See also:

• EDWARD

EDWARD IV  . (1442-1483), See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, son of See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, by See also:

• CICELY

Cicely See also:

• NEVILLE, GEORGE (c. 1432-1476)
• NEVILLE, or NEVILL
• NEVILLE, RALPH (d. 1244)

Neville, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• ROUEN

Rouen on the 28th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1442 . As a boy he was styled See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March, and spent most of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time at See also:

• LUDLOW
• LUDLOW, EDMUND (c. 1617-1692)

Ludlow . After the Yorkist failure at Ludlow See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1459, See also:

• EDWARD

Edward fled with the earls of See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury and See also:

• WARWICK
• WARWICK, EARLS OF
• WARWICK, RICHARD BEAUCHAMP, EARL OF (1382—1439)
• WARWICK, RICHARD NEVILLE, EARL OF (1428—1471)
• WARWICK, SIR PHILIP (1609-1683)
• WARWICK, SIR ROBERT RICH, 2ND EARL OF (1587–1658)

Warwick, his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle and See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin, to See also:

• CALAIS

Calais . Thence in the following See also:

• JULY

July he accompanied them in their successful invasion of England, to be welcomed in See also:

• LONDON

London, and to See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the victory over the Lancastrians at See also:

• NORTHAMPTON
• NORTHAMPTON, ASSIZE OF
• NORTHAMPTON, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Northampton . After the See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance of Richard of York as See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir to the See also:

• CROWN

crown, Edward returned to the Welsh See also:

• MARCHES, THE (It. Le Marche)

marches, where See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in the new See also:

• YEAR

year he heard of his See also:

• FATHER

father's defeat and See also:

• DEATH

death at See also:

• WAKEFIELD
• WAKEFIELD, GILBERT (1756-1801)

Wakefield . Hastily gathering an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army he defeated the earls of See also:

• PEMBROKE
• PEMBROKE (Penfro)
• PEMBROKE, EARLS OF

Pembroke and See also:

• WILTSHIRE [WILTS]

Wiltshire at See also:

• MORTIMER (Family)

Mortimer's See also:

• CROSS

Cross on the 2nd of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1461, and then marched on London . He was acclaimed by the citizens in an See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly at See also:

• CLERKENWELL

Clerkenwell, declared king by a Yorkist See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council, and took See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the regality on the 4th of March . Soon after the new king and the earl of Warwick went See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, and on the 28th of March won a decisive victory at See also:

• TOWTON

Towton . Edward owed his See also:

• THRONE

throne to his kinsmen the Nevilles, and he was content for the time to be guided by them . For himself he was See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young and fond of See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure . Still he made frequent progresses, and took some See also:

• PART

part in the fighting that went on in the north during 1462 and 1463 .

But he was absent from the final victory at See also:

• HEXHAM

Hexham on the 14th of May 1464, and was at the very time engaged in contracting a See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Woodville, See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

Rivers, and widow of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

Grey of Groby (d . 1461) . The marriage was disclosed at Michaelmas, much to the vexation of Warwick, who in pursuit of his See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign policy had projected a match with a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French princess . Edward heaped favours on his new relatives; his father-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law was made treasurer, and See also:

• GREAT

great marriages were found for his wife's sisters and See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers . In foreign affairs also Edward thwarted Warwick's plans by favouring an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy rather than See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . There was, however, no open See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach till 1469, when Warwick, taking See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of the unpopularity of the Woodvilles, and supported by the king's next See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George, duke of See also:

• CLARENCE, DUKES OF

Clarence, appeared in arms . Edward was surprised and made prisoner at See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle-See also:

• HAM

ham, and Rivers was beheaded . For six months Edward had to submit to Warwick's tutelage; then on the occasion of a rising in See also:

• LINCOLNSHIRE

Lincolnshire he gathered an army of his own . Sir See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• WELLES, GIDEON (1802-1878)

Welles, the See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of this See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion, made a See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession implicating Warwick, who fled with Clarence to France . The king thought himself secure, but when Warwick and Clarence made terms with the Lancastrian exiles, Edward in his turn had to seek See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland (See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1470) . His brother-in-law, See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles of Burgundy, at first refused him any assistance, but at last furnished him with See also:

• MONEY

money, and on the 14th of March 1471 Edward and his brother Richard landed with a small force at Ravenspur near See also:

• HULL
• HULL (in O.Eng. hulu, from helan, to cover, cf. Ger. Hiille, covering)
• HULL (officially KINGSTON-UPON-HULL)
• HULL, ISAAC (1775-1843)

Hull . Marching See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south he was welcomed at London on the 11th of April, defeated Warwick at See also:

• BARNET

Barnet three days later, and the Lancastrians at See also:

• TEWKESBURY

Tewkesbury on the 4th of May .

