library is the finest in Scotland . Founded in 1682, at the instance of Sir George See also:

• MACKENZIE
• MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER (1822-1892)
• MACKENZIE, HENRY (1745-1831)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER (c. 1755-1820)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER CAMPBELL (1847— )
• MACKENZIE, SIR GEORGE (1636-1691)
• MACKENZIE, SIR MORELL (1837-1892)
• MACKENZIE, WILLIAM LYON (1795-1861)

Mackenzie, king's See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate under . Charles IL, and then See also:

• DEAN (Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)
• DEAN, FOREST OF

dean of the See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty, it is regarded as the national library, and is one of the five entitled by the See also:

• COPYRIGHT

Copyright Act to receive :a copy of every See also:

• WORK

work published in Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain . The General See also:

• REGISTER

Register House for Scotland, begun in 1994 from publisher, has interesting See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical and literary associations, The regent See also:

• MORAY

Moray, the See also:

• MARQUESS (1760-1842)
• MARQUESS, or MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " count of the March ")

marquess of See also:

• MONTROSE
• MONTROSE, JAMES GRAHAM, MARQUESS OF (1612—1650)
• MONTROSE, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF

Montrose, and See also:

• NAPIER
• NAPIER, JOHN (1550-1617)
• NAPIER, SIR CHARLES (1786-1860)
• NAPIER, SIR CHARLES JAMES (1782-1853)
• NAPIER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS PATRICK (1785-1860)

Napier of Merchiston were buried within its walls and are commemorated by monuments, and among the memorial tablets is one to .. R . L . See also:

• STEVENSON, ADLA1 EWING (1835- )
• STEVENSON, ROBERT (1772-1850)
• STEVENSON, ROBERT LEWIS BALFOUR (1850-1894)

Stevenson by See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus St Gaudens . The See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir (restored in 1873 by public subscription) is a fine example of 15th-See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture, and the See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• CROWN

crown surmounting the central tower forms one of the most characteristic features in every view of the city . Just outside the church in Parliament Square, the supposed See also:

• GRAVE

grave of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• KNOX, HENRY (1750-1806)
• KNOX, JOHN (c. 1505–1572)
• KNOX, PHILANDER CHASE (1853– )

Knox is indicated by' a stone set in the See also:

• PAVEMENT (Lat. pavimentu;n, a floor beaten or rammed hard, from pavire, to beat)

pavement bearing his See also:

• INITIALS (Lat. initialis, of or belonging to a beginning, initium)

initials, and in the pavement to the west a See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart indicates the site of the old Tolbooth,l which figures prominently in See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott's Heart of Midlothian . Other churches having historical associations are the two Greyfriars churches, which occupy the two halves of one building; Tron church, the scene of midnight hilarity at the new See also:

• YEAR

year; St See also:

• CUTHBERT, SAINT (d. 687)

Cuthbert's church; St See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew's. church in George Street, whence set out, on a memorable See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day in 1843, that See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long procession of ministers and elders to Tanfield Hall which ended in the See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding of the See also:

• FREE

Free Church; St George's church in See also:

• CHARLOTTE

Charlotte Square, a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good example of the work of Robert See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam . The See also:

• UNITED

United Free Church claims no buildings of much historic See also:

• INTEREST

interest, but St George's Free was the scene of the ministrations of Dr Robert S . See also:

• CANDLISH, ROBERT SMITH (1806—1873)

Candlish (1806-1873), Dr See also:

• OSWALD (c. 605—642)
• OSWALD (d. 992)

Oswald Dykes (b .

1835), & National Portrait Gallery . Dr See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander See also:

• WHYTE, ALEXANDER (1837- )

Whyte (b . 1837), a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of great y . National Gallery to University Medical See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College mark and See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in the city, and his successor :[ . See also:

• DONALDSON, JOHN WILLIAM (1811-1861)
• DONALDSON, SIR JAMES (183x- )

Donaldson's See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

Hospital us . He,,ots Hospital See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black (b . 1868) . Preachers like Robert :3 . See also:

• GILLESPIE, GEORGE (1613-1648)
• GILLESPIE, THOMAS (1708-1774)

Gillespie School See also:

• WATSON, RICHARD (1737-1816)
• WATSON, THOMAS (c. 1557–1592)
• WATSON, WILLIAM (1858- )
• WATSON, WILLIAM (c. 1559-1603)

Watson's See also:

• COLLEY, SIR GEORGE POMEROY (1835-1881)

Colley/ G Candlish, See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• GUTHRIE
• GUTHRIE, SIR JAMES (1859– )
• GUTHRIE, THOMAS (1803-1873)
• GUTHRIE, THOMAS ANSTEY (1856- )

Guthrie (1803.1873), See also:

• MARCUS

Marcus 1~ . George as . Royal Infirmary (.See also:

• DODS, MARCUS (1834-1909)

Dods (b . 1834), occupied many pulpits, besides :6 .

See also:

• POST

Post See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

Office ., . St.BI nards Well those of the particular congregations whom each :8 . Wauer,ey station lq . Caledonian station served . The most imposing structure belonging ao . Register Office to the Scottish Episcopal Church isSt Mary's smervmauer x . See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, built on ground and chiefly from funds See also:

• LEFT

left by the Misses See also:

• WALKER, FRANCIS AMASA (1840-1897)
• WALKER, FREDERICK (184o--1875)
• WALKER, GEORGE (c. 1618-169o)
• WALKER, HENRY OLIVER (1843— )
• WALKER, HORATIO (1858– )
• WALKER, JOHN (1732—1807)
• WALKER, OBADIAH (1616-1699)
• WALKER, ROBERT (d. c. 1658)
• WALKER, ROBERT JAMES (1801-1869)
• WALKER, SEARS COOK (1805—1853)
• WALKER, THOMAS (1784—1836)
• WALKER, WILLIAM (1824-1860)

Walker of Coates, and opened for See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship in 187g . It is in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early Pointed See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, by Sir See also:

• GILBERT
• GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
• GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
• GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
• GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
• GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
• GILBERT, J
• GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
• GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
• GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
• GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
• GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
• GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )

Gilbert Scott, is 278 ft. long, and is surmounted by a See also:

• SPIRE

spire 275 ft. high . The old-fashioned See also:

• MANSION (through O. Fr. mansion, mod. maison, from Lat. mansio, dwelling-place, stage on a journey; manere, to remain)

mansion of East Coates, dating from the 17th century, still stands in the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close, and is occupied by functionaries of the cathedral . . St John's Episcopal church at the west end of Princes Street was the scene of the ministrations of Dean See also:

• RAMSAY, ALLAN (1686-1758)
• RAMSAY, ALLAN (1713-1784)
• RAMSAY, ANDREW MICHAEL (1686-1743)
• RAMSAY, DAVID (1749—1815)
• RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM (1852– )
• RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM MITCHELL (185r– )

Ramsay, and St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul's Episcopal church of the Rev . Archibald See also:

• ALISON, ARCHIBALD (1757-1839)

Alison, See also:

• FATHER

father of the historian . The See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic Apostolic church at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of See also:

• BROUGHTON, HUGH (1549-1612)
• BROUGHTON, JOHN CAM HOBHOUSE, BARON (1786-1869)

Broughton Street is architecturally noticeable, and one of its features is a set of mural paintings executed by Mrs See also:

• TRAQUAIR, SIR JOHN STEWART, 1ST EARI

Traquair .

The Central Hall atTollcross testifies to Methodist See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy . John Knox's house at the east end of High Street is kept in excellent repair, and contains several articles of See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture that belonged to the reformer . The See also:

• CANON

Canon-See also:

• GATE

gate Tolbooth adjoins the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish church, in the See also:

• BURIAL

burial-ground of which is the tombstone raised by See also:

• BURNS, JOHN (1858– )
• BURNS, ROBERT (1759-1796)
• BURNS, SIR GEORGE

Burns to the memory of Robert See also:

• FERGUSSON, JAMES (18o8-r886)
• FERGUSSON, ROBERT (1750-1774)
• FERGUSSON, SIR WILLIAM

Fergusson, and where Dugald See also:

• STEWART, ALEXANDER TURNEY (1803-1876)
• STEWART, BALFOUR (1828-1887)
• STEWART, CHARLES (1778–1869)
• STEWART, DUGALD (1753-1828)
• STEWART, J
• STEWART, JOHN (1749—1822)
• STEWART, JULIUS L
• STEWART, SIR DONALD MARTIN (1824–19o0)
• STEWART, SIR HERBERT (1843—1885)
• STEWART, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1540—c. 1605)
• STEWART, STUART
• STEWART, WILLIAM (c. 1480-c. 1550)

Stewart, Adam See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith and other men of See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note were buried . Almost opposite to it stands Moray House, from the See also:

• BALCONY (Ital. balcone from balco, scaffold; cf. O. H. Ger. balcho, beam, Mod. Ger. Balken, Eng. balk)

balcony of which the 8th earl of Argyll watched Montrose led to See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution (165o) . The city See also:

• GAOL, or JAIL

gaol, a castellated structure on the black rock of Calton Hill, forms one of the most striking See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of buildings in the town . In the See also:

• MUSIC

Music Hall in George Street, See also:

• CARLYLE, ALEXANDER (1722-1805)
• CARLYLE, JOSEPH DACRE (1759-18o4)
• CARLYLE, THOMAS (1795-1881)

Carlyle, as lord See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector of the university, delivered his stimulating address on books to the students, and See also:

• GLADSTONE
• GLADSTONE, JOHN HALL (1827-1902)
• GLADSTONE, WILLIAM EWART (1809–1898)

Gladstone addressed the See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors in his Midlothian See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns . St See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard's Well, on the Water of Leith, was embellished and restored (1888) at the cost of Mr William Nelson . A sum of £See also:

• IOO

ioo,000 was bequeathed by Mr Andrew See also:

• USHER (O. Fr. ussier, uissier, mod. huissier, from Lat. ostiarius, a door-keeper, ostium, doorway, entrance, os, mouth)
• USHER (or USSHER), JAMES (1581-1656)

Usher (1826-1898) for a hall to be called the Usher Hall and to supplement 1 The original Tolbooth was completed in 15o1, but a new one took its place in 1563-1564, and was subsequently altered . At first occupied by the parliament and courts of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, it served later as a prison, and was removed in 1817 . 0 Ys 1 . Castle a . Holyrood Palace 3 .

St.Glles' Cathedral { . St.Mary's Cathedral 6 . Catholic Apostolic Church 6 . Parliament House i.'I.mmerslty & Museum designs by Robert Adam, stands at the east end of Princes Street . It contains, in addition to the ancient national records, adequate See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation, in fireproof See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers, for all Scottish See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title-deeds, entails, contracts and mortgages, and for general See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics, including those of births, deaths and marriages . The Royal Institution, in the Doric style, surmounted by a See also:

• COLOSSAL

colossal stone statue of Queen Victoria by ' Sir John Steell, formerly furnished See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official accommodation for the See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Board of Trustees for Manufactures and the Board of See also:

• FISHERY (LAW OF)

Fishery, and also for the school of See also:

• ART

art, and the libraries and public meetings of the Royal Society (founded in 1783), and the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland(founded in r78o) . -In 1910 it was renamed and appropriated to the uses of the Royal Scottish See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of See also:

• PAINTING

Painting, See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

Sculpture and Architecture, which was instituted in 1826, and incorporated by royal See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter in 1838, on the See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of the Royal Academy in London . It is situated on the See also:

• MOUND

Mound close to the National Gallery, of which the prince consort laid the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation stone in 1850 . These collections, especially See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in See also:

• RAEBURN, SIR HENRY (1756-1823)

Raeburn's See also:

• WORKS

works, include also Alexander See also:

• NASMYTH, ALEXANDER (1758-1840)
• NASMYTH, JAMES (1808-1890)

Nasmyth's portrait of Robert Burns, See also:

• GAINSBOROUGH
• GAINSBOROUGH, THOMAS (1727-1788)

Gainsborough's "The Hon . Mrs . See also:

• GRAHAM, SIR GERALD (1831–1899)
• GRAHAM, SIR JAMES ROBERT GEORGE
• GRAHAM, SYLVESTER (1794-1851)
• GRAHAM, THOMAS (1805-1869)

Graham" (see PAINTING, See also:

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