See also:

• ELIJAH (a Hebrew name meaning " Yah[weh] is God ")

ELIJAH (a See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew name meaning " Yah[weh] is See also:

• GOD

God ")  , in the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible, the greatest and sternest of the See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew prophets, makes his See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance in the narrative of the Old Testament with an abruptness not out of keeping with his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and See also:

• WORK

work (I See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings xvii . 1).i The first and most important See also:

• PART

part of his career See also:

• LAY

lay in the reign of See also:

• AHAB (in Heb. 'ah'(ib, " father's brother ")

Ahab, i.e. during the first See also:

• HALF

half of the 9th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century a.c . He is introduced as predicting the drought 2 See also:

• GOD

God was to send upon See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel as a See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment for the See also:

• APOSTASY (aaoafiavis, in classical Greek a defection or revolt from a military commander)

apostasy into which Ahab had been led by his See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen wife See also:

• JEZEBEL (Heb. i-zebel, perhaps an artificial form to suggest " un-exalted," a divine name or its equivalent would naturally be expected instead of the first syllable)

Jezebel . During the first portion of this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period See also:

• ELIJAH (a Hebrew name meaning " Yah[weh] is God ")

Elijah found a See also:

• REFUGE

refuge by the See also:

• BROOK

brook Cherith, " before the See also:

• JORDAN (the down-comer; Arab. esh-Sheri'a, the watering-place)
• JORDAN, CAMILLE (1771—1821)
• JORDAN, DOROTHEA (1762—1816)
• JORDAN, THOMAS (1612 ?–1685)
• JORDAN, WILHELM (1819–1904)

Jordan." This description leaves it uncertain whether the brook was to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of Jordan in Elijah's native See also:

• GILEAD (i.e. " hard " or " rugged," a name sometimes used, both in earlier and in later writers, to denote the whole of the territory occupied by the Israelites eastward of Jordan, extending from the Arnon to the southern base of Hermon (Dent. xxxiv. 1; J

Gilead, or—less probably—to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west in See also:

• SAMARIA

Samaria . Here he drank of the brook and was fed by ravens, who See also:

• NIGHT

night and See also:

• MORNING

morning brought him See also:

• BREAD

bread and flesh.3 When this had dried up, the • See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

prophet betook himself to Zarephath, a Phoenician See also:

• TOWN

town near See also:

• SIDON (Phoen. ins, Hebrew 1-rs, Assyr. Sidunnu, Egypt. Diduna)

Sidon . At the See also:

• GATE

gate of the town he met the widow to whom he had been sent, gathering sticks for the preparation of what she believed was to be her last See also:

• MEAL

meal . She received the prophet with hospitality, sharing with him her all but exhausted See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store, in faith of his promise in the name of the God of Israel that the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply would not fail so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as the drought lasted . During this period her son died and was miraculously restored to See also:

• LIFE

life in See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to the prayers of the prophet (I Kings XVii . 8-24) . Elijah emerged from his retirement in the third See also:

• YEAR

year, when, the See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine having reached its worst, Ahab and his See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister See also:

• OBADIAH

Obadiah had themselves to See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search the See also:

• LAND

land for provender for the royal stables . To the latter Elijah suddenly appeared, and announced his intention of showing himself to Ahab . The See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king met Elijah with the reproach that he was " the troubler of Israel," which the prophet boldly flung back upon him who had forsaken the commandments of the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord and followed the Baalim.4 The See also:

• RETORT (Lat. retorquere, to twist or turn back)

retort was accompanied by a See also:

• CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from calvi, to deceive, hence a false accusation, a " calumny ")

challenge—or rather a command—to the king to assemble on See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

• CARMEL

Carmel " all Israel " and the four See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred and fifty prophets of See also:

• BAAL

Baal .

(The four hundred prophets of Asherah have been added later.) From the allusion to an " See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar of See also:

• JEHOVAH (YAHWEH2)

Jehovah that was broken down " (I Kings xviii . 30) it has been inferred that Carmel was an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient sacred See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . (On Mount Carmel and Elijah's connexion with it in See also:

• HISTORY

history and tradition see CARMEL.) The See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene on Carmel is perhaps the grandest in the life of Elijah, or indeed in the whole of the Old Testament . As a typical embodiment for all See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the conflict between superstition and true See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, it is lifted out of the range of See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere individual See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography into that of spiritual symbolism, and it has accordingly furnished at once a fruitful theme for the religious teacher and 1 The See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text is uncertain . According to the LXX., he was a native of Tishbeh in Gilead; a more natural See also:

