See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)  , the popular designation of the See also:

• DECIDUOUS (from Lat. decidere, to fall down)

deciduous shrubs and trees constituting the genus Sambuczis of the natural See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order See also:

• CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Caprifoliaceae . The See also:

• COMMON

Common See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

Elder, . S. See also:

• NIGRA, COSTANTINO, COUNT (1828-1907)

nigra, the bourtree of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, is found in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, Western See also:

• ASIA

Asia, the See also:

• CAUCASUS

Caucasus, and See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia; in sheltered spots it attains a height of over 20 ft . The bark is smooth; the shoots are stout and angular, and the leaves glabrous, pinnate, with See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval or elliptical leaflets . The See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers, which See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form dense See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat-topped clusters (corymbose cymes), with five See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main branches, have a cream-coloured, gamopetalous, five-lobed corolla, five stamens, and three sessile stigmas; the berries are purplish-See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black, globular and three- or four-seeded, and ripen about See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September . The elder thrives best in moist, well-drained situations, but can be grown in a See also:

• GREAT

great diversity of soils . It grows readily from See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young shoots, which after a See also:

• YEAR

year are See also:

• FIT

fit for transplantation . It is found useful for making See also:

• SCREEN (usually, but very doubtfully, connected with Lat. scrinium, a box for holding books, from scribere, to write; a connexion with Ger. Schranke, barrier, has been suggested)

screen-fences in See also:

• BLEAK, or BLICK (Alburnus lucidus)

bleak, exposed situations, and also as a shelter for other shrubs in the outskirts of plantations . By clipping two or three times a year, it may be made See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close and compact in growth . The young trees furnish a brittle See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, containing much See also:

• PITH (O.E. pitca, cognate with Du. pit, kernel of a nut)

pith; the wood of old trees is See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white, hard and close-grained, polishes well, and is employed for shoemakers' pegs, combs, skewers, mathematical See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments and turned articles . Young elder twigs deprived of pith have from very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early times been in See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request for making whistles, popguns and other toys . The elder was known to the ancients for its medicinal properties, and in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England the inner bark was formerly administered as a cathartic .

The flowers (sambuci ftores) contain a volatile oil, and serve for the See also:

• DISTILLATION (from the Lat. distillare, more correctly destillare, to drop or trickle down)

distillation of elder-See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower See also:

• WATER

water (aqua sambuci), used in See also:

• CONFECTIONERY (from Lat. confectio, conficere, compound)

confectionery, perfumes and lotions . The leaves of the elder are employed to impart a See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour to See also:

• FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

fat and oil (unguentum sambuci foliorum and oleum viride), and the berries for making See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, a common adulterant of See also:

• PORT

port . The leaves and bark emit a sickly odour, believed to be repugnant to See also:

• INSECTS

insects . See also:

• CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

Christopher Gullet (Phil . Trans., 1772, lxii. p . 348) recommends that cabbages, turnips, See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat and See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit trees, to preserve them from caterpillars, flies and blight, should be whipped with twigs of young elder . According to See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• FOLKLORE

folklore, the See also:

• HAT

hat must be doffed in the presence of the elder-See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree; and in certain of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English midland counties a belief was once prevalent that the See also:

• CROSS

cross of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ was made from its wood, which should therefore never be used as See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel, or treated with disrespect (see Quart . Rev. cxiv . 233) . It was, however, a common See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval tradition, alluded to by See also:

• BEN (from Old Eng. bennan, within)

Ben See also:

• JONSON

Jonson, See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare and other writers, that the elder was the tree on which Judas hanged himself; and on this See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account, probably, to be crowned with elder was in olden times accounted a disgrace . In Cymbeline (See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act iv. s . 2) " the stinking elder " is mentioned as a See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol of grief .

In See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark the tree is supposed by the superstitious to be under the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of the " Elder-See also:

• MOTHER

mother ": its flowers may not be gathered without her leave; its wood must not be employed for any See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture; and a See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child sleeping in an elder-wood See also:

• CRADLE (of uncertain etymology, possibly connected with " crate " and " creel," i.e. basket; the derivation from a Celtic word, with a sense of rocking, is scouted by the New English Dictionary)

cradle would certainly be strangled by the Elder-mother . Several varieties are known in cultivation: aurea, See also:

• GOLDEN

golden elder, has golden-yellow leaves; laciniata, See also:

• PARSLEY

parsley-leaved elder, has the leaflets cut into See also:

• FINE

fine segments; rotundifolia has rounded leaflets; forms also occur with variegated white and yellow leaves, and virescens is a variety having white bark and green-coloured berries . The See also:

• SCARLET

scarlet-berried elder, S. racemosa, is the handsomest See also:

• SPECIES

species of the genus . It is a native of various parts of Europe, growing in See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain to a height of over 15 ft., but often producing no fruit . The See also:

• DWARF (A.S. dweorg, D. dwerg, Icel. dvergr)

dwarf elder or Danewort (supposed to have been introduced into Britain by the Danes), S . Ebulus, a common See also:

• EUROPEAN

European species, reaches a height of about 6 ft . Its cyme is hairy, has three See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal branches, and is smaller than that of S. nigra; theflowers are white tipped with See also:

• PINK

pink . All parts of the plant are cathartic and emetic .