See also:

• ELBE (the Albis of the Romans and the Labe of the Czechs)

ELBE (the Albis of the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans and the See also:

• LABE, LOUISE CHARLIN PERRIN (c. 1525-1566)

Labe of the Czechs)  , a See also:

• RIVER

river of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, which rises in Bohemia not far from the frontiers of See also:

• SILESIA

Silesia, on the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the See also:

• RIESENGEBIRGE (Bohemian Krkonose)

Riesengebirge, at an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of about 4600 ft . Of the numerous small streams (Seifen or Flessen as they are named in the See also:

• DISTRICT

district) whose See also:

• CON

con-fluent See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters compose the See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant river, the most important are the Weisswasser, or See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White See also:

• WATER

Water, and the Elbseifen, which is formed in the same neighbourhood, but at a little See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation . After plunging down the 140 ft. of the Elbfall, the latter stream unites with the steep torrential Weisswasser at Madelstegbaude, at an altitude of 2230 ft., and thereafter the See also:

• UNITED

united stream of the See also:

• ELBE (the Albis of the Romans and the Labe of the Czechs)

Elbe pursues a southerly course, emerging from the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain glens at Hohenelbe (1495 ft.), and continuing on at a soberer See also:

• PACE (through O. Fr. pas, from Lat. passus, step, properly the stretch of the leg in walking, from pandere, to stretch)
• PACE, RICHARD (c. 1482-1536)

pace to See also:

• PARDUBITZ (Czech, Pardubic)

Pardubitz, where it turns sharply to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, and at See also:

• KOLIN

Kolin (730 ft.), some 27 M. farther on, bends gradually towards the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-west . A little above Brandeis it picks up the Iser, which, like itself, comes down from the Riesengebirge, and at Melnik it has its stream more than doubled in See also:

• VOLUME

volume by the Moldau, a river which winds northwards through the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of Bohemia in a sinuous, trough-like channel carved through the plateaux . Some See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles lower down, at See also:

• LEITMERITZ (Czech, Litomer`ice)

Leitmeritz (433 ft.), the waters of the Elbe are tinted by the reddish See also:

• EGER (Czech, Cheb)
• EGER (Ger. Erlau, Med. Lat. Agria)
• EGER, AQIBA (1761–1837)

Eger, a stream which drains the southern slopes of the See also:

• ERZGEBIRGE

Erzgebirge . Thus augmented, and swollen into a stream 140 yds. wide, the Elbe carves a path through the basaltic See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of the Mittelgebirge, churning its way through a deep, narrow rocky See also:

• GORGE

gorge . Then the river winds through the fantastically sculptured See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone mountains of the " Saxon See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland," washing successively the feet of the lofty Lilienstein (932 ft. above the Elbe), the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of one of See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick the See also:

• GREAT

Great's military exploits in the Seven Years' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, See also:

• KONIGSTEIN

Konigstein rx . 5 (797 ft. above the Elbe), where in times of war See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony has more than once stored her See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• PURSE (Late Lat. bursa, adapted from Gr. Gupta, hide, skin; possibly O. Eng. pusa, bag, has influenced the change from b to p)

purse for See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security, and the pinnacled rocky See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall of the Bastei, towering 65o ft. above the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the stream . Shortly after See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the Bohemian-Saxon frontier, and whilst still struggling through the sandstone defiles, the stream assumes a north-See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly direction, which on the whole it preserves right away to the North See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea . At See also:

• PIRNA

Pirna the Elbe leaves behind it the stress and turmoil of the Saxon Switzerland, rolls through See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden, with its See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble river terraces, and finally, beyond See also:

• MEISSEN

Meissen, enters on its See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey across the North See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, touching See also:

• TORGAU

Torgau, See also:

• WITTENBERG

Wittenberg, See also:

• MAGDEBURG

Magdeburg, See also:

• WITTENBERGE

Wittenberge, See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg, See also:

• HARBURG

Harburg and See also:

• ALTONA

Altona on the way, and gathering into itself the waters of the See also:

• MULDE

Mulde and See also:

• SAALE

Saale from the See also:

• LEFT

left, and those of the Schwarze See also:

• ELSTER

Elster, See also:

• HAVEL

Havel and Elde from the right . Eight miles above Hamburg the stream divides into the Norder (or Hamburg) Elbe and the Sider (or Harburg) Elbe, which are linked together by several See also:

• CROSS

cross-channels, and embrace in their arms the large See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of Wilhelmsburg and some smaller ones . But by the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the river reaches Blankenese, 7 M. below Hamburg, all these anastomosing branches have been reunited, and the Elbe, with a width of 4 to 9 M. between See also:

• BANK

bank and bank, travels on between the See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green marshes of See also:

• HOLSTEIN
• HOLSTEIN, FRIEDRICH VON (1837–1909)

Holstein and See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover until it becomes merged in the North Sea off See also:

• CUXHAVEN, or KUXHAVEN

Cuxhaven .

At Kolin the width is about roo ft., at the mouth of the Moldau about 300, at Dresden 960, and at Magdeburg over moo . From Dresden to the sea the river has a See also:

• TOTAL

total fall of only 28o ft., although the distance is about 430 M . For the 75 M. between Hamburg and the sea the fall is only 34 ft . One consequence of this is that the See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of the river just below Hamburg is obstructed by a See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar, and still lower down is choked with sandbanks, so that See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation is confined to a relatively narrow channel down the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the stream . But unremitting efforts have been made to maintain a sufficient fairway up to Hamburg (q.v.) . The See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide advances as far as Geesthacht, a little more than roo m. from the sea . The river is navigable as far as Melnik, that is, the confluence of the Moldau, a distance of 525 m., of which 67 are in Bohemia . It total length is 725 m., of which 190 are in Bohemia, 77 in the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Saxony, and 350 in See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia, the remaining xo8 being in Hamburg and other states of Germany . The See also:

• AREA

area of the drain-See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin is estimated at 56,000 sq. m . Navigation: Since 1842, but more especially since 1871, improvements have been made in the navigability of the Elbe by all the states which border upon its See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks . As a result of these labours there is now in the Bohemian portion of • the river a minimum See also:

• DEPTH

depth of 2 ft . 8 in., whilst from the Bohemian frontier down to Magdeburg the minimum depth is 3 ft., and from Magdeburg to Hamburg, 3 ft. ro in .

In 1896 and 1897 Prussia and Hamburg signed covenants whereby two channels are to be kept open to a depth of 91 ft., a width of 656 ft., and a length of 550 yds. between Bunthaus and Ortkathen, just above the bifurcation of the Norder Elbe and the Slider Elbe . In 1869 the maximum See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden of the vessels which were able to ply on the upper Elbe was 250 tons; but in 1899 it was increased to 80o tons . The large towns through which the river flows have vied with one another in See also:

• BUILDING

building harbours, providing See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation, and furnishing other facilities for the efficient navigation of the Elbe . In this respect the greatest efforts have naturally been made by Hamburg; but Magdeburg, Dresden, Meissen, Riesa, See also:

• TETSCHEN

Tetschen, See also:

• AUSSIG (Czech Ousti ned Labem)

Aussig and other places have all done their relative shares, Magdeburg, for instance, providing a commercial See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour and a See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter harbour . In spite, however, of all that has been done, the Elbe remains subject to serious inundations at periodic intervals . Among the worst floods were those of the years 1774, 1799, 1815, 1830, 1845, 1862, rbgo and 1909 . The growth of See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic up and down the Elbe has of See also:

• LATE

late years become very considerable . A towing See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain, laid in ±ne bed of the river, extends from Hamburg to Aussig, and by this means, as by See also:

• PADDLE

paddle-tug haulage, large See also:

• BARGES

barges are brought from the See also:

• PORT

port of Hamburg into the heart of Bohemia . The See also:

• FLEET

fleet of steamers and barges navigating the Elbe is in point of fact greater than on any other German river . In addition to goods thus conveyed, enormous quantities of See also:

• TIMBER

timber are floated down the Elbe; the II See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of the rafts passing the station of See also:

• SCHANDAU

Schandau on the Saxon Bohemian frontier amounting in 1901 to 333,000 tons . A vast amount of traffic is directed to See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, by means of the Havel-See also:

• SPREE

Spree See also:

• SYSTEM

system of canals, to the Thuringian states and the Prussian See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Saxony, to the kingdom of Saxony and Bohemia, and to the various riverine states and provinces of the lower and middle Elbe . The passenger traffic, which is in the hands of the Sachsisch-Bohmische Dampfschifffahrtsgesellschaft is limited to Bohemia and Saxony, steamers plying up and down the stream from Dresden to Melnik, occasionally continuing the journey up the Moldau to See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague, and down the river as far as Riesa, near the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern frontier of Saxony, and on the See also:

• AVERAGE

average 11 million passengers are conveyed .

In 1877-1879, and again in 1888-1895, some roo m. of See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal were dug, 5 to 62 ft. deep and of various widths, for the purpose of connecting the Elbe, through the Havel and the Spree, with the system of the See also:

• ODER (Lat. Viadua; Slavonic, Vjodr)

Oder . The most noteworthy of these connexions are the Elbe Canal (144 m. long), the Reek Canal (91 m.), the Rudersdorfer Gewasser ('r1 m.), the Rheinsberger Canal (114 m.), and the Sacrow-Paretzer Canal (ro m.), besides which the Spree has been canalized for a distance of 28 m., and the Elbe for a distance of 70 M . Since 1896 great improvements have.been made in the Moldau and the Bohemian Elbe, with the view of facilitating communication between Prague and the middle of Bohemia generally on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, and the middle and lower reaches of the Elbe on the other . In the See also:

• YEAR

year named a See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission was appointed for the regulation of the Moldau and Elbe between Prague and Aussig, at a cost estimated at about £1,000,000, of which sum two-thirds were to be See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne by the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• EMPIRE

empire and one-third by the kingdom of Bohemia . The regulation is effected by locks and movable dams, the latter so designed that in times of See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood or See also:

• FROST (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch, vorst, Ger. Frost, from the common Teutonic verb meaning " to freeze," Dutch, vriezcn, Ger. frieren; the Indo-European root is seen in Lat. pruina, hoar-frost, cf. prurire, to itch, burn, pruna, burning coal, Sans
• FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD (1810–1877)

frost they can be dropped See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat on the bottom of the river . In 1901 the Austrian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government laid before the Reichsrat a canal See also:

• BILL

bill, with proposals for See also:

• WORKS

works estimated to take twenty years to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete, and including the construction of a, canal between the Oder, starting at See also:

• PRERAU (Czech, Prerov)

Prerau, and the upper Elbe at Pardubitz, and for the canalization of the Elbe from Pardubitz to Melnik (see See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

AUSTRIA: Waterways) . In 'goo See also:

• LUBECK

Lubeck was put into See also:

• DIRECT

direct communication with the Elbe at See also:

• LAUENBURG

Lauenburg by the opening of the Elbe-See also:

• TRAVE

Trave Canal, 42 M. in length, and constructed at a cost of £1,177,700, of which the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of Lubeck contributed £802,700, and the kingdom of Prussia £375,000 . The canal has been made 72 ft. wide at the bottom, 105 to 126 ft. wide at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top, has a minimum depth of 84 ft., and is equipped with seven locks, each 2621 ft. long and 394 ft. wide . It is thus able to accommodate vessels up to Boo tons burden; and the passage from Lubeck to Lauenburg occupies 18 to 21 See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours . In the first year of its being open (See also:

• JUNE

June 1900 to June 19o1) a total of 115,000 tons passed through the canal.' A gigantic project has also been put forward for providing water communication between the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine and the Elbe, and so with the Oder, through the heart of Germany . This See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme is known as the Midland Canal . Another canal has been projected for connecting See also:

• KIEL

Kiel with the Elbe by means of a canal trained through the Plon Lakes .

