JOHANN GOTTFRIED See also:

• JOHANN GOTTFRIED EICHHORN (1752-1827)
• EICHHORN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1781-1854)

EICHHORN (1752-1827)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German theologian, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Dorrenzimmern, in the principality of See also:

• HOHENLOHE

Hohenlohe-See also:

• OEHRINGEN

Oehringen, on the 16th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1752 . He was educated at the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state school in Weikersheim, where his See also:

• FATHER

father was See also:

• SUPERINTENDENT

superintendent, at the gymnasium at See also:

• HEILBRONN

Heilbronn and at the university of See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen (1770-1774), studying under J . D . See also:

• MICHAELIS, JOHANN DAVID (1717-1791)

Michaelis . In 1774 he received the rectorship of the gymnasium at See also:

• OHRDRUF

Ohrdruf, in the duchy of See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha, and in the following See also:

• YEAR

year was made See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages at See also:

• JENA

Jena . On the See also:

• DEATH

death of Michaelis in 1788 he was elected professor ordinarius at Gottingen, where he lectured not only on Oriental languages and on the exegesis of the Old and New Testaments, but also on See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• HISTORY

history . His See also:

• HEALTH

health was shattered in 1825, but he continuer' his lectures until attacked by See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever on the 14th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1827 . He died on the 27th of that See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month . See also:

• EICHHORN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED (1752-1827)
• EICHHORN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1781-1854)

Eichhorn has been called " the founder of See also:

• MODERN

modern Old Testament See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism." He first properly recognized its See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope and problems, and began many of its most important discussions . " My greatest trouble," he says in the See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface to the second edition of his Einleitung, " I had to bestow on a hitherto unworked See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field—on the investigation of the inner nature of the Old Testament with the help of the Higher Criticism (not a new name to any humanist)." His investigations led him to the conclusion that " most of the writings of the See also:

• HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO THE

Hebrews have passed through several hands." He took for granted that all the so-called supernatural facts See also:

• RELATING

relating to the Old and New Testaments were explicable on natural principles . He sought to See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge them from the standpoint of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• WORLD

world, and to See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account for them by the superstitious beliefs which were then generally in See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue . He did not perceive in the biblical books any religious ideas of much importance for modern times; they interested him merely historically and for the See also:

• LIGHT

light they See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast upon antiquity .

He regarded many books of the Old Testament as See also:

• SPURIOUS

spurious, questioned the genuineness of 2 See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter and See also:

• JUDE, THE GENERAL EPISTLE OF

Jude, denied the Pauline authorship of See also:

• TIMOTHY
• TIMOTHY, FIRST EPISTLE TO
• TIMOTHY, SECOND EPISTLE TO

Timothy and See also:

• TITUS
• TITUS, FLAVIUS SABINUS VESPASIANUS
• TITUS, THE EPISTLE TO

Titus, and suggested that the canonical gospels were based upon various See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations and See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of a See also:

• PRIMARY

primary Aramaic See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

gospel . He did not appreciate as sufficiently as See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David See also:

• STRAUSS, DAVID FRIEDRICH (1808-1874)
• STRAUSS, JOHANN (1804-1849)
• STRAUSS, RICHARD (1864– )

Strauss and the See also:

• TUBINGEN

Tubingen critics the difficulties which a natural theory has to surmount, nor did he support his conclusions by such elaborate discussions as they deemed necessary . His See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• WORKS

works were—Geschichte See also:

• DES

des Ostindischen Handels vor Mohammed (Gotha, 1775) ; Allgemeine Bibliothek der biblischen Literatur (lo vols., See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1787-1801) ; Einleitung in das Alte Testament (3 vols., Leipzig, 178o-1783) ; Einleitung in des Neue Testament (1804-1812); Einleitung in See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die apokryphischen See also:

• BUCHER, LOTHAR (1817–1892)

Bucher des See also:

• ALTEN, SIR CHARLES [Karl] (1764–1840)

Alten Testaments (Gott., 1795) ; Commentarius in apocalypsin Joannis (2 vols., Gott., 1791); Die Hebr . Propheten (3 vols., Gott., 1816-1819) ; Allgemeine Geschichte der Cultur and Literatur des neuern See also:

• EUROPA (or rather, EUROPE)

Europa (2 vols., Gott., 1796-1799); Literargeschichte (1st vol., Gott., 1799, and ed . 1813, and vol . 1814) ; Geschichte der Literatur von ihrem Anfange bis auf die neuesten Zeiten (5 vols., Gott., 1805-1812) ; Ubersicht der Franzesischen Revolution (2 vols., Gott., 1797); Weltgeschichte (3rd ed., 5 vols., Gott., 1819-1820) ; Geschichte der drei letzten Jahrhunderte (3rd ed., 6 vols., See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover, 1817-1818) ; Urgeschichte des erlauchten Hauses der Welfen (Hanover, 1817) . See R . W . See also:

• MACKAY
• MACKAY, CHARLES (1814–1889)
• MACKAY, HUGH (c. 164o-169z)
• MACKAY, JOHN WILLIAM (1831–1902)

Mackay, The Tubingen School and its Antecedents (1863), pp . 103 ff.; See also:

• OTTO

Otto See also:

• PFLEIDERER, OTTO (1839—1908)

Pfleiderer, Development of See also:

• THEOLOGY

Theology (1890), p . 209; T . K .

See also:

• CHEYNE, THOMAS KELLY (1841— )

Cheyne, Founders of Old Testament Criticism (1893), pp . 13 if .