• READING

reading . KIostermann's conjecture that the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original name of his See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home was Jabesh-Gilead is attractive but unnecessary . His appearance in the narrative, like See also:

• MELCHIZEDEK (Heb. for " king of righteousness "; or, since Sedek is probably the name of a god, " Sedelt is my king ")

Melchizedek, " without See also:

• FATHER

father, without See also:

• MOTHER

mother " (Heb. vii . 3), gave rise to various rabbinical traditions, such as that he was Phinehas, the See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of See also:

• AARON

Aaron, returned to See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, or that he was an See also:

• ANGEL

angel in human See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form . 2 Its duration is vaguely stated; from See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke iv . 25, See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James v . 17, we learn that it lasted three years and a half; but according to Phoenician tradition (Jos . See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

Ant. viii .

13 . 2) only one year . 3 The rationalistic view that the word translated " ravens " should be " Arabians " is improbable . See also:

• CHEYNE, THOMAS KELLY (1841— )

Cheyne's See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion that the unknown brook Cherith should be placed to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• JUDAH

Judah agrees with See also:

• JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS (c. 37-C. 95?)

Josephus (Ant. viii . 13 . 2, " he departed into the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern parts ") and with 1 Kings xix . 3, 8; " Jordan " may refer to another See also:

• RIVER

river, if it be not a See also:

• GLOSS, GLOSSARY

gloss; see Cheyne, Ency . Bib., s.v . " Cherith." The sudden introduction of Elijah in xvii. r may be accounted for by the supposition that the commencement of the narrative had been omitted by the editor of xvi . 29 sqq . Hence we are not told the cause of Ahab's hostility towards Elijah, nor is the allusion to Jezebel's See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre of the prophets (xviii . 3, 13) explained .

It would appear from Obadiah's words in ver . 9 that he himself was in fear of hp life . Later tradition supposed he was the See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain of 2 Kings i . 13, or that the widow of 2 Kings iv: i had been his wife.a lofty See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration for the artist . The false prophets were allowed to invoke their god in whatever manner they pleased . The only interruption came in the mocking encouragement of Elijah (r Kings xviii . 27), a rare instance of grim sarcastic See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour occurring in the Bible . Its effect upon the false prophets was to increase their frenzy . The evening came,5 and the god had made no sign . Elijah now stepped forward with the quiet confidence and dignity that became the prophet and representative of the true God . All Israel is represented symbolically in the twelve stones with which he built the altar; and the See also:

• WATER

water which he poured upon the See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice and into the surrounding See also:

• TRENCH, RICHARD CHENEVIX (1807-1886)

trench was apparently designed to prevent the suspicion of See also:

• FRAUD (Lat. fraus, deceit)

fraud ! In striking contrast to the " vain repetitions " of the false prophets are the See also:

• SIMPLE

simple words with which Elijah makes his See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer to Yahweh, Once only, with the See also:

• CALM

calm assurance of one who knew that his prayer would be answered, he invokes the God of his fathers .

The answer comes at once: " The See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire of the Lord (Gen. xix . 24, Lev. x . 2) See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell and consumed the burnt offering, and the See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, and the stones, and the dust, and licked up the water that was in the trench." So convincing a sign was irresistible; all the See also:

• PEOPLE

people fell on their faces and acknowledged Yahweh as the true God . This was immediately followed by the destruction of the false prophets, slain by Elijah beside the brook Kishon (xviii . 40) . The See also:

• DEED (in O. Eng. dead, from the stem of the verb " to do ")

deed, though not without parallel in the Old Testament history, stamps the peculiarly vindictive character of Elijah's prophetic See also:

• MISSION

mission .5 On the evening of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day that had witnessed the decisive contest, Elijah proceeded once more to the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of Carmel, and there, with " his See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face between his knees " (possibly engaged in the prayer referred to in James v . 27 sq.), waited for the longlooked-for blessing . His servant, sent repeatedly to search the See also:

• SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky for signs, returned the seventh time See also:

• REPORTING

reporting a little See also:

• CLOUD (from the same root, if not the same word, as " clod," a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages for a mass or lump; it is first applied in the usual sense in the late 13th century; the Anglo-Saxon chid is only used in the sense of " a ma

cloud arising out of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea " like a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man's See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand." The sky was speedily full of clouds and a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain was falling when Ahab, to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape the See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm, set out in his See also:

• CHARIOT (derived from an O. Fr. word, formed from char, a car)

chariot for See also:

• JEZREEL (Heb. " God sows ")

Jezreel . As a See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of Elijah's supernatural See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, it is stated that the prophet, for some unknown See also:

• OBJECT

object, ran before the chariot to the entrance of Jezreel, a distance of at least 16 m . On being told what had taken place, Jezebel sent a messenger to Elijah with a See also:

• VOW (Lat. votum, vow, promise: cf. VOTE)

vow that ere another day had passed his life would be even as the lives of the prophets of Baal, and the See also:

• THREAT

threat was enough to cause him to take to instant See also:

• FLIGHT

flight (xix . 1-3; cp . LXX. in v .