From thenceforth Edward's possession of the crown was secure . His position was strengthened by the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of a son (2nd of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1470, during his See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile), and by the See also:

• WEALTH

wealth which he acquired through the See also:

• CONFISCATION (from Lat. confiscare, to consign to the fiscus, or imperial treasury)

confiscation of the estates of his opponents . Clarence had made his See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace with Edward, but was at enmity with his other brother Richard of See also:

• GLOUCESTER
• GLOUCESTER (abbreviated as pronounced Glo'ster)
• GLOUCESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• GLOUCESTER, GILBERT DE CLARE, EARL OF (1243-1295)
• GLOUCESTER, RICHARD DE CLARE, EARL OF (1222-1262)
• GLOUCESTER, ROBERT, EARL OF (d. 1147)
• GLOUCESTER, THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK, DUKE

Gloucester, who now married Warwick's second daughter and claimed a share in the Neville See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance . Their rivalry and Clarence's continued intrigues furnished Edward with his See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief domestic difficulty; the trouble was ended by the judicial See also:

• MURDER

murder of Clarence in 1478 . The only serious enterprise of these latter years was the See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short French See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of 1475, from which Edward was bought out by the treaty of Pecquigny . As foreign policy it was inglorious, and involved a departure from Edward's earlier See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of a Burgundian affiance . However, it shows a certain recognition of England's need to concentrate her energies on her own development . The See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• SUBSIDY (through Fr. from Lat. subsidium, reserve troops, aid, assistance, from subsidere, literally " to sit or remain behind or in reserve,")

subsidy which See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XI. agreed to pay further served Edward's purposes by providing him with money for See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, and enabled him to avoid possible trouble through the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for too frequent parliaments and heavy See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation . So Edward's See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• RULE

rule became in its See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character autocratic; but it was in the See also:

• ART

art of courting popularity and concealing despotism that he most shows himself as a type of tyranny . He lacked neither ambition nor capacity, but was indolent and only exerted himself spasmodically . He could be ruthless, but was not habitually cruel . His strongest weapons were the See also:

• FINE

fine presence, the affable See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners (even with citizens), and the love of pleasure and entertainments which secured his personal popularity .

In his last years he was given to self-See also:

• INDULGENCE (Lat. indulgentia, indulgere, to grant, concede)

indulgence and scandalous excesses, which did not, however, alienate the London citizens, with whose wives he was too See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar . Most of the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power at See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court was in the hands of the Woodvilles, in spite of their unpopularity; the more arduous See also:

• WORK

work of See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration in the north was See also:

• LEFT

left to Richard of Gloucester . If as a See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of the See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance Edward was the first to rule tyrannically in England, he also deserves See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit as a See also:

• PATRON

patron of the new culture and friend of See also:

• CAXTON, WILLIAM (c. 1422-1491)

Caxton; he further resembles his See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian contemporaries in the commercial purposes to which he applied his wealth in See also:

• PARTNERSHIP (earlier forms, partener, parcener, from Late Lat. partionarius for partitionarius, from partitio, sharing, pars, part)

partnership with London merchants . Edward died at See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster on the 9th of April 1483, and was buried at See also:

• WINDSOR
• WINDSOR (properly NEw WINDSOR)

Windsor . By Elizabeth Woodville, who died on the 8th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1492, he had two sons, Edward V. and Richard of York, who were murdered in the See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower; and five daughters, of whom the eldest, Elizabeth, married See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VII . Of his numerous mistresses the most notorious was Jane See also:

• SHORE

Shore . Before his marriage he had been contracted to See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady Eleanor See also:

• BUTLER
• BUTLER (or BOTELER), SAMUEL (1612–168o)
• BUTLER (through the O. Fr. bouteillier, from the Late Lat. buticularius, buticula, a bottle)
• BUTLER, ALBAN (1710-1773)
• BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893)
• BUTLER, CHARLES (1750–1832)
• BUTLER, GEORGE (1774-1853)
• BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752)
• BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862– )
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1774-1839)
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1835-1902)
• BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS (1838– )
• BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER (1814-1848)

Butler, and this was alleged by Richard III. to have made his See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children by Elizabeth Woodville illegitimate .