See also:

• ELBURZ, or ALBURZ (from O. Pers. Hara-bere-zaili, the " High Mountain ")

ELBURZ, or ALBURZ (from O. Pers. Hara-bere-zaili, the " High See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

Mountain ")  , a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of mountains in See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, separating the See also:

• CASPIAN

Caspian depression from the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands, and extending without any break for 65o m. from the western See also:

• SHORE

shore of the Caspian See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea to See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-eastern See also:

• KHORASAN, or KHORASSAN (i.e. " land of the sun ")

Khorasan . According to the direction, or strike, of its See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal ranges the See also:

• ELBURZ, or ALBURZ (from O. Pers. Hara-bere-zaili, the " High Mountain ")

Elburz may be divided into three sections: the first 120 M. in length with a direction nearly N. to S., the second 240 M. in length with a direction N.W. to S.E., and the third 290 M. in length striking S.W. to N.E . The first See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section, which is connected with the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of the See also:

• CAUCASUS

Caucasus, and begins See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of See also:

• LENKORAN

Lenkoran in 390 N. and 45° E., is known as the Talish range and has several peaks woo to 10,000 ft. in height . It runs almost parallel to the western shore of the Caspian, and west of See also:

• ASTARA

Astara is only to or 12 M. distant from the sea . At the point west of See also:

• RESHT

Resht, where the direction of the principal range changes to one of N.W. to S.E., the second section of the Elburz begins, and extends from there to beyond See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Demavend, See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of See also:

• TEHERAN
• TEHERAN (more properly TEHRAN)

Teheran . See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South of Resht this section is broken through at almost a right See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle by the Safid Rud (See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White See also:

• RIVER

river) ,and along it runs the principal commercial road between the Caspian and inner Persia, Resht-See also:

• KAZVIN

Kazvin-Teheran . The Elburz then splits into three principal ranges See also:

• RUNNING

running parallel to one another and connected at many places by secondary ranges and spurs . Many peaks of the ranges in this section have an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of 11,000 to 13,000 ft., and the See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of the passes leading over the ranges varies between 7000 and 1o,000 ft . The highest peaks are situated in the still unexplored See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Talikan, N.W. of Teheran, and thence eastwards to beyond Mount Demavend . The See also:

• PART

part of the Elburz immediately north of Teheran is known as the Kuh i Shimran (See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain of Shimran, from the name of the Shimran district on its See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern slopes) and culminates in the See also:

• SARI

Sari Tochal (12,600 ft.) . Beyond it, and between the border of Talikan in the N.W. and Mount Demavend in the N.E., are the ranges Azadbur, Kasil, Kachang, Kendevan, Shahzad, Varzeh, Derbend i Sar and others, with elevations of 12,000 to 13,500 ft., while Demavend towers above them all with its altitude of 19,400 ft . The eastern See also:

• FOOT

foot of Demavend is washed by the river Herhaz (called See also:

• LAR

Lar river in its upper course), which there breaks through the Elburz in a S.-N. direction in its course to the Caspian, past the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• AMOL

Amol .

The third section of the Elburz, with its principal ranges striking S.W. to N.E., has a length of about 290 m., and ends some distance beyond Bujnurd in northern Khorasan, where it joins the See also:

• ALA

Ala Dagh range, which has a direction to the S.E., and, continuing with various appellations to northern See also:

• AFGHANISTAN

Afghanistan, unites with the See also:

• PAROPAMISUS

Paropamisus . For about two-thirds of its length—from its beginning to Khush Yailak—the third section consists of three principal ranges connected by lateral ranges and spurs . It also has many peaks over 10,000 ft. in height, and the Nizva mountain on the southern border of the unexplored district of Hazarjirib, north of Selnnan, and the Shahkuh, between See also:

• SHAHRUD

Shahrud and See also:

• ASTARABAD

Astarabad, have an elevation exceeding 13,000 ft . Beyond Khush Yailak (meaning "pleasant summer quarters "), with an elevation of 10,000 ft., are the Kuh i Buhar (8000) and Kuh i Suluk (8000), which latter joins the Ala Dagh (11,000) . The northern slopes of the Elburz and the lowlands which See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie between them and the Caspian, and together See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the provinces of See also:

• GILAN (GUILAN, GUILAN)

Gilan, See also:

• MAZANDARAN

Mazandaran and Astarabad, are covered with dense See also:

• FOREST

forest and traversed by hundreds (Persian writers say 1362) of perennial See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers and streams . The breadth of the lowlands between the foot of the hills and the sea is from 2 to 25 m., the greatest breadth being in the See also:

• MERIDIAN
• MERIDIAN (from the Lat. meridianus, pertaining to the south or mid-day)

meridian of Resht in Gilan, and in the districts of Amol, Sari and See also:

• BARFURUSH

Barfurush in Mazandaran . The inner slopes and ranges of the Elburz south of the principal See also:

• WATERSHED

watershed, generally the central one of the three principal ranges which are outside of the fertilizing See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the moisture brought from the sea, have little or no natural vegetation, and those farthest south are, excepting a few stunted cypresses, completely arid and See also:

• BARE

bare . " North of the principal watershed forest trees and See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general verdure refresh the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye . Gurgling See also:

• WATER

water, strips of sward and tall forest trees, backed by See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green hills, make a See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene completely unlike the usual monotony of Persian landscape . The forest scenery much resembles that of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, with See also:

• FINE

fine oaks and greensward . South of the watershed the whole aspect of the landscape is as hideous and disappointing as scenery in Afghanistan . See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

Ridge after ridge of bare See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill and See also:

• CURTAIN

curtain behind curtain of serrated mountain, certainly sometimes of charming greys and blues, but still all bare and naked, rugged and arid " (See also:

• BERESFORD, JOHN (1738-1805)
• BERESFORD, LORD CHARLES WILLIAM DE LA POER (1846- )
• BERESFORD, WILLIAM CARR BERESFORD, VISCOUNT (1768–1854)

Beresford Lovett, Prot ..

R.G.S., Feb . 1883) . The higher ranges of the Elburz are snowcapped for the greater part of the See also:

• YEAR

year, and some, which are not exposed to the refracted See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat from the arid districts of inner Persia, are rarely without See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow . Water is plentiful in the Elburz, and situated in well-watered valleys and See also:

• GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (c. 1566-1647)

gorges are innumerable flourishing villages, embosomed in gardens and orchards, with extensive cultivated See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields and meadows, and at higher altitudes small plateaus, under snow until See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March or See also:

• APRIL

April, afford cool camping grounds to the nomads of the plains, and luxuriant grazing to their See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep and See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle during the summer . (A .