2) . The first See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of the See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey was to See also:

• BEERSHEBA

Beersheba, on the southern limits of Judah . Here he See also:

• LEFT

left his servant (according to old Jewish tradition, the widow's son of Zarephath, afterwards the prophet See also:

• JONAH
• JONAH, RABBI (ABULWALID MERWAN IBN JANAH, also R. MARINUS) (c. 996-c. 1050)

Jonah), and proceeded a day's journey into the See also:

• WILDERNESS

wilderness . Resting under a solitary See also:

• BROOM

broom See also:

• BUSH

bush (a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of genisla), he gave vent to 'his disappointment in a prayer for See also:

• DEATH

death . By another of those many miraculous interpositions which occur in his history he was twice supplied with See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food and drink, in the strength of which he journeyed See also:

• FORTY

forty days and forty nights until he came to See also:

• HOREB

Horeb, where he lodged in a See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave .? A hole " just large enough for a man's See also:

• BODY

body " (See also:

• STANLEY (FAMILY)
• STANLEY, ARTHUR PENRHYN (18x5–1881)
• STANLEY, EDWARD (1779-1849)
• STANLEY, SIR HENRY MORTON (184o-1904)
• STANLEY, SIR WILLIAM (1548-163o)
• STANLEY, THOMAS (1625-1678)

Stanley), immediately below the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of See also:

• JEBEL (plur. jibed)

Jebel Musa, is still pointed out by tradition as the cave of Elijah . If the scene on Carmel is the grandest, that on Horeb is spiritually the most profound in the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of Elijah (xix . 9 sqq.) . Not in the strong See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind that See also:

• BRAKE

brake the rocks in.pieces, not in the See also:

• EARTHQUAKE

earthquake, not in the fire, but in the still small See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice that followed the Lord made himself known . A threefold See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission was laid upon him: he was to return to See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus and anoint Hazael king of See also:

• SYRIA

Syria; he was to anoint See also:

• JEHU

Jehu, the son of Nimshi, 5 The See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition of time by the stated See also:

• OBLATION

oblation (xviii . 29, 36) is very noteworthy (cp . 2 Kings iii .

20) . 5It is obvious that a purely rationalistic See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation of the great sign whereby Jahweh manifested himself would be out of place . But there is an interesting parallel in the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend of the kindling of the sacred fire and the igniting of the " thick water " in the time of See also:

• NEHEMIAH (Heb. for " Yah[weh] comforts ")

Nehemiah (2 See also:

• MACE (Fr. masse, O. Fr. mace, connected with Lat.'ntateola, a mallet)

Mace. i . 18-36) . Elsewhere, there were sacred fires kindled by the aid of magical invocations (e.g . Hypaepa, See also:

• PAUSANIAS

Pausanias v . 27 . 3) . 7 Yahweh is here supposed to have his seat on the ancient See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain . " It was the God of the See also:

• EXODUS, BOOK OF
• EXODUS, THE

Exodus to whom he appealed, the ancient King of Israel in the journeyings through the wilderness." For the cave, cp . Ex. xxxiii . 22 .

as king of Israel in place of Ahab; and as his own successor in the prophetic See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office he was to anoint See also:

• ELISHA (a Hebrew name meaning " God is deliverance ")

Elisha (xix . 15-18)•1 Leaving Horeb and proceeding northwards along the See also:

• DESERT

desert route to Damascus, Elijah met Elisha engaged at the plough probably near his native place, See also:

• ABEL (better ABELL), THOMAS (d. 1540)
• ABEL (Hebrew for breath)
• ABEL, KARL FRIEDRICH (1725-1787)
• ABEL, NIELS HENRIK (1802-1829)
• ABEL, SIR FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, BART

Abel-meholah, in the valley of the Jordan, and by the symbolical See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of casting his See also:

• MANTLE

mantle upon him, consecrated him to the prophetic office . This was the only command of the three which he fulfilled in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person; the other two were carried out by his successor.' After the See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call of Elisha the narrative contains no See also:

• NOTICE

notice of Elijah for several years, although the LXX., by placing 1 Kings xxi. before ch. xx., proceeds at once to the tragic story of Naboth's vineyard (see JEZEBEL) . He is now the See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion of freedom and purity of life, like Nathan when he confronted See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David for the See also:

• MURDER

murder of Uriah . Without any indication of whence or how he came, he again appeared, as usual with startling abruptness, in the See also:

• VINE

vine-yard when Ahab entered to take See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of it, and pronounced upon the king and his See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house that awful See also:

• DOOM (Old Eng. dOm, a word common to Tent. languages for that which is set up or ordered, from " do," in its original meaning of " place "; cf, Gr. &Ass, from stem of ri'rust)

doom (1 Kings xxi . 17-24) which, though deferred for a time, was ultimately fulfilled to the See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter (see JEHU) . With one more denunciation of the house of Ahab, Elijah's See also:

• FUNCTION

function as a messenger of wrath was fully discharged (2 Kings i.) . When See also:

• AHAZIAH (" he whom Yahweh sustains ")

Ahaziah, the son of Ahab, having injured himself by falling through a lattice, sent to inquire of Baal-zebub, the god of See also:

• EKRON (better, as in the Septuagint and Josephus, ACCARON, 'AKhapWV)

Ekron, whether he should recover, the prophet was commanded to appear to the messengers and tell them that, for this resort to a false god, the king should See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die . The effect of his appearance was such that they turned back without attempting to fulfil their errand . Ahaziah despatched a captain with a See also:

• BAND

band of fifty to See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest him . They came upon Elijah seated on " the mount,"—probably Carmel . The imperious terms in which he was summoned to come down were punished by fire from See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven,which descended at the bidding of Elijah and consumed the whole land .

A second captain and fifty were despatched, behaved in a similar way, and met the same See also:

• FATE

fate . The See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of a third See also:

• TROOP (an adaptation of Fr. troupe, O. Fr. trope; cf. Ital. troppa, troppa; Med. Lat. truppus; the origin is doubtful; suggestions have been made that it represents a German conception of Latin turba, crowd, or is an adaptation of Norw. tarp, flock)

troop took a humbler See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone, sued for See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy, and obtained it . Elijah then went with them to the king, but only to repeat before his face the doom he had already made known to his messengers, which was almost immediately afterwards fulfilled . The spirit, even the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of this narrative, points unmistakably to its being of See also:

• LATE

late origin . It shocks the moral sense with its sanguinary character more than, perhaps, any other Old Testament story . The only mention of Elijah's name in the See also:

• BOOK

book of See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

Chronicles (2 Chronicles xxi . 12-15) is where he is represented as sending a letter of rebuke and denunciation to See also:

• JEHORAM, or JORAM (Heb. " Yah[weh] is high ")

Jehoram, son of See also:

• JEHOSHAPHAT (Heb. " Yahweh judges ")

Jehoshaphat, king of Judah . The See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological difficulties which are involved suggest that the floating traditions of this great See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality were easily attached to well-known names whether strictly contemporary or not . It was before the death of Jehoshaphat that the last See also:

• GRAND

grand scene in Elijah's life occurred (2 Kings ii., see iii . 1) . He had taken up his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence with Elisha at one of the prophetic guilds at See also:

• GILGAL (Heb. for " circle " of sacred stones)

Gilgal . His approaching end seems to have been known to the guilds at See also:

• BETHEL (Heb. " House of God ")

Bethel and See also:

• JERICHO (WI:, m;, once ahn:, a word of disputed meaning, whether " fragrant " or " moon [-god] city ")

Jericho, both of which they visited in their last journey .

At the Jordan, Elijah, wrapping his prophet's mantle together, smote the water with it, and so by a last See also:

• MIRACLE (Lat. miraculum, from mirari, to wonder)

miracle passed over on dry ground . When they had crossed the See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master desired the See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple to ask some parting blessing . The See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request for a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double portion (i.e . i The theophany is clearly no rebuke to an impatient prophet, nor a See also:

• LESSON (through Fr. lecon from Lat. lectio, reading; legere, to read)

lesson that the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of heaven was to be built up by the slow and See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle operation of spiritual forces . It expresses the spirituality of Yahweh in a way that indicates a marked advance in the conception'of his nature . See See also:

• SKINNER, JAMES (1778-1841)
• SKINNER, JOHN (1721-1807)

Skinner, Century Bible, " Kings," ad loc . The See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical indications imply that in one See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account the journey to Damascus and the See also:

• ANOINTING

anointing of Hazael and Jehu must have intervened, and were omitted because another account ascribed these acts to Elisha (2 Kings viii. ix.) . In the latter we possess a more See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical account of the anointing of Jehu, and See also:

• ROBERTSON, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816-1853)
• ROBERTSON, GEORGE CROOM (1842-1892)
• ROBERTSON, JOSEPH (1810-1866)
• ROBERTSON, THOMAS WILLIAM (1829-1871)
• ROBERTSON, WILLIAM BRUCE (182o-1886)

Robertson See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith observes: " When the history in 1 Kings represents Elijah as personally commissioned to inaugurate [the revolution) by anointing Jehu and Hazael as well as Elisha, we see that the author's See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design is to gather up the whole contest between Yahweh and Baal in an ideal picture of Elijah and his work " (Ency . Brit . (9) See also:

• ART

art . KINGS, vcl. xiv, p . 85).probably a first-See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born's portion, Deut. xxi .

17) 3 of the prophet's spirit Elijah characterized as a hard thing; but he promised to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant it if Elisha should see him when he was taken away . The end is told in words of simple sublimity: " And it came to pass, as they still went on and talked, that, behold, there appeared a chariot of fire, and horses of fire, which parted them both asunder; and Elijah went up by a whirlwind into heaven " (2 Kings ii. iI) . It is scarcely necessary to point out, however, that through the figure the narrative evidently means to convey as fact that Elijah passed from earth, not by the See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates of death, but by miraculous See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation . Such a supernatural See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close is in perfect See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony with a career into every stage of which the supernatural enters as an essential feature . For whatever explanation may be offered of the miraculous See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element in Elijah's life, it must obviously be one that accounts not for a few miraculous incidents only, which might be mere excrescences, but for a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of miraculous events so closely connected and so continuous as to form the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread of the history . Elijah occupied an altogether See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar place in later Jewish history and tradition . For the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general belief that he should return for the restoration of, Israel cf . Mal. iv . 5-6; Matt. xi . 14, xvi . 14; Luke ix . 8; See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John i .

21, and on the development of the thought see Bousset, See also:

• ANTICHRIST (avrixpu ros)

Antichrist, s.v. and the Jewish Encyc. vol. v. p . 126 . In See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan tradition Elijah is the See also:

• EVERLASTING, or IMMORTELLE

everlasting youthful el-Khidr or el-Khadir . Elijah is canonized both in the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and in the Latin Churches, his festival being kept in both on the 2oth See also:

• JULY

July—the date of his See also:

• ASCENSION
• ASCENSION, FEAST OF THE

ascension in the nineteenth year of Jehoshaphat, according to See also:

• CORNELIUS
• CORNELIUS, CARL AUGUST PETER (1824-1874)
• CORNELIUS, PETER VON (1784–1867)

Cornelius a Lapide . The natural and most reliable estimate of the career of Elijah is that which is based upon a See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical examination of the narratives; see, in addition to Robertson Smith, Prophets of Israel (2), pp . 75 sqq., Cheyne, Hallowing of See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

Criticism, the articles by Addis in Encyc . Bib., and J . See also:

• STRACHAN, JOHN (1778–1867)

Strachan, See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings' Dict . Bib., H . Gunkel, See also:

• ELIAS, JOHN (1774-1841)

Elias, Yahve u . Baal (See also:

• TUBINGEN

Tubingen, 1906), the literature to KINGS, Booxs OF, and the histories referred to in See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

JEws . There is difference of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion as to the historical importance of both Elijah and Elisha; for a useful See also:

• SUMMARY

summary of views, as also for See also:

• FULLER, ANDREW (1954-1815)
• FULLER, GEORGE (1822—1884)
• FULLER, M
• FULLER, MARGARET, MARCHIONESS
• FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON (1833-1910)
• FULLER, THOMAS (16o8-1661)
• FULLER, WILLIAM (1670--c. 1717)

fuller See also:

• BIBLIOGRAPHICAL

bibliographical See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information, see W .

R . Harper, See also:

• AMOS
• AMOS, SHELDON (1835–1886)

Amos and See also:

• HOSEA

Hosea (Internat . Grit . See also:

• COMM

Comm.), pp. xxxiv.-xlix., and See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article HEBREW RELIGION . (W . R . S.; S . A .