See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

Bridges.—The Elbe is crossed by numerous bridges, as at See also:

• KONIGGRATZ (Czech, Hradec Kralove)

Koniggratz, Pardubitz, Kolin, Leitmeritz, Tetschen, Schandau, Pirna, Dresden, Meissen, Torgau, Wittenberg, See also:

• ROSSLAU

Rosslau, See also:

• BARBY

Barby, Magdeburg, See also:

• RATHENOW

Rathenow, Wittenberg[, Domitz, Lauenburg, and Hamburg and Harburg . At all these places there are railway bridges, and nearly all, but more especially those in Bohemia, Saxony and the middle course of the river—these last on the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main lines between Berlin and the west and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-west of the empire—possess a greater or less strategic value . At Leitmeritz there is an See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron trellis See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge, 600 yds long . Dresden has four bridges, and there is a fifth bridge at Loschwitz, about 3 M. above the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . Meissen has a railway bridge, in addition to an old road bridge . Magdeburg is one of the most important railway centres in northern Germany; and the Elbe, besides being bridged—it divides there into three arms—several times for vehicular traffic, ' See Der Bau See also:

• DES

des Elbe-Trave Canals and See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

seine Vorgeschichte CLi bectr, 19[0).is also spanned by two See also:

• FINE

fine railway bridges . At both Hamburg and Harburg, again, there are handsome railway bridges, the one (1868-1873 and 1894) crossing the northern Elbe, and the other (1900) the southern Elbe; and the former See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm is also crossed by a fine triple-arched bridge (1888) for vehicular traffic . See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

Fish.—The river is well stocked with fish, both See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt-water and fresh-water See also:

• SPECIES

species being found in its waters, and several varieties of fresh-water fish in its tributaries . The kinds of greatest economic value are See also:

• STURGEON (Acipenser)

sturgeon, See also:

• SHAD

shad, See also:

• SALMON
• SALMON, GEORGE (1819-1904)

salmon, lampreys, eels, See also:

• PIKE
• PIKE, ZEBULON MONTGOMERY (1779-1813)

pike and See also:

• WHITING
• WHITING (Gadus merlangus)

whiting . Tolls.—In the days of the old German empire no fewer than See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-five different tolls were levied between Melnik and See also:

• HAM

Ham-See also:

• BURG

burg, to say nothing of the special dues and privileged exactions of various riparian owners and See also:

• POLITICAL

political authorities . After these had been de facto, though not de jure, in See also:

• ABEYANCE (O. Fr. abeance, " gaping")

abeyance during the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic See also:

• WARS

wars, a commission of the various Elbe states met and See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up a scheme for their regulation, and the scheme, embodied in the Elbe Navigation Acts, came into force in 1822 . By this a definite number of tolls, at fixed rates, was substituted for the often arbitrary tolls which had been exacted previously .

Still further See also:

• RELIEF

relief was afforded in 1844 and in 185o, on the latter occasion by the abolition of all tolls between Melnik and the Saxon frontier . But the number of tolls was only reduced to one, levied at Wittenberge, in 1863, about one year after Hanover was induced to give up the See also:

• STADE
• STADE, BERNHARD (1848–1906)

Stade or See also:

• BRUNSBUTTEL

Brunsbuttel See also:

• TOLL (etymologically, that which is numbered or counted; from a common Teutonic form, cf. " tale," " tell ")
• TOLL, JOHAN KRISTOFFER, COUNT (1743-1817)

toll in return for a See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation of 2,857,340 thalers . Finally, in 1870, 1,000,000 thalers were paid to See also:

• MECKLENBURG

Mecklenburg and 85,000 thalers to Anhal, which thereupon abandoned all claims to See also:

• LEVY (Fr. levee, from lever, Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVY, AMY (1861–1889)
• LEVY, AUGUSTE MICHEL (1844– )

levy tolls upon the Elbe shipping, and thus navigation on the river became at last entirely See also:

• FREE

free . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—The Elbe cannot See also:

• RIVAL

rival the Rhine in the picturesqueness of the scenery it travels through, nor in the glamour which its romantic and legendary associations exercise over the See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination . But it possesses much to See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye in the deep glens of the Riesengebirge, amid which its See also:

• SOURCES

sources See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring, and in the bizarre See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock-See also:

• CARVING

carving of the Saxon Switzerland . It has been indirectly or directly associated with many stirring events in the history of the German peoples . In its lower course, what-ever is worthy of See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record clusters See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical vicissitudes of Hamburg—its See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early prominence as a missionary centre (Ansgar) and as a See also:

• BULWARK (a word probably of Scandinavian origin, from bol or bole, a tree-trunk, and werk, work, in Ger. Bollwerk, which has also been derived from an old German bolen, to throw, and so a machine for throwing missiles)

bulwark against Slav and marauding Northman, its commercial prosperity as a leading member of the Hanseatic See also:

• LEAGUE

League, and its sufferings during the Napoleonic wars, especially at the hands of the ruthless Davodt . The bridge over the river at See also:

• DESSAU

Dessau recalls the hot assaults of the See also:

• CONDOTTIERE (plural, condottieri)

condottiere See also:

• ERNST, HEINRICH WILHELM (1814–1865)

Ernst von See also:

• MANSFELD

Mansfeld in See also:

• APRIL

April 1626, and his repulse by the crafty generalship of See also:

• WALLENSTEIN (properly WALDSTEIN), ALBRECHT WENZEL EUSEBIUS VON

Wallenstein . But three years later this imperious See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader was checked by the heroic resistance of the " See also:

• MAIDEN, or MAID

Maiden " fortress of Magdeburg; though two years later still she lost her reputation, and suffered unspeakable horrors at the hands of See also:

• TILLY, JOHANN TZERCLAES, COUNT OF (1559-1632)

Tilly's See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law-less and unlicensed soldiery . See also:

• MUHLBERG

Muhlberg, just outside the Saxon frontier, is the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place where See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V. asserted his imperial authority over the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant elector of Saxony, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Frederick, the Magnanimous or Unfortunate, in 1547 . Dresden, Aussig and Leitmeritz are all reminiscent of the fierce battles of the Hussite wars, and the last named of the Thirty Years' War . But the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief historical associations of the upper (i.e. the Saxon and Bohemian) Elbe are those which belong to the Seven Years' War, and the struggle of the great Frederick of Prussia against the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of Austria and her See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies .

At Pirna (and Lilienstein) in 1756 he caught the entire Saxon See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army in his See also:

• FOWLER, CHARLES (1792-1867)
• FOWLER, EDWARD (1632-1714)
• FOWLER, JOHN (1826-1864)
• FOWLER, SIR JOHN (1817-1898)
• FOWLER, WILLIAM (c. 156o-1614)

fowler's See also:

• NET

net, after See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving back at Lobositz the Austrian forces which were hastening to their asistance; but only nine months later he lost his reputation for " invincibility " by his crushing defeat at Kolin, where the great See also:

• HIGHWAY

highway from See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna to Dresden crosses the Elbe . Not many miles distant, higher up the stream, another decisive See also:

• BATTLE

battle was fought between the same national antagonists, but with a contrary result, on the memorable 3rd of See also:

• JULY

July 1866 . See M . Buchheister, " See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Elbe u. der Hafen von Hamburg," in Mitteil. d . Geog . Gesellsch. in Hamburg (1899), vol. xv. pp . 131-'88; V . See also:

• KARS

Kars, ' Die kiinstlichen Wasserstrassen des deutschen Reichs," in Geog . Zeilschrift (1898), pp . 601-617; and (the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official) Der Elbstrom (1900); B . Weissenborn, Die Elbzolle and Elbstapelplatze See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Mittelalter (See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle, 1900) ; See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel, Deutschland ; and A . Supan, Wasserstrassen and Binnenschifffahrt (Berlin, 1902) .